Erratum to Glenwick.

Reports an error in the original article by David S. Glenwick (American Psychologist, 1979[June], 34[6], p.559), a misplaced line occurred in the first paragraph, third column. The paragraph should read: I share Goodstein and Sandler's (1978, p. 891) opinion that "community psychology cannot prosper within the community mental health movement" (my emphasis). Nonetheless, there are some aspects of the community mental health movement (e.g., consultation, crisis intervention, use of paraprofessionals, community education, administration of the community mental health center as an organizational system) that can prosper within community psychology, that are consonant with a community psychology orientation and can lead to mutually productive collaborative undertakings. To prevent the baby from being thrown out with the bathwater, it is these aspects of community mental health that can legitimately be embraced by community psychology without comprising its ideological integrity. (The following abstract appears in record 1990-58513-001.) Comments on L. D. Goodstein and I. Sandler's (see record 1979-22507-001) conceptual analysis of community psychology (CP), focusing on program evaluation, multidisciplinary knowledge, and the community mental health movement (CMHM). There are aspects of the CMHM that can prosper within CP, that are consonant with a CP orientation, and that can lead to mutually productive collaborative undertakings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reaching out, reaching in: Two examples of public education.

Thirty-five years after former American Psychological Association (APA) President George A. Miller (1969) exhorted psychologists to "give psychology away," then-current APA President Ronald F. Levant (2005) encouraged us to "make psychology a household word"--but how do we go about accomplishing this goal? To highlight the value, issues, and challenges of providing such services, 2 case examples of public outreach are described: The Mental Health Tune Up, a 2-day community outreach event, involves multiple mental health organizations in seminars, a resource fair, mental health self-screenings, and workshops; the Toronto Marathon Psyching Team offers mental skills, support, and mental and emotional triage to runners before, during, and after a major international marathon. Event organization, volunteer training and support, interdisciplinary collaboration, corporate community support, systems integration, publicity, and program evaluation are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An ecological-transactional understanding of community violence: Theoretical perspectives.

Community violence has emerged as a major risk factor for the development of mental health problems in children and adolescents. If mental health providers are to meet the needs of children and communities dealing with community violence, then they will need to integrate principles from various subdisciplines in psychology (e.g., developmental psychology, school psychology, developmental psychopathology) as well as disciplines outside of psychology (e.g., sociology, public health, medicine) to understand fully the developmental impact of exposure to community violence. The development of such a model is necessary to identify the pathways, risk, and protective factors on which prevention and intervention programs can be built. The goal of this article is to present an ecological-transactional model of community violence as a conceptual framework for understanding the existing literature and for guiding future research on community violence exposure and child development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Using psychology to promote human welfare: A conceptual analysis of the role of community psychology.

Analyzed according to a conceptually developed matrix the approaches by which psychology can be used to enhance human welfare. The approaches include clinical psychology, community mental health, community psychology, and public policy psychology. Each approach is examined in terms of the intended target, the content of the intervention, the process involved in the intervention approach, and the knowledge base necessary for attempting such interventions. The differences between community psychology and community mental health are emphasized, and it is concluded that community psychology should disengage itself from the community mental health movement to fulfill its most important functions of interfacing with the social systems of deviance control and of socialization and support. (51 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Community Psychology: In Pursuit of Liberation and Well-being.

Reviews the book Community Psychology: In Pursuit of Liberation and Well-being, edited by Geoffrey Nelson and Isaac Prilleltensky (2005). As their subtitle suggests, the authors are concerned with many matters beyond a mental health focus. Although they modestly describe themselves as "editors," Nelson and Prilleltensky actually wrote most of the book, with only Parts 5 and 6 devoted to the work of others. In Part I, the authors introduce their project for community psychology, offering "issues, values, and tools for liberation and well-being." In Part II, "Values, Principles, and Conceptual Tools," the authors talk about sources of values and the way values are chosen to inform research and action. Part III, "Tools for Action," is devoted to interventions at various levels: social, organizational, small group, and individual. In Part IV, the authors present "Tools for Research." Part V presents diverse topics that include marginalization; globalization, poverty, and social justice; colonization and racism; immigration, adaptation, and the challenges of cultural diversity. Part VI, a final "look toward the future," talks about the new aims and definitions of community psychology presented by this text. This books is one of those rare texts that fully meets the twin purposes of providing ideas for the mature community psychologist as well as working as a text for advanced students. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The rural psychologist as generalist: A challenge for professional identity.

Discusses how the psychologist who practices in a rural mental health facility performs many tasks identical to those done by other mental health professionals. While a nonpluralistic and financially constrained mental health system is best served by flexible professionals with a wide range of skills, psychologists in such a setting must utilize their unique training to establish their identity among the service providers. The unique identity of the psychologist is found in the heritage, perspective, and methodology of psychology and not just in clinical activity. Psychologists should begin to develop their methodology by using the larger university context in which they were trained and thereby establish themselves also as researchers and community psychology practitioners. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rehabilitation Psychology, Medical Psychology, Health Psychology, and Behavioral Medicine.

In their recent article, "The Distinctiveness of Rehabilitation Psychology," Shontz and Wright (see record 1981-26520-001) attempt to differentiate rehabilitation psychology from other areas of applied and professional psychology in health settings. Although the authors' historical recounting of early research and theory in rehabilitation psychology is informative, too little emphasis is placed on the relationship between rehabilitation psychology and "mainstream" professional psychology, particularly with regard to its health-setting applications. There appear to be more similarities than differences. The authors' argument runs full circle, namely, that rehabilitation psychology is distinct because of its philosophy, but its philosophy and "principles are valuable to psychologists in many specialties" (p. 919). The notion of involving a patient in his/her care and treatment planning also is not unique to rehabilitation psychology. Shontz and Wright state that rehabilitation psychology is not medical psychology; however, instead of defining medical psychology, they go on to talk about medical care. Medical care is not medical psychology. Further confusion is added by the statement that medical psychology should be a component of rehabilitation psychology. The authors are using medical psychology, health psychology, and behavioral medicine as if they are synonymous, when they are not. Each discipline is made distinct here. Shontz and Wright do not address what the majority of psychologists in rehabilitation do, that is, provide services. In short, although the authors complain about the unfamiliarity of rehabilitation psychology relative to the profession as a whole, their article does little to promote rehabilitation psychology as an area of interest important to professional psychologists in health care and/or rehabilitation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Broadening student experience in mental hygiene and abnormal psychology.

"At Whittier college an attempt is made to relate closely the student's experience in the mental hygiene and abnormal psychology courses." "In mental hygiene, emphasis is placed upon the practical problems of community mental health, and an attempt is made to stimulate the student's interest… ." "In the abnormal psychology course… trips are arranged to an institution for the mentally defective, a hospital for the care of the physically handicapped, a school for delinquents, and a state mental hospital. Other procedures and possibilities for provoking student interest and enriching class experience are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Introduction.

In the articles presented in this issue, developments in professional psychology following World War II are described. Elizabeth B. Wolf recounts her experiences as a graduate student in clinical psychology in the period just before the "psychotherapy revolution" and gives us a glimpse of clinical psychology in action during the 1940s and how she bartered her way into an internship. Dr. Wolf, still active in clinical psychology training, also discusses the early evolution of clinical psychology training programs. Milton F. Shore chronicles the rise and fall of the community mental health movement in our country and addresses the strengths and weaknesses of these programs and psychology's contributions to them. Robert Perloff, who characterizes himself as an "applied generalist," relates how his training in industrial psychology set the stage for his role in the development of consumer psychology and led to his interest in knowledge utilization. Each of these reminiscences catches the enthusiasm and optimism that pervaded professional psychology in the postwar years. These articles challenge us to recapture that optimism and commitment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Community psychology in the Canadian psychological family.

Reviews the status of community psychology in the history of psychology in Canada, emphasizing the early precedents of applied mental health and community interventions. Findings are presented from inquiries into undergraduate and graduate training in community psychology in Canada. After assessing current problems in the subdiscipline, the author makes recommendations for future directions and discusses the potential usefulness of community psychology to professional psychology in meeting the challenges of public mental health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Law and mental health: International perspectives, Volume 2.

Reviews the book, Law and mental health: International perspectives, Volume 2 edited by David N. Weisstub. Following the 1984 publication of Volume 1, reviewed in CJBS (1986), David Weisstub recently edited a second volume in this series. The publication follows the multidisciplinary lead established in the first volume. It consists of five papers, of which three are legal essays and two are empirical social science literature reviews. The two social science articles would be of interest to more psychologists, but particularly those in forensic and correctional psychology. Unlike the first volume, however, the legally oriented papers do not address the classical "forensic" issues. Instead, they deal more generally with legal aspects of mental health. In preparing a multidisciplinary edition, a reasonable objective given the topic, the editor has convened a collection of articles from various disciplines (law, medicine, psychiatry, psychology, criminology, and sociology) instead of articles that, in themselves, represent an integration of disciplines. Once again, one is left wondering if ever the twain shall meet between law and social science. Nonetheless, the editor, as promised, has put together papers on five current issues that are of international importance to law and to mental health. they deal more generally with legal aspects of mental health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Population, development, and reproductive behavior: Perspectives for population and health psychology.

Reviews global population trends, the interrelationship of population and development, and evolving public policies, especially in developing countries. How these trends relate to private reproductive behavior and to the professional responsibilities of population psychologists working within the broader context of health psychology and mental health and how they are concerned with individual, family, and community well-being and an improved quality of life are explored. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Toward a viable community health psychology: Caveats from the experiences of the community mental health movement.

Discusses opportunities and pitfalls in the development of a health psychology, with particular reference to the community mental health movement and community psychology. Health psychology in its preventive rather than curative aspects is stressed. Health psychology should adopt a community or public health perspective rather than an individual disease or individual treatment model. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Health psychology in global perspective.

Reviews the book, Health psychology in global perspective by Frances E. Aboud (see record 1998-07478-000). Initially, the reviewer was unsure of what to expect from this book, and yet in completing it he feel humbled by the perspective it provided on international and cross-cultural health issues. The reading of this book has served to expand his definition of health psychology to include global and cross-cultural concerns. The organization of the book is logical and easy to follow. The first two chapters provide an introduction to the rest of the text. Each of the remaining seven chapters is dedicated to a specific health concern. Aboud's hope is that the reader will come to appreciate that solutions are not as simple as they might appear in the global health community and that enthusiasm must be tempered with "caution and realistic expectations." We must be careful not to stereotype other people and their problem, and recognize that health and well-being are expressed in different but entirely acceptable ways in different cultures. Courses in health psychology will benefit from the inclusion of this book. It incorporates case studies, case vignettes, and student activities along with the text in a manner that students will find challenging. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Employment opportunities for geropsychologists.

Surveyed 224 hospitals, community mental health centers, nursing homes, graduate departments of psychology, and hospices in California, Michigan, New York, and Texas as to their present and future levels of providing services to the aging and their interest in hiring geropsychologists. The most prevalent geropsychological activities were therapy, assessment, and community consultation. Although only 10% of respondents were interested in hiring geropsychologists at present, 43% reported interest in hiring in the future. The greatest interest in hiring was expressed by community mental health centers and hospitals. Regionally, New York expressed the greatest interest. Consistent with the recognized discrepancy between the extensive mental health needs of the elderly and the availability of appropriate professional care, the results document that the employment market for geropsychologists is considerably underdeveloped. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Aging and mental health: Business as usual?

Cautions that in developing training models in mental health and aging, psychologists must not overlook what experience has taught them about mental health intervention or what they know already about older adults. It is suggested that a life-span developmental view complements a community and preventive approach to the mental health needs of the elderly. Creation of a separate subspecialty of clinical geropsychology will not effectively serve older adults. What is needed is a synthesis of already existing expertise in areas such as life-span development, clinical psychology, and community psychology. This synthesis provides a conceptual foundation and set of intervention approaches on which to base training programs in mental health and aging. (61 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On Mental Illness.

Two official position papers of our APA seem to contradict each other with respect to whether mental illness is a myth or not. The APA official position paper, "The Community and the Community Mental Health Center," questions the appropriateness of the term "illness." The APA official position paper, "The Psychologist and Voluntary Health Insurance." identifies psychology in some of its roles as a health profession. Is psychology in some of its roles supposed to be a health profession that regards illness as a myth in some of its other roles? The answer seems to be, "Yes." If psychologists would switch hats as they changed roles from clinician to social science consultant, the contradiction would be resolved easily. Instead, the contradiction is denied by one role player or the other. Somehow, the medical model is supposed to be absolutely evil and to stand in the way of social progress. At the same time, psychiatrists seem to expect to exercise leadership in matters of social science. I believe that mental illness exists. Psychiatrists have primary responsibility for its treatment, and there is a very large and honorable role for clinical psychologists in the struggle against mental illness. Social disorganization exists. I doubt very much that psychologists deserve primary responsibility for the amelioration of social disorganization, but psychologists can make important contributions. Let us not overdefend against the boundless ambitions of our medical colleagues as social science experts by denying the legitimacy of mental illness and of the medical model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ecological constraints on mental health services.

Proposes 4 principles for community mental health programing that are consistent with an ecological thesis: (1) Assessment methods are focused on the total population rather than on those persons who presently receive a mental health service. (2) Mental health services are designed to reduce a high risk for community service. (3) Professional and research services are created as local community resources. "By initiating the informal coordination of current services, the community mental health program helps to create specific new community services as needed." (4) The program plans for change; this involves mobilizing anticipatory problem-solving resources not only for clients but for professionals as well. A "conception of community mental health work based upon the ecological thesis that adaptive programs change" is presented. (39 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychologists and rural services: Addressing a new agenda.

Rural people in the 1990s are struggling with serious individual and community problems that threaten their very survival. The growth of professional psychology into a viable health, mental health, and social service profession places it in a position to be of assistance to rural communities. To do this, however, adequate training models must be developed to equip psychologists to ply their trade in rural areas. A strategy and model for training practicing psychologists is presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Differentiation of resources in mental health delivery: Implications for training.

The following mental health delivery systems, which include a variety of "movements" or approaches, are briefly differentiated and reviewed: prevention, self-help groups, social-skills training problems, psychotherapeutic interventions, environmental modification, and community resources. The implications of this differentiation for training in clinical psychology are discussed. (36 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)