特低渗储层不同渗流介质应力敏感特征及其评价方法研究

 地层岩石的渗透率应力敏感特征对于地下油气资源开发、核废料地下处置等具有极为重要的影响。选取大庆油田外围特低渗油藏及长庆油田某露头储层砂岩岩石进行不同渗流介质(氮气、盐水、煤油)渗透率应力性试验,分析岩样渗透率、孔喉变形、流体压缩性及流固耦合作用机制等因素对应力敏感性的影响。试验结果表明,特低渗储层岩石不同渗流介质渗透率应力敏感性具有明显的差异,气测渗透率与束缚水状态下的油相有效渗透率在有效应力增加初期(2～16 MPa变化区间)急剧减小,但有效应力增加后期水测与油测渗透率仍具有较为明显的减小趋势。1×10－3 μm2是特低渗岩石气测与水测渗透率应力敏感性强弱对比发生变化的临界渗透率。有效应力作用下作为主要渗流通道的较大孔喉首先被压缩变形是导致渗透率在有效应力加载初期急剧减小的主要原因,不同渗流介质压缩性和流固耦合作用机制差异是导致气、液渗透率应力敏感性差异的主要原因。特低渗油藏储层应力敏感性评价中应以油相作为渗流介质进行评价试验。提出区分岩芯与油气储层2种不同的渗透率应力敏感性试验及其评价方法。在实际油藏储层有效应力变化范围内,特低渗储层渗透率应力敏感性较弱。     

低渗储层砂岩渗流–应力–损伤渐裂过程的渗透特性演化研究

低渗储层采收率的准确评价是制定合理开发方案的重要理论基础,有效揭示开采过程诱发岩体渐裂的渗透性演化机理至关重要。以低渗储层砂岩为研究对象,分析不同荷载组合下岩体裂纹的发展规律,研究渗流–应力–损伤破裂过程中渗透率与裂纹状态的关联特性。试验结果表明:加载初期由于岩石内部孔隙及微裂隙的压密,渗透率减小;随着环向裂纹应变增大,岩石内部裂纹开始稳定扩展,渗透率缓慢增大,随着荷载的增大,裂纹加速扩展导致渗透率快速增大;最后断裂面发生相对滑移,岩石碎屑堵塞原有的渗流通道,渗透率下降。基于试验结果,运用理论方法研究不同荷载下的岩体损伤特征,建立损伤变量与裂纹环向变形的关联性,推导岩体渗透率与损伤变量的关系式,描述岩体渗流–应力–损伤渐裂中的渗透特性,揭示低渗储层砂岩的渗透率演化机理。其研究成果可为低渗砂岩储层开发过程的优化及产能预测提供新的研究思路和技术手段,对确保石油工业的可持续发展具有重要的实践价值。     

疏松砂岩储层敏感性评价方法

疏松砂岩胶结差,不能钻取柱状岩心,因此无法用常规储层敏感性评价方法进行评价。建立疏松砂岩敏感性评价方法即气体流速法和回收法,利用气体流速法测定岩心的速敏指数,通过流体动能定理,推导气测法测定岩心速敏的临界流速计算方法。给出利用回收法测定储层的水敏、盐敏、碱敏和酸敏特性的计算方法和敏感指数划分原则。结果表明:回收法适合于测定岩心的水敏、盐敏、碱敏和酸敏特性,适合于疏松和/或未胶结砂岩储层的敏感性测定;研究方法操作简便、理论依据充分、数据结果可靠。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组特低渗透砂岩微观孔喉特征的定量评价

为从微观角度认识特低渗透砂岩的微观孔喉特征,明确制约储层品质和开发效果的关键因素,利用恒速压汞技术对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组的样品进行测试,定量表征孔喉特征参数。结果表明：特低渗透砂岩孔隙之间的差异很小,孔隙半径基本分布于70～225μm范围内,峰值在110μm左右;渗透率小时,喉道分布集中,小喉道含量高,喉道对渗透率的贡献也集中分布,贡献峰值大;喉道半径的分布范围随着渗透率的增大而变宽,大喉道含量及其对渗透率的贡献也随之增大。平均喉道半径与渗透率的相关性较好,渗透率小于1.0×10-3μm2时,平均喉道半径的波动幅度大,特低渗透砂岩敏感的根源在于特殊的喉道特征,物性(尤其是渗透率)差的根本原因在于细小喉道所占比例较大。物性(尤其是渗透率)越好,有效孔隙、喉道越发育。微观孔喉特征的差异主要体现在喉道的大小及其分布上,喉道决定储层品质,影响开发效果。     

低渗砂岩储层渗透率有效应力定律试验研究

 试验设计多个回路,各个回路的孔隙流体压力不同,每一回路在孔隙流体压力不变,增加和降低围压方式下进行。试验过程中采用稳态法测定不同围压和孔隙流体压力下的岩芯渗透率,并用响应面法对试验结果进行处理分析。结果表明,有效应力系数a 随围压和孔隙流体压力的变化而变化。当围压很大时,试验研究得到的有效应力系数很小,这与过去试验研究的结果差别很大。最后用有效应力系数a = 1.0和本次试验获取的有效应力系数对低渗砂岩岩样进行应力敏感性评价。用有效应力系数a = 1.0评价的结果是储层存在强应力敏感,而用本次试验获取的有效应力系数的评价结果是储层表现为弱应力敏感性。     

低渗煤储层气体滑脱效应试验研究

 在千米深度下赋存煤层气的煤层是致密的多孔介质,煤层的渗透率低,对于致密的多孔介质渗流,滑脱效应十分显著,而滑脱效应又可以增加煤储层的渗透性能。采用试验研究的方法对吉林和阜新两地的低渗煤样进行滑脱试验,研究围压和孔隙对煤层气滑脱效应的影响,分析不同围压和孔隙水压力下滑脱渗透率对气体渗透率的影响,找到滑脱效应对不同低渗储层气测渗透率的有利影响的围压范围,验证低渗煤样中气体滑脱效应存在的普遍性。对弄清煤体内部结构特性和煤层气在煤层中的滑脱流动机制,实现低渗储层煤层气工业化开采具有一定的理论价值。     

MBR处理特低渗透油田采出水的研究

针对物化工艺无法满足特低渗透油田采出水回注水质要求的现状,将MBR引入到处理工艺中。对大庆外围特低渗透油田采出水破乳除油后的出水采用MBR工艺进行处理,出水含油量为2.04~4.11 mg/L,SS稳定在1 mg/L以下,悬浮固体颗粒粒径中值平均为0.7μm,COD在25 mg/L左右,且出水中未检测出硫酸盐还原菌,铁细菌和腐生菌均少于30个/m L,满足特低渗透油田采出水回注指标要求,并且MBR具有良好的抗冲击负荷能力。采用清水—碱—酸—杀菌剂对污染膜进行清洗,膜通量恢复率可达到90%以上。     

温度和有效应力对砂岩渗透率的影响机理研究

为探讨温度和有效应力,尤其是温度对渗透率的影响机理,在不同温度水平和不同有效应力水平下,分别进行了砂岩的孔隙度试验和渗透率试验。试验结果表明:在温度水平一定的情况下,砂岩岩样的孔隙度和渗透率均随有效应力的增加而减小,但孔隙度的减小幅度大大小于渗透率的减小幅度;而在有效应力水平一定的情况下,当温度升高时,砂岩岩样的渗透率减小幅度很大,但孔隙度的变化却很小。通过对试验结果的分析,初步提出了温度和有效应力对砂岩渗透率的影响机理。就本试验所用砂岩而言,有效应力对渗透率的影响主要在于有效应力对孔隙,尤其是对喉道的压缩作用;而温度对渗透率的影响则主要在于随温度升高而加剧的粘土矿物的分散作用(可能也是更为重要的原因)以及砂岩骨架的热膨胀对喉道的压缩作用。     

特低渗透油藏非达西渗流模型及其应用

根据矿场试验和室内试验的研究成果，开发低渗透和特低渗透油藏时会产生非达西渗流现象，尤其是原油渗流会存在较为明显的启动压力梯度。结合低渗透油藏注水开发的特点，考虑油、水两相渗流均存在启动压力梯度，以及岩石存在应力敏感，建立三维油、水两相非达西渗流数学模型。利用差分方法得到该模型的数值差分格式，在此基础上编制模拟软件。以大庆肇源油田源121—3区块为研究对象，首先将建立的非达西渗流的数值模拟结果与现场实测的生产动态数据进行对比验证。然后，在五点注采井网的基础上，设计一个“正方形注采单元”，在保持采油井和注水井井底流压的前提条件下，改变注采井距，通过模拟计算得到油井见水时地层流体压力、流体压力梯度、地层绝对渗透率和启动压力梯度的空间分布，最后得到有效驱动注采井距，从而为该特低渗透油藏的注采井网部署提供依据。     

温度围压对低渗透砂岩孔隙度和渗透率的影响研究

 对低孔、高孔两组低渗透砂岩岩心孔隙度和渗透率在温度压力共同作用下的变化特征进行试验研究。在围压5 MPa、温度25 ℃的条件下,第一组砂岩的孔隙度变化范围为3.2%～4.6%,渗透率为0.098 8×10－3～0.191 9× 10－3 μm2;第二组砂岩的孔隙度变化范围为12.8%～14.2%,渗透率为0.176 7×10－3～0.301 3×10－3 μm2。研究结果表明,在试验采用的温度、压力变化范围(25 ℃～80 ℃,5～55 MPa)内,两组低渗透砂岩的孔隙度、渗透率都表现出了较强的压力、温度敏感性。随温度、围压升高,孔隙度、渗透率都减小,围压对渗透率的影响明显高于温度对渗透率的影响。总的趋势看,温度对孔隙度的影响高于围压对孔隙度的影响,恒定测量围压5 MPa,温度由25 ℃升高到80 ℃,低孔低渗砂岩孔隙度下降了34.7%,渗透率下降了75.1%;高孔低渗砂岩孔隙度降低了18.4%,渗透率下降了35.2%;恒定测量温度25 ℃,围压由5 MPa升高到55 MPa,低孔低渗砂岩孔隙度降低32.3%,渗透率下降了89.5%,高孔低渗砂岩孔隙度降低了4.6%、渗透率降低了77.4%。     

Nonlinear eddy viscosity modeling and experimental study of jet spreading rates

Indoor airflow pattern is strongly influenced by turbulent shear and turbulent normal stresses that are responsible for entrainment effects and turbulence‐driven secondary motion. Therefore, an accurate prediction of room airflows requires reliable modeling of these turbulent quantities. The most widely used turbulence models include RANS‐based models that provide quick solutions but are known to fail in turbulent free shear and wall‐affected flows. In order to cope with this deficiency, this study presents a nonlinear k‐ε turbulence model and evaluates it along with linear k‐ε models for an indoor isothermal linear diffuser jet flow measured in two model rooms using PIV. The results show that the flow contains a free jet near the inlet region and a wall‐affected region downstream where the jet is pushed toward the ceiling by entrainment through the well‐known Coanda effect. The CFD results show that an accurate prediction of the entrainment process is very important and that the nonlinear eddy viscosity model is able to predict the turbulence‐driven secondary motions. Furthermore, turbulence models that are calibrated for high Reynolds free shear layer flows were not able to reproduce the measured velocity distributions, and it is suggested that the model constants of turbulence models should be adjusted before they are used for room airflow simulations.     

湍流反应流研究中的大涡模拟

针对湍流反应流分析高质量数值解所应具有的特征和准则，对比大涡模拟与N-S方程雷诺平均的能谱空间分解图，说明了大涡模拟的特点。使用FDS2程序对油池火进行模拟，以展示湍流反应流研究中的大涡模拟技术。     

辅助沉桩水射流模拟分析及实验研究

针对大直径、超长钢管桩建设中存在的问题,提出利用水射流技术辅助开展沉桩,理论分析了不同喷嘴的水力参数,并数值模拟喷嘴的流场特性及各喷嘴对岩土体内部应力作用分析,最后选用等变速型喷嘴制作射流喷头,开展射流辅助沉桩实验,结果显示随着射流强度的提高,沉桩需要的锤击次数越小,同时也反映要根据实际沉桩状况及时进行射流排量的调节。     

Large eddy simulation of the backdraft phenomenon

A sub-grid scale model for partially premixed combustion has been adapted and applied to simulate the backdraft phenomena. A fast deflagration or backdraft is produced when into a hot, fuel-rich compartment an inflow of fresh air is suddenly allowed through an opening. It is essentially a violent combustion process involving both premixed and non-premixed regimes. The present model is based on the coupling of independent approaches for non-premixed and premixed turbulent combustion. The ‘flame index’ concept was used to separate the two different combustion regimes. This index describes the structure of the flame based on fuel and oxygen gradients. Due to the lack of detailed experimental measurements, the results were largely analysed qualitatively. The predictions have provided valuable insight into the backdraft phenomenon suggesting that the development of backdraft can be divided into five phases, i.e. initial condition, free “spherical propagation, “plane” front propagation, stretching of the flame front through the opening and fireball outside the container. Quantitatively, the experimentally measured and predicted lapse of time between the maximum over- and under-pressure at the opening of the container is found to be in reasonably good agreement.     

等离子射流特性的实验研究

等离子弧具有温度高、能量集中、气氛可控和冲击力大等特点,在机械行业中得到越来越广泛的应用。以提高等离子弧加工质量为目的,利用纹影法对等离子射流的流场进行了实验研究,分析了等离子工作电流、气体流量对等离子射流的影响,从而对提高等离子弧喷涂质量具有一定的指导作用。     

中庭火灾烟气流动的大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟的方法,对中庭火灾烟气的流动过程进行了模拟,了解了中庭烟气的蔓延过程,得到了烟气的速度场和温度场、顶棚射流的速度和温度的详细结果。模拟结果表明,大涡模拟能比较准确地预测中庭内烟气的流动状态,可用于指导中庭建筑的防火设计。     

密闭腔室火灾温度的大涡模拟

应用大涡模拟方法模拟全尺寸的密闭腔室火灾场景。提出应用平均燃烧效率的概念模拟密闭腔室火灾的方法,选取平均燃烧效率为0.75进行大涡模拟,得到密闭腔室室内温度场以及烟气运动的模拟数据。通过分析密闭腔室内竖直方向上的温度分布,发现在竖直方向上存在温度分层现象。将模拟结果与实验数据进行对比可以看出,大涡模拟可以较好地模拟密闭腔室内火灾的发生发展情况。     

通风受限单室火灾回燃过程的大涡模拟

回燃现象以其突然性和巨大破坏性给人员安全带来极大威胁.建立典型的通风受限单室火灾模型进行了数值模拟,研究回燃现象随开门时间变化的发展规律,得出安全开门临界条件,并比较了三种常用扑救措施的可行性和有效性.     

Large eddy simulation and zonal modeling of human-induced contaminant transport

An immersed boundary method for particulate flow in an Eulerian framework is utilized to examine the effects of complex human motion on the transport of trace contaminants. The moving human object is rendered as a level set in the computational domain, and realistic human walking motion is implemented using a human kinematics model. A large eddy simulation (LES) technique is used to simulate the fluid and particle dynamics induced by human activity. Parametric studies are conducted within a Room-Room and a Room-Hall configuration, each separated by an open doorway. The effects of the average walking speed, initial proximity from the doorway, and the initial mass loading on room-to-room contaminant transport are examined. The rate of mass transport increases as the walking speed increases, but the total amount of material transported is more influenced by the initial proximity of the human from the doorway. The Room-Hall simulations show that the human wake transports material over a distance of about 8 m. Time-dependent data extracted from the simulations is used to develop a room-averaged zonal model for contaminant transport due to human walking motion. The model shows good agreement with the LES results. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The effect of human activity on contaminant transport may be important in applications such as clean or isolation room design for biochemical production lines, in airborne infection control, and in entry/exit into collective protection or decontamination systems. The large eddy simulations (LES) performed in this work allow precise capturing of the local wakes generated by time-dependent human motion and thus provide a means of quantifying contaminant transport due to wake effects. The LES database can be used to develop zonal models for the bulk effects of human-induced contaminant transport. These may be incorporated into multi-zone infiltration models for use in threat-response and exposure mitigation studies.     

Large eddy simulation of compartment fire with solid combustibles

For properly describing practical building fire processes with solid combustibles, the pyrolysis kinetics model of solid combustibles and the large eddy simulation (LES) approach are applied to the simulation of the thermal decomposition of the polyurethane foam (PUF) slab and the space fire spread in a compartment. The instantaneous variations of the heat release rate of the PUF slab, the smoke temperature, and the smoke interface height with time are obtained under different ventilation conditions. They are in agreement with the measured data. The ventilation conditions have distinct effects on the interactions between the pyrolysis of the PUF slab and the space fire spread. Influenced by the space fire spread, the heat flux on the top plane of the PUF slab exhibits a non-uniform distribution. The PUF slab is consumed in an asymmetric manner.