The professional preparation of African American graduate students: A student perspective.

Even though growth relationships include traditional aspects of academic mentoring, without emphasizing personal development, professional growth is incomplete. Most African American faculty are overloaded with teaching, research, and advising responsibilities and, therefore, are unable to adequately mentor African American graduate students without jeopardizing their careers. Non-African Americans can provide adequate mentoring to African American students; however, because of the lack of a common cultural context, obstacles exist in cross-cultural mentoring relationships. By portraying the growth relationships established between an elder and 2 young professionals, this study illustrates how the involvement of non-academic affiliated African American professionals with African American graduate students is beneficial and indeed essential in the students' academic and personal development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The American Lung Association: changing perspectives

A double-blind study with volunteers was performed to determine the incidence and severity of thrombophlebitis associated with cephalothin, cephapirin, cefamandole, and a water control. Although there were no statistical differences in the incidence of thrombophlebitis, cephalothin resulted in significantly more severe thrombophlebitis compared with the other agents.     

The revenge motive: a developmental perspective on the life cycle and the treatment process

In this article, vengeance and other manifestations of aggression and hostility are differentiated, then the developmental origins and later manifestations of the revenge motive through the life cycle are traced. Consideration is given to each phase of the life cycle, each of which may impart its distinctive stamp onto the patient's desires for revenge. Consistent with this developmental perspective, it is pointed out that desires for revenge may have important adaptive functions, helping the patient contain anxieties associated with developmental tasks that have not been mastered. A brief case example is used to illustrate how unresolved problems from various developmental stages may lend a particular coloration to the patient's later vengeful motives. Also provided is another case history of an early adult homosexual woman. The article is concluded with a set of technical recommendations for working with such patients in psychotherapy and psychoanalysis.     

Dimensions and types of social status: A cross-age perspective.

In Exp I, peer perceptual correlates of social preference (SP) and social impact (SI) were investigated with 311 3rd, 5th, and 8th graders. SP was highly positively related to cooperativeness, supportiveness, and physical attractiveness and negatively related to disruptiveness and aggression. SI was related to active, salient behaviors of both positive and negative valence. Whereas the correlates were found to be similar at each grade level, greater proportions of the variance in these dimensions could be predicted at younger than older ages. In Exp II, these dimensions were used to assign 531 Ss to 5 sociometric status groups: popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, and average. Peer perceptions of the behavioral correlates of these groups were solicited and found to reveal distinct profiles. A previously unidentified group of controversial children was perceived as disruptive and aggressive (like the rejected group), but also as social leaders (like popular Ss). It is suggested that researchers consider controversial children as a distinct group in future behavioral and epidemiological studies. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The American Board of Professional Psychology, 1947 to 1997: A historical perspective.

The American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP), originally established in 1947 as the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology, celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1997. This brief history and perspective of the organization documents the important place that the ABPP occupies in the history of professional psychology and in future directions of the profession. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Motives in American men and women across the adult life span.

The stability and change in four social motives (achievement, affiliation, fear of weakness, hope of power) over the adult life cycle were investigated in two surveys representative of the American population. One sample of 1,363 respondents was drawn in 1957; the other of 1,208 respondents, in 1976. Motives were assessed by established procedures that coded thematic apperceptive content for motivational imagery. Some age differences in motives were evident in both samples: Women's achievement and affiliation motives decline in older ages; men's hope of power is distinctly high at mid-life. These major age effects were found to depend on work and family patterns. By and large, however, the strength of the motives is remarkably similar over different age groups. Year and education differences moderate some of these results. Although not robust, indications of some cohort stability in certain motives emerge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

William Osler's The nervousness of American women.

Almost a century ago, William Osler, the foremost physician of his time, was approached by a leading periodical to write a series of articles on the health of the American woman. Osler, then the Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford, wrote an essay dealing with the psychological stresses affecting the new woman of the early 20th century at varying stages of her development and the nervousness that ensued. The article was never published as a result of his belated reservations on the propriety of a professional writing for a lay journal. Osler's thinking frequently reflected the spirit of his Victorian-Edwardian era, although at times he demonstrated advanced and prescient ideas about sexuality, not often the subject of discussion, even in circumspect form, in contemporary nonprofessional literature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Parental overprotection in Asian American children: A psychodynamic clinical perspective.

Provides an overview of the problem of overprotection in Asian families, with an emphasis on issues related to clinical theory and practice. The first section addresses parental overprotection and its manifestations in Asian culture. The second section provides an examination of potential psychopathological effects of overprotection on Asian children and adolescents. The third section discusses clinical aspects and includes 3 case illustrations; complications caused by cultural factors are emphasized. A discussion and conclusions section follows. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The changing face of American psychology: A report from the Committee on Employment and Human Resources.

Asserts that the past 2 decades have witnessed demographic, social, and economic changes that have affected the nature of psychology. The Committee on Employment and Human Resources of the American Psychological Association (APA), based on an examination of available data, identified 6 trends with major implications for psychology and the APA—changes in the specialization of new doctorate recipients in psychology, the quality of doctoral training, participation in the field by minorities, participation in the field by women, the employment of psychologists, and the composition of APA. These trends and their implications are discussed. (37 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The life and career plans of young adult college women: A follow-up study.

Conducted a follow-up study of 391 women 6 yrs after they entered college. 41% of Ss were no longer pursuing the bachelor's degree, 63% were married, and 46% planned to combine work and family life. A total of 71% were employed; 45% were employed in their chosen careers, which were predominantly in social/medical services and clerical fields. Attitudes toward women's roles were liberal, and Ss were aware of sex discrimination. Since high school, Ss had considered an average of 9 occupations. Traditional choices (e.g., housewife, nurse, social worker, and teacher) continued to be popular, but more nontraditional choices (e.g., physicist and college professor) were becoming included. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Health Maintenance Organization: I. Historical perspective and current status.

Discusses the history of health maintenance organizations and presents a modal program with special focus on the management of psychotherapy and psychopharmacology. The clinical demands of managed group practice are compared with fee-for-service care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Children's naturalistic entry behavior and sociometric status: A developmental perspective.

Extended previous research by examining the relation between children's entry behavior and sociometric status under more naturalistic conditions. First, 3rd, and 5th graders (N?=?72) of high, low, and average status were observed during recess. Observers coded Ss' entry and noninteractive behaviors, peers' responses, and the size of groups with whom Ss interacted. Low-status Ss engaged in more passive entry attempts and less sustained group interaction than high-status Ss, and were accepted less and ignored more. Compared with 5th graders, 1st graders attempted entry proportionately more, were alone more, joined smaller groups, and sustained interaction with groups a smaller proportion of time. Group size influenced both the choice of entry bids and the group's response to an entering peer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Early manifestations of personality and adult health: A life course perspective.

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate whether individual personality or temperamental qualities that emerge early and persist over the life course, predict adult midlife health. Specific childhood personality attributes considered include distress proneness, behavioral inhibition, and ability to stay focused on a task. Design: Prospective data are from 569 individuals followed from birth into adulthood. Main Outcome Measures: Outcomes include two different measures of adult health: self-rated general health, and number of illnesses in adulthood. Results: Childhood personality attributes related to attention and distress were significantly associated with adult health, with stronger effects evident among women. Children with high attention reported better self-rated health (b = 0.12, p     

Psychosocial predictors of changing sleep patterns in aging women: A multiple pathway approach.

The authors of this investigation sought to examine changes in the sleep quality of older women over time and to determine whether dimensions of psychological well-being, health (subjective health and number of illnesses), and psychological distress (depression and anxiety) predict these changes. A secondary analysis was conducted with a longitudinal sample of aging women (Kwan, Love, Ryff, & Essex, 2003). Of 518 community-dwelling older women in the parent study, 115 women (baseline M age = 67 years, SD = 7.18) with data at baseline, 8 years, and 10 years were used for this investigation. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires and participated in in-home interviews and observations. Growth curve modeling was used to examine the overall linear trajectories of sleep quality. Growth mixture modeling was used to examine whether there were different patterns of change in sleep quality over time and to examine baseline predictors of each pattern. Sleep quality declined over time but not for all women. Two distinctly different sleep patterns emerged: good but declining sleep quality and disrupted sleep quality. Higher psychological well-being (positive relations with others, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, and self-acceptance), fewer illnesses, and lower depression scores at baseline predicted reduced odds for membership in the disrupted sleep group. Future research is needed to examine whether interventions focused on maintaining or enhancing psychological well-being could minimize later life declines in sleep quality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The scientific status of American psychology in 1900.

In 1900, psychologists were attempting to define themselves and searching for their role among both academic and nonacademic publics. The success of experimental methods served to advance their position as exemplary scientists, although, as the authors argue in this article, other factors were also important. First, the issue of measurement involved many disagreements about the tools needed to measure psychological constructs or even whether psychologists should measure anything at all. Second, the relationship between the brain and psychological constructs enhanced psychology's status for some, whereas others felt that psychologists should stay away from such topics. Parallels with present-day concerns among psychologists are addressed at the end of the article. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

La Isla Pacifica: A haven for battered Mexican American women.

Describes the La Isla Pacifica, a shelter serving women who have fled a violent partner. The shelter is open to all women, but it differs from many of its counterparts because it is designed to be a good cultural and linguistic fit for Spanish-speaking women of Mexican descent. The article outlines (1) program structure, (2) program services, (3) program staffing, (4) orienting ideas/mission statement, and (5) recommendations. A profile of 424 battered Mexican American women who used the shelter from 1979 to 1994 is presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The ACC professional life survey: career decisions of women and men in cardiology. A report of the Committee on Women in Cardiology. American College of Cardiology

The effects of exogenous and endogenous galanin on spinal flexor reflex excitability was evaluated in rats one to eight days after the induction of inflammation by subcutaneous injection of carrageenan into the sural nerve innervation area. In normal rats, electrical stimulation of C-fibres in the sural nerve elicited a brisk reflex discharge. Conditioning stimulation of C-fibres (1/s) generated a gradual increase in reflex magnitude (wind-up), which was followed by a period of reflex hyperexcitability. Intrathecal galanin dose-dependently blocked reflex hyperexcitability induced by C-fibre conditioning stimulation whereas i.t. M-35, a high-affinity galanin receptor antagonist, moderately potentiated this effect. At one to three days after the injection of carrageenen, when inflammation was at its peak, the magnitude of the reflex was significantly increased and discharge duration became prolonged. However, wind-up and reflex hyperexcitability were significantly reduced. Furthermore, reduced reflex excitability during conditioning stimulation ("wind-down") and depression of the reflex were sometimes present, which are rarely observed in normal rats. Intrathecal galanin reduced hyperexcitability during inflammation, although its potency was weaker than in normals. However, the galanin receptor antagonist M-35 strongly enhanced wind-up and reflex hyperexcitability, similarly as in normal rats. The baseline flexor reflex, wind-up and C-fibre conditioning stimulation-induced facilitation were normalized four to eight days after carrageenan injection when signs of inflammation were diminishing. Interestingly, intrathecal galanin and M-35 failed to influence spinal excitability. The results suggest a complex functional plasticity in the role of endogenous galanin in mediating spinal excitability during inflammation. There appears to be an enhanced endogenous inhibitory control by galanin on C-afferent input during the peak of inflammation, which may explain the relative ineffectiveness of exogenous galanin. During the recovery phase there may be a reduction in galanin receptors, which may impair the action of endogenous and exogenous galanin. These results further support the notion that galanin is an endogenous inhibitory peptide in nociception.