非标准状况下直燃型溴化锂机组动态特性的实验研究

根据现有检测手段对非标准工况下溴化锂机组进行了现场测试,分析了非标准工况下冷媒水进出口温度、冷却水进口温度、冷媒水流量、燃气流量的变化对制冷量和COP的影响.结果表明非标准工况下COP值与标准工况下的COP值相比,减少的最大幅度达到了29%,机组的启停次数、燃烧器的控制对系统的COP都有着较大的影响.     

低温排热吸收式制冷机的开发

本文介绍了日本开发的低温排热驱动吸收式制冷机 ,采用了两次提升的吸收式循环 ,并试制了 70k W制冷量的样机。试验结果 :在排热水进口温度 60℃ ,冷却水进口温度 2 5℃ ,冷媒水出口 7℃的工况下 ,实测制冷量达到 70 k W,制冷性能系数 (COP)达到 0 .5 8     

太阳能吸附空调的全性能实验研究及其应用

研究了不同工作条件对硅胶-水吸附机组性能的影响,例如热水进口温度、冷却水进口温度、热水流量、冷水出口温度等因素对吸附制冷性能的影响。在北纬36°41′地区进行应用,经过测量计算,在夏日典型晴天条件下,集热器平均效率为0.36,吸附制冷机平均COP(性能系数)为0.44,平均太阳能COP值为0.16。测量结果表明,机组性能受多种工作条件影响。机组制冷性能随着热水进口温度、热水流量、冷水出口温度、太阳辐射强度的增加而增加,而随着冷却水进口温度的上升而降低。当热水进口温度为79.0℃,冷却水进口温度为25.4℃,冷水出口温度为13.7℃,制冷功率为17.9kW,COP可达0.63。当热水流量为2124kg/h(名义热水流量为3400kg/h),热水进口温度为79.9℃,冷却水进口温度为30.2℃,冷水出口温度为15.3℃时,制冷功率12.7kW,COP为0.42。     

小型烟气-热水型溴化锂吸收式制冷机组试验研究

探究适合于匹配小型分布式能源的烟气-热水型溴化锂吸收式制冷机组可降低设备初投资及拓展应用场景,选取某国产130kW烟气-热水型吸收式溴化锂制冷机组为研究对象,通过搭建与之匹配的试验台,测试了该机组冷冻水出口温度和冷却水进口温度对制冷量的影响,并测试了余热烟气进出口温度和热水温度、冷冻水进出口温度、吸收机制冷量、高低发温度随时间的变化规律。研究结果表明,冷冻水出口温度每升高1℃,制冷量提升3-4%,冷却水进口温度每增加2℃,制冷量降低2-6%。烟气进吸收机温度在280-440℃之间变化,出口烟气温度维持在65℃。冷剂泵开启后（约吸收机启动20min）,高压和低发溶液出口温度随时间逐步升高,分别稳定在108℃和57℃,冷冻水进出口温度维持在15/10℃左右。吸收机制冷量维持在100-115k W。误差分析得到制冷量和冷冻水出口温度误差分别为8.6%和0.5%,显示了较高的准确度。     

回质回热过程对硅胶-水吸附机性能的影响及优化分析

在硅胶-水吸附机组中,采用水作为热管工质,这样使得热管工质和制冷工质一致,避免了不同工质而引起的渗漏问题。机组的加热/冷却切换是通过控制水路阀门来实现的,所以系统无需真空阀门。另外,在两个隔离器水盘间,安装了毛细管,这样可以避免单个吸附床缺水问题。对机组进行了回质和回热研究。回质过程可以有效提高系统的性能,进一步研究了热水进口温度对回质过程的影响。最后研究了回热对系统COP的影响,并讨论了回热过程的优化。研究表明:机组具有较好的吸附制冷性能,当热水进口温度/冷却水进口温度/冷水出口温度分别为79.2/29.6/14.9℃左右,回质时间为90s,回热时间30s,机组的制冷功率为15.3kW,性能系数(COP)为0.50;当热水进口温度/冷却水进口温度/冷水出口温度分别为64.8/29.6/15.2℃左右,回质时间为180s,回热时间30s,机组的制冷功率为7.5kW,COP为0.36。     

水冷式冷水机组大温差运行特性试验

在冷冻水大温差、冷却水大温差、冷冻水和冷却水同时大温差3种条件下,对按照国家标准名义工况设计制作的水冷式冷水机组试验样机进行测试。结果表明,在保持制冷量不变(相当于空调冷负荷一定)情况下,冷冻水大温差对冷冻水进、出水温度影响明显,对机组性能系数、压缩机排气温度、机组冷凝压力影响不明显;冷却水大温差时,冷冻水进、出水温度略有升高、机组性能系数明显降低、压缩机排气温度和机组冷凝压力明显升高;冷冻水和冷却水均大温差时,对以上参数的影响为冷冻水和冷却水分别大温差影响的叠加。     

螺杆式水源热泵机组非标热力完善度规律的发现及其在水系统能耗模型中的应用

提出了"非标逆卡诺循环COP"和"非标热力完善度的概念",根据某品牌的螺杆式水源热泵COP修正参数表,计算同一负荷率下,变蒸发器出水温度、变冷凝器出水温度、变蒸发器相对流量、变冷凝器相对流量四种变工况条件下的"非标热力完善度",最大值和最小值误差为3.2%,通过其他型号和其他品牌的螺杆式水源热泵的COP修正参数的验证,发现同一负荷率下,螺杆式水源热泵机组的"非标热力完善度"基本不变的规律。该规律在水源热泵水系统能耗模型的建立中可以解决热泵机组能耗和源侧及用户侧水泵能耗的耦合问题,有较大的应用意义。     

基于数据中心余热回收的硅胶-水吸附式制冷系统的实验研究

数据中心蕴含丰富的低温余热资源,若将硅胶-水吸附式制冷机组运用于数据中心余热回收且给水冷背板系统提供冷量满足服务器CPU直接水冷的要求及水冷背板的需求,将具有显著的节能效果。本文针对45～60℃的低温热源,对吸附式制冷机组进行实验,测量换热流体在不同工况下的温度,结果表明:硅胶-水吸附式制冷机组能够将23℃的冷冻水降温至20℃以下,产生1.28～4 kW的制冷量,系统COP在0.22～0.51之间。若提高热水温度,降低冷却水温度以及适度提高冷冻水温度可使硅胶-水吸附式制冷机组提供更多的冷量,节能效果更佳。     

采用沸石-水工质对的吸附式制冷空调系统性能试验研究

介绍一种以沸石-水作为工质对的吸附式制冷空调系统,并对其热力性能进行试验研究。循环时间840s,驱动热源为80。c的热水,流量为2.80 m3/h;冷却水进口温度为25 °C ,供冷凝器冷却水的流量为2. 7 4 m3/h,供吸附床吸附时冷却水的流量为4.27 m3/h; 冷冻水进口温度为22。c , 流量为0. 71m3/ h。试验结果显示：机组在420~840s循环周期内,制冷量范围为1679~1905W ,系统C O P的范围为0.02~0.66。     

小型复合空调器的研制和实验研究

提出了一种新型蓄冷和热水器复合空调器装置.蓄冰槽在低谷电和夜晚室外温度较低时蓄冷,然后利用蓄冷提高冷凝器出口制冷剂的过冷度,不但增大空调器的制冷量,而且充分利用蓄冰槽内的显热量.放冷结束后,通过调节阀门,蓄冰槽可转换成水冷冷凝器,复合空调器变成热泵热水器,提供生活热水的同时,可以提供一定的制冷量.通过对普通空调器改造的样机进行了夏季工况下运行的实验研究,研究了蓄冰槽盘管不同结构和位置对蓄冰的影响.同原来空调器比较,复合空调器制冷量平均增加28.2%,性能系数平均增加21.5%.复合机组提供热水时平均性能系数为2.77.即提供相同热量热水,复合机组用电量仅为电热水器的36%.提供热水期间平均的制冷量为2325.39w.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to