一种基于本体的军用文书理解系统设计

本文提出了一套基于本体和自然语言理解相结合的军用文书理解的解决方案.系统通过信息抽取和军标本体匹配两个模块,针对军用文书与军队标号相对应的特点,通过计算机自动处理,将军用文书转化成一种无二义性的中间格式,传递给其他系统使用,以提高指挥作战的效能.     

基于马尔科夫逻辑网的中文专利最大名词短语识别

缺少标注语料和难以识别动词和名词类是阻碍中文专利最大名词短语识别的主要问题。针对上述问题,该文提出了一种基于马尔科夫逻辑网的中文最大名词短语识别方法。该方法避免对开放类的名词短语的识别,而将主要精力放在了相对封闭的分隔符的识别上,利用句子自身特征、领域迁移特征以及双语对齐特征来识别最大名词短语的边界。结果说明,双语信息较好地促进了动词、介词、连词等MNP边界的识别。MNP识别的F值可达83.27%。     

汉语介词短语的自动识别

本文运用规则和统计相结合的方法构造了一个汉语介词短语识别算法。首先,根据介词和介词短语右边界组成的搭配模板自动提取可信搭配关系,并用这些搭配关系对介词短语进行识别。之后,用基于词性的三元边界统计模型和规则相结合的方法识别其它未处理的介词短语。通过对含有7323 个介词短语的语料作交叉测试,精确率达到87148 % ,召回率达到87127 %。     

基于混合策略的汉语最长名词短语识别

该文提出一种基于语言知识评价的分类器集成方法,利用自动获得的搭配资源和人工评价规则,融合了基于支持向量机的最长名词短语识别结果和基于条件随机场的归约识别结果,进一步基于确定性规则有针对性地识别了分类器易出错的特殊结构,提高了对连续动词介词和连续名词造成的边界歧义的识别能力。实验取得了89.30%的正确率和89.62%的召回率,多词结构F1值较归约方法提高了0.75%。     

中文文本蕴含类型及语块识别方法研究

文本蕴含识别（RTE）是判断两个句子语义是否具有蕴含关系的任务.近年来英文蕴含识别研究取得了较大发展,但主要是以类型判断为主,在数据中精确定位蕴含语块的研究比较少,蕴含类型识别的解释性较低.从中文文本蕴含识别（CNLI）数据中挑选12 000个中文蕴含句对,人工标注引起蕴含现象的语块,结合语块的语言学特征分析归纳了7种具体的蕴含类型.在此基础上,将中文蕴含识别任务转化为7分类的蕴含类型识别和蕴含语块边界-类型识别任务,在深度学习模型上达到69.19%和62.09%的准确率.实验结果表明,所提出的方法可以有效发现中文蕴含语块边界及与之对应的蕴含类型,为下一步研究提供了可靠的基准方法.     

基于语块和条件随机场(CRFs)的韵律短语识别

该文提出一种基于汉语语块这一浅层句法信息,并利用条件随机场模型的中文文本韵律短语边界预测方法。首先介绍语块的定义和标注算法,然后在进行了语块结构标注以及归并处理的语料上,利用CRFs算法生成相应模型对韵律短语进行识别。实验结果表明,基于语块信息的CRFs韵律短语识别模型的识别效果优于不利用语块结构的模型,其F值平均能够提高约十个百分点。     

基于SVM融合多特征的介词结构自动识别

介词结构在汉语文本中出现频率很高,正确识别介词结构边界对句法分析、语音合成中的韵律短语划分有着重要意义。该文较为系统地探讨了汉语中常用介词的边界识别问题。利用支持向量机SVM模型,基于输出概率而不是简单的二分法来选择正确的后边界。探讨了不同的特征选择,并尝试加入语义信息等不同特征组合以提高识别准确率。对常用的68个介词进行边界识别实验,5折交叉验证的准确率达到90.95%,优于前人的识别结果。     

中文矛盾语块数据集构建和边界识别研究

文本矛盾是自然语言理解的一项基础性问题。目前的研究大多针对矛盾识别任务,而深入文本内部探究矛盾产生原因的工作较少,且缺乏专门的中文矛盾数据集。该文在前人矛盾研究基础上,提出矛盾语块的概念,将其划分为7种类型,并根据标注规范构建了包含16 224条数据的中文矛盾语块(CCB)数据集。基于此数据集,利用序列标注及抽取式阅读理解类模型开展矛盾语块边界识别实验,以检验模型对矛盾内部语义信息的理解能力,结果显示阅读理解类模型在该任务上的性能优于序列标注模型。该文通过三个角度对影响语块边界识别的因素进行分析,为文本矛盾后续研究工作提供可靠的数据集和基线模型。     

基于关联度评价的中心词扩展的英文文本语块识别

传统的英文文本语块识别的方法大多是通过设定相应的短语标识符号,最终把语块识别问题转化成词性标注问题来解决．实验表明,这种方法不能充分考虑相邻词性的关系和每种短语的内部组成规律．关联度评价中心词扩展的英文文本语块识别方法从另外一个角度来识别英文文本语块．它具有以下特点：①把每个短语看成是以中心词为核心的聚簇,充分考虑每种短语的内部组成规律;②使用关联度和可信度动态地评价得到的结果．通过对公共测试集的测试,此方法识别的速度较快,而且英语语块识别的F测度值达到了94．05％,与目前的最好结果相当．     

基于条件随机场的顿号边界识别

标点符号的边界识别是自然语言处理的重要研究内容,它是分词、语块识别等应用的基础。为了实现中文中用于表示并列成分分割的顿号的边界识别,采用了用于序列分割和标记的条件随机场(CRF)方法进行顿号边界识别。首先对顿号边界识别任务进行了两种类型的描述,然后对顿号语料的标注方法和过程以及特征选择进行了研究,通过采用语料推荐和十折交叉验证两种数据集分配方法分别进行了边界识别实验。实验结果表明,通过条件随机场方法结合选择的边界识别特征能够进行顿号边界识别,其顿号边界识别的F值在基准实验的基础上提高了10.57%,由顿号分隔的词语识别其F值可达85.24%。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.