推进北方供暖地区既有居住建筑节能改造的组织体系研究

基于层次分析方法,论述了在推动北方供暖地区既有居住建筑节能改造工作过程中,中央政府、地方政府、企业、建筑业主、用户等各相关主体的责任和义务,构建了基于城市的我国既有建筑节能组织体系选择路线,为充分发挥各方责任主体力量和优势,整合资源,形成组织健全、政策配套、实施顺畅、技术进步、考核严谨的工作组织体系,提供了系统的解决方案,对推进我国既有建筑节能工作具有现实参考意义。     

基于市场特征的既有建筑节能改造中业主的行为分析

既有建筑节能改造是建筑节能的重要组成部分,主体行为是既有建筑节能改造成功的关键.本文在对既有建筑节能改造市场正外部性、信息不对称性以及动力乏失等特征进行分析的基础上,构建了业主间博弈模型,可知通过采取激励约束政策可以转移信息不对称性下业主的最优策略.而后,通过分析业主在市场信息获取中的“单向行车道”问题,提出了解决信息不对称性下业主逆向选择的对策.最后,运用经济学理论分析了业主在市场供给—需求下动力乏失的原因,并给出了相应对策.     

海南地区既有公共建筑围护结构节能改造分析

通过对海南地区既有公共建筑年代、类型,建筑窗墙比,外墙、外窗、屋顶构造等方面的详细调研,得出了海南地区既有公共建筑的节能现状。利用DeST-h软件对海南地区典型既有公共建筑进行节能诊断及改造效果分析,海南地区既有公共建筑围护结构热工性能较差,建筑能耗较高。建筑节能改造的潜力和重点在于降低外窗的综合遮阳系数和屋顶、外墙的太阳辐射吸收系数。经改造,办公建筑可较参照建筑节能4.28%~5.71%,酒店建筑可较参照建筑节能1.38%~15.21%。     

Building retrofit in shrinking and ageing cities: a case-based investigation

Thermal renovation (retrofit) of residential buildings is one of the major issues in the transition to a low-carbon energy system. This paper argues that the specific conditions in shrinking middle-size cities create an especially difficult environment for energy renovations. Using empirical data from the shrinking City of Delitzsch, Germany, it is hypothesized that buildings with poor energy efficiency are often inhabited by tenants or owners who impede retrofit activities due to their socio-economic conditions. The research analyzes the relation between buildings with a high potential for final energy reduction and a concentration of low-income, older or empty-nest households. The analysis examines this relation not only on an aggregated city level but also on the level of the city's districts to identify renovation ‘hot spots’ in the city. Specific challenges are identified for building renovations in shrinking cities due to a high concentration of possible barriers in the relevant housing stock. As a further consequence, those households with a low net-equivalent income are also at risk of energy poverty. In order to achieve a low-carbon and just society, possible actions are suggested for buildings with elevated barriers to energy renovation in shrinking cities.     

市场经济中大型公共建筑节能监管体系的政府规制及其创新

针对目前政府建筑节能管理职能缺失的情况,提出了政府建筑节能监管职能的变迁与再设计理念,重新定位了政府在建筑节能管理中的监管角色。应用规制经济学和现代管理学等相关学科理论,对各级政府在推进实施政府办公建筑和大型公共建筑节能监管体系中的具体作用及职责进行了分析研究,进一步明确了政府规制在节能监管体系中的重要作用。对市场经济条件下政府与政府办公建筑业主、公益性公共建筑业主、大型商业建筑业主、建筑节能服务机构之间以博弈为基本特征的互动机理进行了深入研究,对基于政府规制的大型公共建筑节能监管体系的顺利实施提出了应对策略,以使政府与其他相关主体逐步趋于利益共同体。     

建筑运行能耗监测与节能诊断系统的开发

国家机关办公建筑和大型公共建筑的高耗能问题日益突出,该类建筑的节能改革正成为当前建筑节能工作的重点,因此做好此类建筑运行能耗尤其是暖通空调设备运行能耗的监测与节能诊断分析对实现"十一五"节能目标有重要意义.本文设计开发了建筑运行能耗监测与节能诊断系统硬件子系统,该系统不仅能监测耗能量,还能监测用能品质.主要研究内容包括以MS SQL Server 2000作为平台设计了能耗监测与数据信息数据库系统,开发了建筑运行能耗监测数据采集服务器程序与客户端查询分析程序,建筑用户凭密码可在网上查询最新的监测数据并得到分析报告,从而帮助建筑用户实现能源系统由粗放型管理转变为精细型、科学化管理.在此系统基础上,通过工程案例分析,发现空调系统中存在严重的"大流量、小温差"现象和电力系统中存在"三相不平衡"能源浪费问题.     

A screening methodology for implementing cost effective energy retrofit measures in Canadian office buildings

Private and public sectors own and operate an array of office buildings that consume energy and contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). Energy demands can be reduced by applying energy retrofit measures (ERMs) to existing buildings. The choice of ERMs involves evaluation of applicability, energy end uses and cost of application versus energy savings. This paper describes a methodology developed to screen office buildings for their current level of energy consumption and potential for retrofit application. Selection of an optimal set of ERMs is influenced by climate, occupancy, heating and cooling systems, envelope properties and building geometry. When assessing the implications of applying ERMs to a large building stock it is vital to screen the complete building set for optimal retrofit opportunities. This can be accomplished by characterizing office building stock into a manageable set of archetypes and simulating building operation using energy simulation software. Using regression analyses, a model was developed for estimating the energy consumption. Present value analysis was used to optimize the evaluation of the various ERMs. The methodology developed can be used to simplify the ranking of buildings for retrofit; to select and combine ERMs, and to plan energy and GHG reduction activities.     

Assessment of energy and natural resources conservation in office buildings using TOBUS

The potential for optimum energy use and conservation of natural resources in representative southern and northern European office buildings is evaluated using the new European TOBUS methodology and software for office building refurbishment. Various scenarios are being accessed for energy and water conservation in office buildings. The proposed retrofit actions focus in the areas of space heating and cooling, artificial and natural lighting, service hot water, office equipment, elevators and sanitary water. The resulting conservation and related costs are taken into account in order to help the auditor classify the retrofit actions for an audited building. The TOBUS methodology and tools have been implemented to study four Hellenic office buildings and two from Denmark in order to demonstrate the applicability of the overall approach. Energy conservation in Hellenic and Danish buildings range for space heating from 5 to 71 and 0.5 to 6%, for space cooling from 1 to 38 and 4 to 20%, for artificial lighting from 40 to 53 and 26 to 62%, for office equipment from 13 to 62 and 13 to 87% and for elevators at 35 and 23%, respectively. Sanitary water conservation can reach 74% in all audited buildings.     

商务办公建筑能耗调研及分析

对山东某地区商务办公建筑进行了调研。应用抽样调查的方法,对该地区37个样本量的能耗进行统计处理,得出了该地区单位面积建筑能耗为72.14 k W·h/(m~2·a),单位面积供暖能耗为14.74 kgce/(m~2·a)。研究结果表明,山东某地区的商务办公建筑在用能方面还存在一些问题,建筑节能潜力较大。这对于科学确定商务办公建筑的能耗指标,进而实施用能超定额加价政策具有一定的参考价值。     

A case study for the evaluation of realistic energy retrofit strategies for public office buildings in the Southern Hemisphere

The building sector offers significant opportunities for reducing the energy consumption with considerable economic, environmental and health benefits. Governments can lead the way by retrofitting existing public buildings to reinforce their commitment to improve energy efficiency. Similar design standards, end-uses and operational profiles are usually established for public buildings based on the services they offer. Retrofitting a public building can therefore serve as an ideal test-bed for energy efficiency measures for other buildings within a particular service category. This study first analysed the current electricity consumption of a public office building in Mauritius, located in the Southern Hemisphere. A complete model of the building was created, validated and then simulated to investigate the impact of realistic retrofit strategies on the electricity consumption. Results showed that lighting retrofit achieved the most significant reduction while measures that improved the thermal envelope of the building resulted in smaller energy savings. The possibility of exploiting solar energy was explored by simulating a 70 kW_p photovoltaic system installed on the roof. An equivalent of 8.5% of the annual electricity consumption of the building could thus be generated. A financial analysis is also presented for all retrofit scenarios in terms of annual return and payback period.     

夏热冬暖地区绿色建筑性能后评估研究

为了解夏热冬暖地区绿色建筑运行后实际能耗和室内环境品质，文章详细介绍了该气候区内绿色建筑主要技术的应用情况及应用效果。选取位于该气候区内共11个获得绿色建筑认证的办公建筑，通过调研实际能耗，结合用户主观问卷调研，与常规办公建筑的能耗和室内环境品质主观满意度进行了对比研究。结果表明，对于A类办公建筑，绿色建筑与常规建筑无明显差异，均略低于引导值；对于B类而言，绿色办公建筑的总能耗显著低于常规办公建筑，但与能耗指标相比二者能耗均较高，是建筑节能工作的重点。在室内环境品质满意度方面，用户对绿色建筑的满意度明显高于常规建筑，在空气品质和室内环境控制上尤为明显，光环境的差异则更多是归因于天然采光的设计，而非人工照明的优化。最后通过一个案例从节地、节能和室内环境等3个方面全面地介绍了适宜于夏热冬暖地区的绿色建筑设计。     

Retrofit cost-effectiveness: Estonian apartment buildings

The economic viability and investment cost of the energy retrofit of apartment buildings are analysed through different energy efficiency levels. To analyse retrofit policy cost-optimal energy efficiency levels and investment costs, a baseline of measured actual energy usage of apartment buildings was created and then individual energy-saving measures and retrofit packages were composed. The cost-optimal level over a 20-year period for apartment building retrofit was a low-energy-building energy performance level, with an investment cost of €150–170/m². Retrofit to low energy building level would be economically viable but the investment capability of apartment owner associations is found to be insufficient for the necessary investments to achieve low-energy-building energy performance. Therefore, it is necessary to determine what levels of financial support can encourage retrofit to occur. The analysis of the current retrofit shows that subsides will increase investment by apartment owner associations into energy efficiency improvements. The target group for energy efficiency retrofit subsidies should be apartment buildings that reach low energy building performance level or at least match the energy performance requirement for new buildings.     

Linking BIM and Design of Experiments to balance architectural and technical design factors for energy performance

To transform the existing energy systems towards renewable energy sources, buildings need to use less energy, use energy more efficiently and harness local renewable energy sources. For the design of energy-efficient buildings, building energy simulation of varying sophistication is commonly employed. Types of simulations range from simple, static calculations to sophisticated dynamic simulation. Especially for building retrofit many assumptions on construction, material etc. have to be taken, which increases the uncertainty of simulation results. In conjunction with simulation, methods of Building Performance Optimization are increasingly employed. They are able to identify best performing designs however do not provide insights on the mechanisms and interdependencies of the different design factors, which are most valuable to make informed design decisions. We present a methodology that aims to provide a better understanding and create knowledge about the influence and interactions of different architectural and technical design factors on building energy performance of a specific design task. For this purpose, we introduce Design of Experiments (DoE) in an integrated design workflow using the Design Performance Viewer (DPV) toolset, combining Building Information Modeling (BIM), distributed dynamic simulation and statistical analysis of the extensive simulation results. The experiments created using the methodology allow to identify the strength of effects and interactions of different design factors on selected performance indicators. We apply the methodology on an office retrofit case, introducing a factor scatterplot for result visualization, development and comparison of retrofit strategies. We further evaluate its potential to identify high performing strategies while balancing architectural and technical factors and their impact on energy performance.     

Development of a methodology for selecting office building upgrading solutions based on a test survey in European buildings

The potential for using the TOBUS methodology to select office building upgrading solutions have been investigated during field tests in 15 European office buildings in 5 European countries. The 15 office buildings represent a variety of building traditions, architectural designs, construction periods and energy and indoor performance. The buildings were audited following the TOBUS methodology developed within the project. The results of the test surveys were primarily used to improve the TOBUS methodology and secondly to suggest general upgrading solutions and energy retrofit measures for the surveyed buildings. This paper describes the development of the TOBUS methodology based on the 15 test surveys.     

The diffusion over time and space of energy efficiency in building

Awareness of global warming and the extent of greenhouse gas emissions have focused more attention upon energy efficiency in building. Moreover, the inventory of “green” office space in the United States has increased dramatically since the introduction of rating schemes that attest to the energy efficiency or sustainability of commercial buildings. In some metropolitan areas, the supply of certified office buildings has more than doubled in the last decade, and there are a few metropolitan areas where “green” office space now accounts for more than a quarter of the total office stock. In this paper, we analyze the diffusion of buildings certified for energy efficiency across US property markets. Using a panel of 48 metropolitan areas observed over the last fifteen years, we trace the diffusion of green building practices across the country. We then model the geographic patterns and dynamics of building certification, relating industry composition, changes in economic conditions, characteristics of the local commercial property market, and the presence of human capital, to the cross-sectional variation in energy-efficient building technologies and the diffusion of those technologies over time. Understanding the determinants and the rate at which energy-efficient building practices diffuse over space and time is important for designing policies to affect resource consumption in the built environment.     

影响建筑碳交易实施的关键问题分析

阐述了我国开展建筑碳排放权交易的必要性。通过对深圳市建筑能源消耗变化趋势的分析和建筑碳排放权交易机制的解读,提出开展建筑碳交易是以市场手段探索建筑节能工作的一条新路径。分析了阻碍我国碳交易试点城市实施建筑碳排放权交易的关键问题:建筑碳排放边界和建筑碳排放权交易主体的确定方法,这二者都是沿用工业企业的碳交易思路,没有体现我国建筑和建筑用能管理的实际情况。以深圳市为案例探讨了可行的应对策略和方法,提出并分析了以单栋建筑为对象采用建筑物物理边界作为建筑碳排放边界的可行性;同时提出了分阶段确定建筑碳交易主体的思路,现阶段对不同建筑类型可制定不同的交易主体,如交易对象可以是办公楼的建筑业主,酒店和商业建筑的建筑用户;而未来交易主体可以过渡为能源缴费单位。     

Beyond the code: Energy, carbon, and cost savings using conventional technologies

As states in the U.S. adopt new energy codes, it is important to understand the benefits for each state and its building owners. This paper estimates life-cycle energy savings, carbon emission reduction, and cost-effectiveness of conventional energy efficiency measures in new commercial buildings using an integrated design approach. Results are based on 8208 energy simulations for 12 prototypical buildings in 228 cities, with 3 building designs evaluated for each building-location combination. Results are represented by easy-to-understand mappings that allow for regional and state comparisons. The results show that the use of conventional energy efficiency technologies in an integrated design framework can decrease energy use by 15-20% on average in new commercial buildings, and over 35% for some building types and locations. These energy reductions can often be accomplished at negative incremental life-cycle costs and reduce a building's energy-related carbon footprint by 9-33%. However, generalizing these results on energy use, life-cycle costs, and carbon emissions misses exceptions in the results that show the importance of location-specific characteristics. Also, states do not appear to base energy code adoption decisions on either potential energy savings or life-cycle cost savings.     

推陈出新———以福建省建筑设计研究院旧楼节能改造为例

城市的发展是一个不断更新和变化的动态过程。在这种新陈代谢的过程中,如何在已有的限制条件下,以环保、经济、科学、节能减排的理念,为旧建筑注人新的生命力,完成旧建筑的重生成为近几年来关注的热点问题。本文就以福建省建筑设计研究院旧楼节能改造为例,为同类型办公楼推陈出新提供参考。     

北方供暖地区既有居住建筑节能改造技术支撑

从当前国家建筑节能形势出发,简单阐述了北方供暖地区既有居住建筑节能改造的必要性。分析比较了近年来国内外既有居住建筑改造实例,探讨了我国北方既有居住建筑节能改造的若干技术问题。分析了节能改造各环节技术路线的基本要求,介绍了节能改造的评估与诊断方法,具体分析了节能改造的技术方案。     

广东省国家机关办公建筑和大型公共建筑能耗统计与分析

选取广东省17个城市共1363栋国家机关办公建筑和大型公共建筑2009年度能耗数据进行相应的分析,统计结果表明,珠三角地区的建筑单位面积耗电量为其他地区的1.45～2.43倍;单位面积耗电量较高的前3类建筑分别是宾馆饭店类、商场类和办公楼类建筑,由此确定全省建筑节能工作的重点区域和最具节能潜力的建筑类型。