基于两步机理的高温费托合成总包动力学研究

为进行非均匀表面费托合成反应动力学的研究,将费托合成作为单个反应处理,以高温费托合成产物碳数分布为依据,得到高温费托合成总包反应方程。由两步机理出发,考虑催化剂表面的非均匀性和催化反应的补偿效应,按照吸附控制和反应脱附控制两种情况构建了四类费托合成总包动力学模型。使用工业高温沉淀铁催化剂,依据从无梯度反应器获取的高温费托合成动力学实验数据,对建立的动力学模型进行参数回归和检验,结果表明各模型的表观活化能计算结果与文献相符,其中以一氧化碳吸附作为速率控制步骤和以丁烷作为总包反应平均产物得到的总包动力学模型最优。     

低温液相甲醇合成鼓泡浆态反应器数学模拟

建立了经由甲酸甲酯的低温液相甲醇合成鼓泡浆态反应器的数学模型 ,模拟了实验室鼓泡浆态反应器的行为 ,并利用模型考察了工艺参数如表观气速、催化剂浓度对反应的影响 ,对改进和提高低温液相浆态床反应器甲醇合成提供了信息 ,以便对开发低温甲醇合成工艺提供参考和指导     

低温甲醇合成研究进展

低温甲醇合成反应路径以一氧化碳合成气为基本反应原料,在应用包含甲醇的碳醇催化剂下能够在低温环境下实现对一氧化碳反应原料的转换,进而生成新的甲酸酯,弥补传统甲醇合成的局限。在阐述全新的低温甲醇合成路径、反应原理和动力学基础上,研究分析低温液相甲醇合成催化剂体系。     

甲苯液相催化氧化反应动力学

采用一套可无级调速的玻璃搅拌釜气液相反应器,通过改变搅拌速率考察了传质对甲苯液相氧化反应的影响,考察结果表明搅拌速率达到700 r/min时可基本排除传质的影响.在不同反应温度下进行了甲苯液相催化空气氧化的动力学实验研究,得到了反应物甲苯和主要反应产物苯甲酸、苯甲醛、苯甲醇和苯甲酸苄酯的浓度随反应时间变化的数据.在已有动力学研究的基础上,根据甲苯及其主要产物的情况,提出了甲苯液相氧化的反应网络和分子反应机理,建立了相应的动力学模型.根据实验数据回归获得了动力学模型参数,动力学模型计算与实验数据吻合良好,甲苯氧化生成苯甲酸反应的活化能为49.4 kJ/mo.     

环戊烯合成环戊基甲醚的反应动力学研究

研究了甲醇与环戊烯合成环戊基甲醚(CPME)的宏观反应动力学。环戊烯与甲醇摩尔比为1∶1,温度区间为115¹30℃,采用离子交换树脂催化剂,反应在固定床反应器内发生,在液相条件下得到了相应的动力学数据。结果表明,甲醇优先紧紧地吸附在催化剂的活性位上,环戊烯吸附在相同的催化剂活性位上参与反应,反应呈现明显的一级反应的特征。采用非线性曲线拟合方法处理实验数据,建立了环戊烯醚化反应动力学方程。用动力学模型求得的计算值与实验值的相对误差均在5%以内,说明所建动力学模型能较好的描述环戊烯醚化反应,具有良好的外推性。     

环戊烯合成环戊基甲醚的反应动力学研究

研究了甲醇与环戊烯合成环戊基甲醚(CPME)的宏观反应动力学。环戊烯与甲醇摩尔比为1∶1,温度区间为115~130℃,采用离子交换树脂催化剂,反应在固定床反应器内发生,在液相条件下得到了相应的动力学数据。结果表明,甲醇优先紧紧地吸附在催化剂的活性位上,环戊烯吸附在相同的催化剂活性位上参与反应,反应呈现明显的一级反应的特征。采用非线性曲线拟合方法处理实验数据,建立了环戊烯醚化反应动力学方程。用动力学模型求得的计算值与实验值的相对误差均在5%以内,说明所建动力学模型能较好的描述环戊烯醚化反应,具有良好的外推性。     

工业Fe-Cu-K催化剂上费托合成反应动力学(Ⅱ)——模型筛选与参数估值

依据本文(Ⅰ)报获得的费托合成动力学模型及水煤气变换反应动力学模型,结合在固定床中测得的动力学数据,对几个候选动力学模型进行了参数回归。结果表明,表面碳化物烯烃再吸附机理模型和CO_2脱附为控制步骤的水煤气变换反应动力学模型能较好地拟合实验数据,所得最终费托合成机理动力学模型满足模型检验要求,且回归得到的活化能值与文献结果一致。     

C207铜基催化剂常压甲醇分解反应动力学(Ⅰ)本征动力学模型

在直流流动积分反应器中常压下研究了C207催化剂甲醇分解反应本征动力学。实验温度、气体组成与甲醇合成工业条件相接近。以实验測定数据应用改进高斯-牛顿法对动力学模型参数进行估值,获得甲醇分解反应本征动力学方程。     

KINETICS OF FISCHER - TROPSCH SYNTHESIS OVER Fe - Cu - K CATALYST (Ⅱ) MODEL DISCRIMINATION AND PARAMETER ESTIMATION

依据本文(Ⅰ)报获得的费托合成动力学模型及水煤气变换反应动力学模型,结合在固定床中测得的动力学数据,对几个候选动力学模型进行了参数回归。结果表明,表面碳化物烯烃再吸附机理模型和CO_2脱附为控制步骤的水煤气变换反应动力学模型能较好地拟合实验数据,所得最终费托合成机理动力学模型满足模型检验要求,且回归得到的活化能值与文献结果一致。     

浆态床甲醇合成反应过程数学模拟

在固定床等温积分反应器中回归了LP201催化剂上的甲醇合成反应动力学参数,在液固拟均相、全混流、气相流动形式分别为全混流、平推流的基础上建立了浆态床搅拌反应器中甲醇合成反应的数学模型. 模拟结果显示,根据所得动力学参数,计算结果与实验结果吻合良好;气相甲醇合成过程中气相流动形式明显影响反应效率;在液相甲醇合成过程中,气相的流动形式对反应影响不大;气液传质阻力对反应有较显著的影响,必须与反应过程同时加以考虑.     

ROLE OF WATER IN THE KINETIC MODELING OF METHANOL TRANSFORMATION INTO HYDROCARBONS ON HZSM-5 ZEOLITE

The attenuating effect of reaction-medium water (feed and/or reaction product) on the kinetics of the steps of methanol transformation into hydrocarbons on a HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was studied by means of a kinetic model. In this model, the effect of water was quantified in all the steps of the kinetic scheme by means of a kinetic parameter, which is constant with temperature under the conditions of the MTG process. At low temperature, under conditions in which only methanol dehydration occurs, the kinetics of this reaction is attenuated by the presence of water, and the coefficient that quantifies the attenuation decreases as temperature is increased. In addition to considering the effect of water content in the reaction medium, another innovation of the kinetic model proposed, compared to those proposed in the literature consisting of lumps, is the fact that the higher reactivity of dimethyl ether over methanol is taken into account. A step of cracking of gasoline lump hydrocarbons to produce light olefins (ethene and propene) was also taken into account. The kinetic model proposed was verified by using the results obtained in an integral isothermal fixed bed reactor, in the 573-723 K range, for an ample range of space time values. The results revealed that the effect of water is due to its adsorption on the active sites by competition with the intermediate compounds of the kinetic scheme.     

ROLE OF WATER IN THE KINETIC MODELING OF METHANOL TRANSFORMATION INTO HYDROCARBONS ON HZSM-5 ZEOLITE

The attenuating effect of reaction-medium water (feed and/or reaction product) on the kinetics of the steps of methanol transformation into hydrocarbons on a HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was studied by means of a kinetic model. In this model, the effect of water was quantified in all the steps of the kinetic scheme by means of a kinetic parameter, which is constant with temperature under the conditions of the MTG process. At low temperature, under conditions in which only methanol dehydration occurs, the kinetics of this reaction is attenuated by the presence of water, and the coefficient that quantifies the attenuation decreases as temperature is increased. In addition to considering the effect of water content in the reaction medium, another innovation of the kinetic model proposed, compared to those proposed in the literature consisting of lumps, is the fact that the higher reactivity of dimethyl ether over methanol is taken into account. A step of cracking of gasoline lump hydrocarbons to produce light olefins (ethene and propene) was also taken into account. The kinetic model proposed was verified by using the results obtained in an integral isothermal fixed bed reactor, in the 573–723 K range, for an ample range of space time values. The results revealed that the effect of water is due to its adsorption on the active sites by competition with the intermediate compounds of the kinetic scheme.     

甲醇和异丁烯在HBT6分子筛上的反应机理

研究了甲醇、异丁烯和甲基叔丁基醚 (MTBE)在HBT6分子筛上的吸附 ,探讨了HBT6分子筛催化剂上合成MTBE反应的机理 ,并结合本征动力学实验结果 ,提出了反应的机理动力学模型 .结果表明 ,甲醇、异丁烯、MTBE均吸附在催化剂的酸性OH基上 ,其中异丁烯主要以π络合形式吸附 ,这种吸附态容易转变为叔丁基正碳离子 .甲醇与异丁烯在HBT6分子筛催化剂上的醚化反应按照L -H机理进行 ,表面反应为速度控制步骤     

CO气相催化偶联合成草酸二甲酯的原位红外及动力学研究

文章研究了在常压下,CO在钯催化剂上与亚硝酸甲酯气相催化偶联制草酸二甲酯的反应动力学。为了消除催化剂床层中的浓度梯度和温度梯度,较好地揭示反应的本征动力学规律,动力学的考察在无梯度反应器中进行。根据原位红外实验结果分析提出反应机理模型和实验测得的CO转化率与温度,空速,原料配比的关系,对模型进行拟合优化,导出了动力学方程。结果表明,CO的吸附为整个反应的控制步骤。     

Kinetics and slurry-type reactor modelling during catalytic hydrogenation of o-cresol on Ni/SiO2

The effect of kinetic parameters (reactant concentrations, temperature) was investigated on the initial reaction rate for the catalytic hydrogenation of o-cresol on Ni/SiO₂, carried out in a batch or semi-batch agitated slurry-type reactor.

The data were interpreted by a kinetic model based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism with non-dissociative and non-competitive adsorption of o-cresol and hydrogen on different sites, where the limiting step is due to the reaction of adsorbed reactants. The activation energy (E_a = 82 kJ/mol) is in good agreement with previous literature values reported for the catalytic hydrogenation of phenol.

Taking into account thermodynamic (solubilities) and mass transfer kinetics (k_La) data measured in situ, the integral reactor conversion rate of this three-phase catalytic reaction was simulated accurately in the physical regime by taking into account external and internal mass transfer resistances.     

Kinetic modelling of the catalytic conversion of synthesis gas

A kinetic study for the one-step conversion of synthesis gas to gasoline on a ZnO–Cr₂O₃–ZSM-5 catalyst is described. On this catalyst, three reactions are involved in the overall transformation of synthesis gas: the methanol synthesis, the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons and the water–gas shift reaction. Under the operating conditions selected for the study, it was found that the water–gas shift was at equilibrium and the methanol was completely converted to hydrocarbons. Consequently, it was postulated that the kinetics of the limiting reaction step, the methanol synthesis on the ZnO–Cr₂O₃ component, was the one that controls the overall reaction rate. Three kinetic model equations describing the rate of synthesis gas conversion on the bifunctional catalyst, were considered to fit the data of the experimental runs performed in a Berty well-mixed reactor. Those equations were derived under very special conditions where the methanol decomposition term could be neglected. It was also observed that in the kinetic equations a term involving the fugacity of CO₂ was required to predict the rate properly. The catalyst deactivation was also taken into account in the analysis.     

Dehydration of Methanol to Dimethyl Ether by Catalytic Distillation

The kinetics of liquid catalytic dehydration of methanol over an ion exchange resin (Amberlyst 35) has been determined for the temperature range 343 to 403 K using a batch reactor. The experimental data are described well by an Eley‐Rideal type kinetic expression, for which the surface reaction is the rate‐determining step. A catalytic distillation process for methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether (DME) has been modeled using the experimentally determined kinetic data. The results were incorporated into the rate‐controlled reaction mode for RadFrac, a part of the commercial simulation program Aspen Plus. It was shown that synthesis of high purity DME can be achieved using a single catalytic distillation column. Thus there is significant potential for reduction of overall capital cost for a plant for methanol dehydration to DME when compared to conventional production facilities that involve separate reaction and distillation processes.     

甲醇在耐高温磺酸树脂催化下的脱水反应动力学

为了开发反应精馏合成二甲醚新工艺,实验在2MPa(G)、120℃～155℃、初始甲醇摩尔分数100%～30%、液空速0.10mL/(min·g催化剂)～0.15mL/(min·g催化剂)条件下,以耐高温磺酸树脂作催化剂,在等温积分反应器内,系统地测定了甲醇脱水生成二甲醚的反应动力学数据。分别用L-H及E-R模型建立了反应动力学方程,并对实验数据进行了拟合。拟合结果表明:在实验范围内,按E-R模型拟合的反应动力学方程与实验结果更吻合。通过对动力学方程进行分析,发现随着反应温度的升高以及甲醇活度与水活度比值的增大,甲醇脱水反应速率都会增大。实验工作可为开发反应精馏合成二甲醚新工艺提供重要的反应动力学数据。