2002—2017年厦门市景观格局与 热环境的时空耦合关系

基于2002、2007、2012、2017年4期Landsat遥感影像,应用景观生态学和统计分析相结合的方法,探讨了厦门景观格局对热环境的影响作用及其变化规律。结果表明,2002—2017年,厦门市相对地表温度(Relative Land Surface Temperature,RLST)呈上升趋势,城区的热岛效应逐步凸显;RLST较高的区域多为耕地、建设用地,RLST较低的区域多为绿地、水体;在类型层面,绿地的景观类型比例、最大斑块指数、聚集度指数、平均斑块面积、形状指数与相对地表温度呈负相关,斑块密度、边缘密度与RLST呈正相关。耕地、建设用地的景观指数与RLST均呈正相关;在景观层面,景观分割指数、形状指数、斑块密度、边缘密度、香浓均匀度指数与RLST呈正相关;景观优势度大、聚集度高的景观类型,如耕地、绿地、建设用地对RLST影响显著。随着城区的扩张与耕地的减少,建设用地景观格局对RLST的影响逐渐加强,而耕地景观格局对RLST的影响不断减弱;景观层面的景观格局对RLST的影响作用与不同景观类型总体的结构组分及空间构型有关。随着景观结构趋于复杂,景观层面的景观格局对RLST的影响逐渐增强。     

RS-based Evaluation of Forest Cover Changes in Nanling National Nature Reserve

3S technology was applied to analyze spatio-temporal changes of landscape pattern in Nanling National Nature Reserve and the driving forces. The results showed that the study area was dominated by forest landscape from 1988 to 2009, accounting for 95% of the total area, among all forest landscapes, evergreen broadleaved forest accounted for the largest ratio(>50%). In terms of landscape fragmentation, landscape density index of the study area increased, landscape fragmentation was aggravated; patch density of core zone declined slightly, mean patch area of all landscape types increased, landscape fragmentation decreased slightly; buffer zone and experimental zone witnessed the aggravation of fragmentation. In terms of landscape diversity, landscape pattern of the study area became increasingly complex, diversity index increased, landscape heterogenization was enhanced; landscape diversity of the core zone increased slightly, that of the buffer zone increased greatly, but that of the experimental zone declined and landscape heterogenization reduced. Landscapes in the whole area grew more diversified, while landscape pattern of the core zone was simplified, that of the buffer zone witnessed slight changes, and that of the experimental zone kept consistent with that of the study area. In terms of driving forces of landscape pattern change, natural factors have contributed to the landscape changes in the study area, but human factors such as forest management, forest tourism, local residents an economic factors played a dominant role. With the increasing external interventions to the landscape pattern change, the contradiction between landscape eco-environment protection and resource development and utilization in Nanling National Nature Reserve will be increasingly sharpened.     

Spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern in response to urbanization

The combined method of urban gradient analysis and landscape metrics in analyzing the changes of landscape pattern has been widely applied since its introduction by Luck and Wu (2002). In order to address the temporal dynamics of landscape change, this study integrated transect analysis with temporal trend analysis and specifically discussed how changes of residential pattern are related to forms of urban growth. Using Dane County, Wisconsin, USA as an example, a 60 km transect passing through the City of Madison was set up to represent a continuum of rural-urban-rural landscapes. Changes of landscape pattern from 1968 to 2000 were analyzed by FRAGSTATS with four metrics—percentage of landscape (PLAND), Shannon's evenness index (SHEI), patch density (PD), and mean patch size (MPS). Findings from metric analyses revealed that the degree of land-use diversity and landscape fragmentation is positively related to the degree of urbanization.Specifically, at the class-level, residential land-use type shows the strongest positive relationship to the degree of urbanization in all of the class-level metrics adopted. Changes in residential land-use pattern were further analyzed with the number of housing units. The analyses revealed that there are different patterns of residential development along the transect in the study area—with the core urban area expanding outward in a contiguous manner while the rural areas have scattered development. This study demonstrated the additional insights into landscape change by integrating the spatial and the temporal perspectives and by targeting the forms of residential developments.     

上海城市绿地景观格局的分析研究

本文运用景观生态学的理论和方法,在遥感和地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）技术的支持下,建立上海绿化景观地理信息系统,将不同大小面积的绿色缀块划分出四种景观类型,并以此为基础分析上海市区的绿化景观格局。上海市区的绿化景观以面积在５００ｍ＾２以下双块为主,它们不仅数量多,而且分布广,与城市居民的日常生活关系十分密切。     

Planning an ecological network of Xiamen Island (China) using landscape metrics and network analysis

Most Chinese municipal governments and urban planners have attempted to conserve and create urban greenspace in response to rapid urbanization. It is a major task for urban landscape planners to construct an effective and harmonious urban ecological network and maintain a sustainable urban development environment. In this paper, the present situation and a recent greenway augment plan of Xiamen Island were assessed using a series of landscape metrics. The results showed that the recent greenway augment plan could improve the present greenway system considerably. The improvements were indicated by decrease in patch density, and increase in total class area and edge density on the patch level, landscape diversity, landscape evenness and landscape connectivity on the landscape level. On the basis of these analyses, a number of alternative planning scenarios were designed by using network analysis methods for improving the ecological network of Xiamen Island. An alternative planning scenario was proposed to decrease the degree of landscape fragmentation, increase the shape complexity of greenway patches and enhance the landscape connectivity. The results indicated that methods which integrate landscape metrics with network analyses could not only quantitatively assess the present situation and the rationality of planning for urban greenway systems, but also facilitate the design of planning scenarios for urban ecological networks, enabling them to meet the principles of conformity, harmony, circulation, safety, diversity and sustainability. The principles and methods of landscape ecology, and the greenway concepts that have originated in the West can be useful for Chinese landscape planning and can be applied to greenway development in China.     

成都市中心城区绿色空间格局演变与道路网络耦合分析

路网密度的提升会导致斑块破碎、栖息地减少等现象.以成都市中心城区为研究对象,基于遥感影像获取1995、2005、2015年的绿色空间数据,运用形态学空间分析等方法明确了绿色空间格局演变特征及划分出绿地斑块等级,同时针对包含高速公路在内的5种道路类型分别按照100、500、1000、2000m的宽度建立缓冲区,分析出不同...     

香格里拉中心区景观格局演变研究

以香格里拉中心区为例,结合中巴卫星2000年和2009年数据,借助GIS、RS和Fragstat软件,对香格里拉中心区在斑块类型和景观水平两方面进行景观格局变化研究。研究结果表明：10年来,研究区景观格局变化大。斑块类型水平方面,农牧地面积显著减小,但仍占主导地位;城镇、绿地斑块数目增加,面积增大;景观水平方面,斑块总数、密度和面积-周长分维数在增加,蔓延度下降,斑块形状总体上变得更加复杂;香农多样性指数增加,异质性程度在加大。教授、博士、硕士研究生导师     

山西太原市综合公园植物多样性研究

城市公园绿地是城市园林绿地系统的主体,是集中体现城市植物多样性的场所,研究其植物多样性可为城市生物多样性保护提供基础。以山西太原市 17 个综合公园为研究对象,从植物应用的重要值、 Margalef 丰富度、Shannon-Wiener 多样性和 Pielou 均匀度分析其植物多样性,为太原市公园植物多样性保护及公园绿地建设提供参考。研究表明太原市综合公园的植物种类有 78 科 164 属 285 种。植物应用重要值排名前五的种类为大叶黄杨 > 紫叶小檗 > 圆柏 > 国槐 > 金叶女贞。植物丰富度指数为 26.42,乔木层 > 草本层 > 灌木层;多样性指数为 3.13,乔木层 >灌木层;均匀度指数为 0.60,乔木层 >灌木层。木本植物多样性总体评价较高的公园为汾河公园、玉门河公园和晋祠公园;较低的为映山湖公园、长风商务区大平台景观绿化、南海子公园。     

滨江地区发展的景观格局框架提取途径——以南京浦口中心地区为例

本文以南京浦口中心地区为案例阐述了城市景观格局框架的提取途径,包括动态特征研究和静态特征研究两方面的内容。从城市文脉发展入手,梳理特定社会历史和经济发展背景和资源禀赋条件下城市景观格局的时空分布特征和景观要素特点;     

北九州低碳城市国际设计工作坊的启示

"LCTBC’2012年亚洲低碳城市国际学生设计竞赛及工作坊"由北九州市立大学国际环境工学部主办,邀请来自中国、日本、泰国、越南、印度尼西亚、法国等国家的学生参加,涉及城市规划、建筑设计、环境工程、景观设计等专业,体现了国际化与多学科交叉的特点。本文通过介绍工作坊的组织框架、低碳项目观摩及对北九州城野区(JONO)的设计提案,揭示当今国际低碳城市设计的发展策略,提出由国际学生参与的设计工作坊方式的可能性与启示。     

Multiscale analysis of the urbanization pattern of the Phoenix metropolitan landscape of USA: Time,space and thematic resolution

Investigating the ecological consequences of urbanization require knowledge of land-cover dynamics. Quantification of land-use/land-cover change in Phoenix, Arizona during the period of 1985–2005 using landscape metrics computed from Landsat-derived maps revealed temporal patterns of landscape composition and configuration. With accelerated urbanization the landscape as a whole became more fragmented ecologically and more complex compositionally and geometrically. However, the majority of individual patches became more compact in shape. Urban land covers, especially xeric residential, increased substantially and the desert decreased by 20%. Spatial and thematic resolution of data was shown to have large effects on the analysis of land-cover pattern. Our results, while agreeing in general with previously reported scaling relations with respect to changing spatial grain and extent, showed that scaling relations are also robust and consistent across thematic resolutions and time periods. Some metrics behaved unpredictably and some exhibited scale-free behavior. Compositional metrics, such as patch density, diversity, evenness, and largest patch index, were well correlated with vegetative cover, its spatial variation, and population density. Many of these correlations exhibited hump-shaped patterns with respect to increasing grain size, indicating a characteristic scale at approximately 500–1000 m. By simultaneously manipulating spatial and thematic resolutions, the importance of the Modifiable Area Unit Problem in relating landscape patterns to vegetation and socio-economic variables was also demonstrated. Additionally, highly variable desert vegetation due to precipitation variability poses a challenge for accurately quantifying urbanization pattern in arid environments. Choosing appropriate spatial, temporal and thematic resolutions is essential in meeting this challenge.     

Local and landscape scale variables impact parasitoid assemblages across an urbanization gradient

Urbanization is a major driver of land cover change worldwide, yet little is known about how urbanization affects beneficial arthropod communities. This study examined how local and landscape scale variables associated with urbanization influenced parasitic Hymenoptera abundance and diversity in residential and commercial properties along a rural to urban landscape gradient in Wisconsin. At a landscape scale, 300 m surrounding sites, land cover percentages were calculated for five cover classes: impervious cover, forest, grassland, agriculture, and urban green space. In addition, habitat diversity (Simpson's index) was calculated for the landscape surrounding study sites. At a local scale (within the boundaries of an individual property), flower diversity, flower area, tree density, and hardscape were measured and related to parasitoid abundance and diversity. During 2006 and 2007, parasitoids were sampled twice a month June-August using yellow sticky cards. Parasitoid abundance was a positive function of flower diversity, a local scale variable. The positive relationship between parasitoid abundance and flower diversity only occurred in areas containing high to moderate levels of urban development, suggesting parasitoids locally benefited from the increased availability of floral resources in urban but not rural sites. Parasitoid diversity decreased as impervious cover increased in the surrounding landscape. Parasitoid diversity decreased by approximately 10% in highly urbanized sites relative to rural sites, a pattern driven by several parasitoid families not detected in urban sites. These results suggest conservation strategies that focus on landscape variables at multiple scales can play an integral role in preserving beneficial arthropods across urban landscapes.     

基于宜居目标的山水城市规划控制研究:以肇庆市为例

在《宜居城市科学评价指标体系研究》中,宜居城市包括六项指标,其中"环境优美度"和"生活便宜度"与城市规划密切相关。肇庆作为著名的风景旅游城市和国家历史文化名城,一向以"山湖城江"闻名于世。近年来随着城镇建设的快速推进,一些新开发的楼盘为了局部利益牺牲城市环境质量的行为屡见不鲜。从技术层面看,国内当前规划对空间结果预见性不足,缺乏相对完善的控制指标体系。现行的规划控制不适用于体现城市特色的老城区,更无法保证稀缺景观资源的公共性是导致上述现象的主要原因。该文借鉴世界著名"宜居"山水城市经验,借助"形态区划"的方法,从宏观到微观,通过整体风貌控制和居住建筑形态控制,在保护城市山水环境基础上达到宜居的目的。     

Pattern and divergence of tree communities in Taipei's main urban green spaces

Urban vegetation increasingly contributes to nature conservation and ecosystem services, but lacking understanding of site variations has restricted such uses. This study analyzed the spatial pattern and differentiation of tree communities in three major green landscape types (urban parks, riverside parks and street verges) in Taipei city. In each landscape type, 10 representative tree communities were studied. Statistical tests for ecological communities were employed: Jaccard and Q species similarity indices, two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), and new species fidelity, landscape fidelity and composite Q indices. Significant recent increase in Taipei's green spaces was traced. The study area contained 164 tree species, but few were shared by the three landscape types and none by 30 communities. Native evergreen broadleaf species with large final dimensions were dominant. Urban parks registered the highest species richness, landscape fidelity, rare species and urban endemics. Such exclusive species constitution deviated notably from riverside parks and street verges, with relatively simple and converging intra-site species ingredients. Pronounced species differentiation between urban parks reflected diversified site topography, natural woodland inheritance, woodland creation, and past landscape fashion. TWINSPAN classified the communities into nine groups each with signature characteristics. Inherent site variations offered main determinants of tree heterogeneity, superimposed by human modification to satisfy pre-determined site functions. A hybrid urban park with high species diversity and nature contents is advocated by amalgamating conventional but polarized designs of country and urban parks. The findings could inform management of urban forest, urban nature conservation, and ecological services of urban green spaces.     

绿色生态背景下的城市人居环境设计原则 ——以贵州贵安新区、观山湖区为例

随着城镇化的推进和专家学者 对城市人居环境研究的深入,人们越来越 认识到生态环境对城市建设和发展的重要 性,在城市人居环境设计时强调生态、体 现绿色是每一个城市建设者必须直面的课 题。通过分析贵州省贵安新区、观山湖区的 城市设计和建设,提出了城市人居环境设计 应把握的基本原则,以期城市的建设者与设 计者在今后城市的建设发展中自觉遵循这些 原则,设计出“协调、绿色”的作品,营造和 谐宜居、富有活力的城市。     

泉州中心城区主要公园乔木树种多样性分析

对泉州市建成区中的8个主要公园进行调查,比较分析各个公园乔木层的物种组成、物种丰富度指数、优势度指数、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、Whittaker多样性指数、均匀度指数和相似度指数。     

Identifying the spatial mixture distribution of bird diversity across urban and suburban areas in the metropolis: A case study in Taipei Basin of Taiwan

This study utilized a finite mixture distribution model (FMDM) to identify the distribution of bird diversity in urban and suburban areas of the Taipei basin. The spatial patterns of Shannon's diversity index were estimated using Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) with bird investigation data. To validate the results of FMDM, bird groups were classified by two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) based on bird presence-absence records. The probabilities exceeding FMDM's cut-off values for suburban bird communities were obtained from SGS realizations. The results showed that bird diversity in the Taipei basin could be comprised of two-component mixture distributions for urban and suburban bird communities, respectively. The FMDM bird diversity classifications fit the TWINSPAN groups of urban and suburban species. The spatial maps of bird diversity in the study area provide evidence that a metropolis can cause changes in the spatial characteristics of bird communities at the landscape level. Furthermore, the bird diversity and land use maps could be useful for future conservation and urban planning in Taipei Basin, particularly urban green spaces and wetlands. The maps could also be utilized in network planning of green belts or corridors for ecological conservation.     

Accumulated effects on landscape pattern by hydroelectric cascade exploitation in the Yellow River basin from 1977 to 2006

The accumulated impacts of hydroelectric cascade exploitation (HCE) on the landscape are greater than the simple sum of the impacts from a single dam. The spatial–temporal landscape characteristics resulting from the accumulated impacts of HCE from 1977 to 2006 in Longliu Watershed, a part of the Yellow River basin, were investigated. In this innovative approach, the FRAGSTATS model was employed to calculate landscape indices, which characterized landscape in term of its fragmentation, shape and diversity. Three fragmentation indicators and four shape indicators were analyzed at patch scale for each land use type in period of 1977–2006. The diversity simulators were calculated also at landscape scale. Furthermore, two hydroelectric cascade exploitation indicators, summed dam heights and hydroelectric generator capacities, were used to explore the correlated impact with landscape pattern. The analysis revealed that landscape fragmentation variations are strongly dependent on the magnitude of exploitation. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.65 to 0.95. Except for PAFRAC value of water area, all other shape metric variations were closely linked to the level of HCE and the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.5267 to 0.9514. This study also demonstrated that landscape diversity changes were exponentially related to hydro-exploitation parameters, with correlation coefficients arranging from 0.7487 to 0.9856. The correlation analysis also demonstrated that HCE a critical factor determining regional landscape variation. It is concluded that these correlation analysis assist in predicting landscape variation about future HCE. The findings will also be helpful for regional environmental management and for the understanding expected landscape transformations.     

Application of AHP and a mathematical index to estimate livability in tourist districts:The case of Al Qasba in Sharjah

Urban planners must ensure that urban public spaces are enjoyable to use to create a lively city that expresses their culture and traditions and welcomes social diversity. This study aims to develop a theoretical index for assessing the livability levels in tourist districts. Therefore, a survey-based study accompanied by a literature review is used to derive criteria for livability. In addition to using the analytic hierarchy process to develop an importancebased hierarchy of criteria, mathematical analysis is applied to derive the livability index. Furthermore, one of Sharjah’s well-known public spaces, Al Qasba Tourist District, is assessed as a case study. This study discussed the main concepts and factors of livability in urban public spaces to examine the livable extent of Qasba and the significance of criteria. Results show that the current livability level in Al Qasba is less than 50%, confirming its urgent need for further urban improvement. This study explores the livability assessment criteria and their influencing parameters. Using the suggested conceptual livability index enables decision makers to assess the livability level, analyze the influencing factors, and suggest solutions to improve the overall livability levels of open public spaces.     

城市景观及城市景观生态研究的重点

提出城市景观具有人类主导性、生态脆弱性和景观破碎性3大特点,城市景观的斑块、廊道和本底等结构成分和组成要素,具有显著特点.城市景观中的物质流、能量流、人口流和信息流等,是维持城市景观结构的主要功能流.可以从景观整体、景观结构成分和景观格局、景观功能等多个方面,应用景观生态学原理和方法,开展城市景观生态研究.城市景观异质性,在维持城市结构和功能的可持续性方面,发挥着重要作用,在城市景观生态研究和规划实践中,都应将维护和提高城市景观异质性作为焦点问题之一,给予充分重视.