More about Hull and Koffka.

Comments on J. A. Gengerelli's (see record 1977-07112-001) article presenting reminiscences of a year when K. Koffka and C. L. Hull were presenting antithetical theories to the graduate students of the University of Wisconsin and introduces additional memories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A survey of important psychological books.

80 of 100 psychologists who possessed PhDs and were staff members of colleges or universities were randomly selected from the "American Psychological Association 1958 Directory." In order, the highest rated authors were: Freud, James, Hull, Pavlov, Watson, Boring, Skinner, Thorndike, Woodworth, Tolman, Kohler, Lewin, Darwin, Ebbinghaus, Koffka, and Wundt. Books rated with the largest number of points include: James' "Principles of Psychology"; Hull, "Principles of Behavior"; Pavlov, "Conditioned Reflexes"; Freud, "Interpretation of Dreams"; Boring, "History of Experimental Psychology"; and Watson, "Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist." From Psyc Abstracts 36:02:2AI92W. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A. R. Luria: A personal remembrance.

A research assistant to Koffka remembers Alexander Romanovich Luria, whom she met in 1932 when he invited Koffka to take part in a Soviet-organized, psychologically oriented expedition to Uzbekistan to study thinking patterns of the Uzbek natives prior to their incorporation in the USSR. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Obituary: Hardy Culver Wilcoxon (1921–1996).

Memorializes Hardy Culver Wilcoxon, who constituted a significant link to the early history of experimental psychology. He worked as a research assistant to both C. L. Hull and C. I. Hovland, developing early and lasting interests in learning theory and in comparative psychology. This combination of scientific interests is reflected in his first 2 publications: "Spatial Orientation in the White Rat," which he published with Roland Waters (1948) and "A Preliminary Determination of the Functional Relationship of Effective Reaction Potential to the Ordinal Number of Vincentized Extinction Reactions," published with R. Hays and Hull (1950). He continued to pursue work in comparative psychology and learning for the remainder of his career. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comments on Debra Hull's concept of rationality.

D. B. Hull (1988) misinterprets "rationality" as used in rational-emotive therapy (RET) in her critique of the present author's (1987) article. As used in RET, rational not only means derived from reason, but also means efficiently aiding human happiness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A further note on ranking the important psychologists.

Responses of 246 American Psychological Association members (of 1,000 surveyed) ranked Freud, Skinner, Watson, Pavlov, and Hull, respectively, as having the greatest influence on 20th century psychology. Skinner, Rogers, Hebb, Piaget, and Harlow, respectively, were ranked as the 5 most influential contemporary contributors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Quelques données sur l'évolution de la psychologie de l'apprentissage.

An analysis of the literature, based on the Social Science Citation Index, suggests that during the 1970's the psychology of learning returned to classical approaches like the Pavlovian and Hullian theories. Even with such a strong movement toward cognitive viewpoints, E. C. Tolman (1932) was not as widely cited as Pavlov or Hull. (English abstract) (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Imagery and suggestibility: a test of the Arnold hypothesis.

Two hypotheses were tested: (1) Sway test scores secured when S is asked to imagine falling should show a higher correlation with scores of hypnotizability then sway test scores obtained with the standard Hull "falling" instructions; and (2) there should be a positive correlation between imagery ability and susceptibility to hypnosis. Evidence is presented to contradict the first hypothesis and to support the second hypothesis. 21 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Bibliographies of Eminent Psychologists.

A preliminary list of distinguished psychologists of the past is constructed, based on those persons who were accorded the greatest number of pages in Boring's (1) and Murphy's (2) histories of psychology. To these the author added the names of two recently deceased psychologists who seem to them to merit inclusion in this list and whose bibliographies have been published (Thorndike and Lewin). The author feels that Hull also belongs to this group, but Hull's list of publications has not yet been compiled. Published bibliographies of all other persons on the list have been cited by Boring, and were used as sources for the data given. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

E36高强度船板钢的开发

介绍了湘钢宽厚板厂开发E36高强度船板钢的主要技术思路和工艺路线。通过合理的成分设计、钢水纯净度控制和控轧控冷工艺,得到钢质纯净、组织细化的E36级船板,使其具有优异的综合力学性能,满足了船级社的认证要求。     

Early behaviorism and verbal mediating responses.

Largely overlooked are many "earlier behavioristic or stimulus-response analyses of increasingly complex behavioral phenomena in part by means of concepts and principles involving mediating responses and stimuli… primarily but not exclusively, verbal mediating responses and stimuli… . Meyer, Watson, Hunter, Dashiell, Kantor, and others clearly anticipated the essential features of many more recent analyses." Watson's ideas and those of his contemporaries are discussed. Hull is regarded as "the transition" between the earlier and more recent concepts concerning verbal mediating responses. From Psyc Abstracts 36:02:2AD85G. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-awareness, self-regulation, and alcohol consumption: An analysis of J. Hull's model.

J. Hull's (see record 1982-05684-001) self-awareness model of alcohol consumption usefully links the study of alcohol use and abuse to social psychological literature and generates new, testable hypotheses, but several problems limit its value. An alternative social learning model is proposed as a more viable and comprehensive account of the phenomena discussed by Hull. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stimulus intensity dynamism.

The literature on the relationship between conditioned stimulus intensity and conditioned response magnitude—generally known by its Hullian name of "stimulus intensity dynamism" (Hull, 1949)—is reviewed. In contrast to the agreement found in the Russian literature as to the reality of this phenomenon, the results of Western research have often been negative or inconclusive. Possible reasons for these failures to obtain positive results are discussed, including the use of data obtained under conditions of extinction, choice of the GSR as the conditioned response, use of a restricted range of stimulus intensities, and failure to ensure that S discriminates the conditioned stimulus from other background stimuli. Also discussed is Perkins' (1953) hypothesis that stimulus intensity dynamism is due to generalization of inhibition from an unreinforced zero-intensity stimulus. (2 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of prior dishonesty on postdecision dissonance.

This was previously abstracted (see 37: 7780), but there was an error in the text. The abstract should read as follows: 145 children (aged 3-12) indicated liking for 3 toys and 3 crackers. After being exposed to a temptation to be dishonest and given a choice of 1 of the objects, they gave liking ratings of their chosen and unchosen alternatives. Postdecision dissonance reduction (increased liking for the chosen, and decreased liking for the unchosen alternative) was greatest when choice from among dissimilar objects (toy and cracker) followed dishonesty; it was least when honesty preceded choosing from among similar objects (2 toys or 2 crackers). Results were consistent with formulations by Hull, on drive summation, and Lewin, on tension spread: irrelevant tension combines with relevant tension to produce greater response to the latter. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On Hull, Lane, and Gibbons's 'Early object loss and 'secret anniversaries of the heart."

Comments on the observation of J. W. Hull et al (see record 1993-34494-001) that an early object loss may be revived in the transference when the duration of the treatment matches the patient's age when the loss occurred. This commentary relates their work to several publications that they do not cite. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of Manganese on Microstructures and Solidification Modes of Cast Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni Shape Memory Alloys

We investigated microstructures and solidification modes of cast Fe-(13-27)Mn-5.5Si-8.5Cr-5Ni shape memory alloys to clarify whether Mn was an austenite former during solidification. Furthermore, we examined whether the Cr_eq/Ni_eq equations (Delong, Hull, Hammer and WRC-1992 equations) and Thermo-Calc software^® together with database TCFE6 were valid to predict the solidification modes of cast Fe-(13-27)Mn-5.5Si-8.5Cr-5Ni shape memory alloys. The results have shown that the solidification modes of Fe-(13-27)Mn-5.5Si-8.5Cr-5Ni alloys changed from the F mode to the FA mode with increasing the Mn concentration. Mn is an austenite former during the solidification for the cast Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni shape memory alloys. The Delong, Hull, Hammer, and WRC-1992 equations as well as Thermo-Calc software^® together with database TCFE6 are invalid to predict the solidification modes of cast Fe-(13-27)Mn-5.5Si-8.5Cr-5Ni SMAs. To predict the solidification modes of cast Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni alloys, a new Cr_eq/Ni_eq equation should be developed or the thermodynamic database of Thermo-Calc software^® should be corrected.     

Self-awareness-reducing effects of alcohol consumption.

Three experiments with 180 males examined the effects of alcohol consumption on the self-aware state. Based on a model proposed by J. G. Hull (see record 1982-05684-001), it was predicted that alcohol would reduce self-awareness. In Exp I, Ss consumed either alcohol or tonic and then gave short speeches about themselves. All Ss expected to consume alcohol. The speeches were coded for frequency of self-focused statements. In support of predictions, alcohol reduced the relative frequency of self-focused statements. Exp II replicated this finding and demonstrated that it did not depend on Ss' expectancies regarding the beverage they consumed. Exp III investigated a potential mechanism for these effects. Alcohol was proposed to reduce self-awareness by interfering with the encoding of self-relevant information. Using an incidental-memory paradigm, it was found that high-private self-conscious Ss recalled more self-relevant words than did low-self-conscious Ss under placebo conditions, thus replicating the findings of Hull and A. S. Levy (see record 1980-27166-001). (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cortical inhibition, figural aftereffect, and theory of personality.

"An attempt has been made in this paper to work out a dynamic theory to account for a number of experimental findings in the field of personality related to the concept of extraversion-introversion. Following Pavlov and Hull, a theory of cortical inhibition was developed to account for observed differences in behavior and a deduction from this principle was made by extending it to the perceptual field. It was predicted that hysterics (as a prototype of the extraverted personality type) would be differentiated from dysthymics (as a prototype of the introverted personality type) in the speed of arousal, strength, and length of persistence of figural aftereffects." Experimental results presented are in accord with the predictions. 46 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)