香料乙酸苄酯的合成

实验以氯化苄、醋酸钠为原料，研究了在相转移催化剂的存在下，一步反应制得乙酸苄酯的合成工艺。结果表明，最佳反应条件为：催化剂用量为n（氯化苄）：n（四丁基溴化铵）=1：1．6×10^-2，反应物为n（氯化苄）：n（乙酸钠）：1：1．05，反应时间是4．5h，反应温度为110℃，收率为92％，产品纯度可达99％。[编者按]     

相转移催化合成对甲苯苄醚

在相转移催化剂存在下，以对甲苯酚、氯化苄为原料合成对甲苯苄醚，研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比和催化剂用量等条件对合成反应的影响，确定了较佳工艺条件。该方法合成对甲苯苄醚的较佳工艺条件是：110℃、反应3h、n(对甲苯酚)：n(氯化苄)为1：1．2、n(对甲苯酚)：n(氢氧化钠)为1：1．1；催化剂用量为9．26％(相对于对甲苯酚)，对甲苯苄醚的收率可达到93．43％以上，产品纯度为98．5％(质量分数)。     

微波辐射四丁基溴化铵催化合成肉桂酸苄酯

研究了以肉桂酸钠和氯化苄为原料，四丁基溴化铵作催化剂，采用微波辐射技术，在常压下直接合成肉桂酸苄酯，以及催化剂用量、微波辐射功率和辐射时间对酯产率的影响。最适宜的反应条件为：当n(肉桂酸钠)／n(氯化苄)为1：1．2时，四丁基溴化铵的用量1．0g，微波功率300W，辐射25min，产率达83％以上。     

MC尼龙/纳米碳酸钙复合材料最优制备工艺的研究

用均匀设计法和人工神经网络法等技术对MC尼龙／纳米碳酸钙复合材料的制备工艺条件进行了深入的探讨，确定了最优工艺条件，并验证了最优工艺条件。MC尼龙／纳米碳酸钙复合材料的最优制备工艺条件为：纳米碳酸钙的质量分数为1．0％，催化剂的质量分数为0．15％，活化剂的质量分数0．36％，模具温度为160℃。     

转移催化法合成苯甲酸苄酯的研究

主要研究了由苯甲酸钠和氯化苄通过相转移催化法合成苯甲酸苄酯,考察了几种季铵盐类相转移催化剂的亲核取代反应性能。实验表明：季铵盐类相转移催化剂四丁基碘化铵（（C4H9）4NI）对合成苯甲酸苄酯反应的催化性能较好,在原料配比（苯甲酸钠：氯化苄）为1：1．3,反应温度110℃,反应时间2.5-3.0h,催化剂用量为苯甲酸钠的6％,体系pH值为5-6时,苯甲酸苄酯的产率超过了90％。     

对叔丁基苯乙腈制备工艺

研究了以对叔丁基氯化苄和氰化钠为原料制备对叔丁基苯乙腈的方法。在相转移催化剂和乙醇—水为反应介质中，对叔丁基氯化苄和氰化钠在70～75℃下反应7～8h，蒸馏得到对叔丁基苯乙腈，收率为80．7％，纯度98．3％。研究了反应溶剂、溶剂的用量、温度和时间、pH值、反应温度和时间对对叔丁基苯乙腈收率的影响。     

氯化苄生产工艺的优化

氯化苄生产工艺小试中，笔者找到了较优化的氯化工艺和操作参数。氯化方式由间歇改为连续。甲苯与氯气重量比为５：２，催化剂Ｗ０２的浓度控制在１．２％左右，反应温度为１１０±５℃，停留时间为３ｈ，在这样的操作条件下，一氯化苄含量可达５０％，邻（间）氯甲苯在０．３％以下，二氯化苄在３．０％以下；通过后道精制，预计成品含量达９７％，收率可达９１％以上。     

2-甲氧基-4-丙烯基苯基苄基醚的相转移催化合成研究

在相转移催化剂存在下,以2-甲氧基-4-丙烯基苯酚、氯化苄为原料合成2-甲氧基-4-丙烯基苯基苄基醚,分别研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、催化剂用量等条件对合成反应的影响．确定了最佳工艺条件。该方法合成2-甲氧基-4-丙烯基苯基苄基醚的最佳工艺条件是：反应温度95℃;反应时间2h;n(2-甲氧基-4-丙烯基苯酚)：n(氯化苄)=1：1,05;n(2-甲氧基-4-丙烯基苯酚)：n(氢氧化钾)=1：1．10;催化剂=5．89％(相对于2-甲氧基-4-丙烯基苯酚质量分数),2-甲氧基-4-丙烯基苯基苄基醚的收率可达到92．52％以上,产品纯度98．5％。     

氢醌单苄醚的合成方法研究

利用水和乙醇作溶剂，利用对苯二酚和氯化苄为原料合成氢醌单苄醚。当对苯二酚氢氧化钠和氯化苄的摩尔比为1．5：1：1。乙醇和水的体积比为2：1时，氢醌单苄醚的收率为56．7％，而且双苄醚的收率最低。     

相转移催化合成对羟基苯甲酸苄酯的研究

用对羟基苯甲酸和氯化苄为原料,以氯化三乙基苄基铵为相转移催化剂合成了对羟基苯甲酸苄酯。通过实验考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、反应时间及物料配比等因素对反应的影响。结果表明,最佳反应条件是：反应温度145℃,催化剂用量7．54mmol,反应时间2．5h,氯化苄与对羟基苯甲酸的量的比为2：1。在此条件下,收率在95．5％以上。产品熔点为109～111℃,并通过元素分析、红外光谱分析、核磁氢谱对其进行了结构表征。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。