Chemical and physical characteristics of soap made from distilled fatty acids of palm oil and palm kernel oil

Manufacture of soaps from distilled fatty acids of palm oil (PO) and palm kernel oil (PK) is a well-established technology in Malaysia. Data on quality and characteristics of various blends of PO/PK fatty acid-based (palm-based) soaps made in Malaysia are not available, however. In view of this, the study described in this paper was undertaken. Eleven blends of palm-based bar soaps were made, and their properties were evaluated. There was an increase in the acid value of blended raw materials with increasing amounts of PK fatty acids. The iodine value and titer (°C) of blended raw materials, however, bear an inverse relationship with the amount of PK fatty acids. As expected, the hardness of the soap bars from the various blends increased with increasing PK fatty acid. Total fatty matter ranged from 76–85%, free caustic content was 0.1%, and sodium chloride content was 0.3–0.4%. Characteristics of soap blends made for this study were comparable with those from other countries. Quality of the soap obtained was comparable to those produced commercially.     

Properties of soaps derived from distilled palm stearin and palm kernel fatty acids

Soaps made from blends of distilled palm stearin (PS) and palm (PK) kernel fatty acids were evaluated for total fatty matter, sodium chloride content, moisture content, hardness, Hunter whiteness, foamability, iodine value, titer value, and acid value. Data showed that these soaps had properties similar to palm-based soaps made from distilled palm oil and palm kernel fatty acids. The soaps showed good whiteness (greater than 80%) and foamability. Total fatty matter ranged from 10–18%, sodium chloride content was 0.5%, and free caustic was 0.1% except for blend 8 containing 10 PS:90 PK, which had a free caustic of 0.03%. Initial penetration value, a reflection of soap hardness, ranged from 32–126 mm, with an average value of 54 mm. This value is within the range of the best blends of palm-based soaps (50–63 mm). There was no obvious trend observed. Penetration value, however was found to stabilize after a month of storage with an average value of 19.4 mm. Soap with this hardness value is relatively hard and therefore should be blended with a small amount of soft oils.     

洗浴用品市场观览

对洗浴用品市场进行了分析,指出功能单一的块皂时代已经不复存在了,而代之以多种香型、不同成分、不同色泽和花样翻新的清洁用品。块皂这个美国个人卫生用品的基本组分也同样遭受到了来自液体皂、沐浴液和凝胶的残酷竞争。块皂除了仅仅作为清洁用品外,还得到了广泛的应用,其功能包括护肤、防晒、晒黑、抗黑斑、抗衰老和减脂等。目前,家庭使用洗液和沐浴露已非常流行,洗液制品逐渐趋向于不同年龄段的男、女消费者,目标已纷纷瞄准了少女群体和成年女性群体以及男性消费者。     

香皂用柠檬型香精的调配

对要仿制香皂的香气进行嗅辨分析,确定出其香韵组成及其香气组合,该香皂的香韵为柠檬柑桔类果香、青香、醛香、辛香、草香、琥珀香、动物香等。根据皂用香精的调配原则,选取各种不同的天然与合成的单体香原料,对该香皂香精进行仿制;并对其进行香气的三角试验和稳定性试验。结果表明:仿制香精的关键是着重突出类似柠檬的柑桔果香;仿制的香精香气新鲜、透发、和谐并且具有很好的留香;其香气与标准样品相比非常逼真;且稳定性能良好。     

Can eyes smell? cross‐modal correspondences between color hue‐tone and fragrance family

Color can facilitate the identification of odor quality and influence the perception of odor intensity. To deliver coherent sensory messages of perfumes effectively, this research investigated whether people experience cross‐modal interactions between color hue–tone and fragrance family and how consistent these cross‐modal interactions are. Two experimental tasks were conducted with eight commercial perfumes in four typical fragrance families (floral, oriental, fresh, and woody): direct fragrance–color matching and degree of similarity judgement between color and fragrance. These tasks revealed that fragrances were nonrandomly, consistently matched with colors. The correspondences between the fragrance families and colors were influenced by the hue (warm–cool color images) and tone (especially, lightness property) dimensions. In addition, gender differences in the color–fragrance correspondences were partially revealed for the four fragrance families. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the degrees of familiarity with the fragrance families and the color–fragrance correspondences. These findings confirm the robust existence of cross‐modal correspondences between vision and olfaction in perfumery. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2013     

The perception of fragrance mixtures: A comparison of odor intensity models

A comparison of two psychophysical odor intensity models and their effect on the prediction of the odor character for perfume mixtures is presented. The odor value (OV) and Power‐Law models were applied together with previously developed perfumery ternary diagram (PTD®) and perfumery quaternary diagram (PQD) methodologies to map the perceived smell of quaternary and quinary fragrance mixtures. A diffusion model was used to simulate the evolution of liquid and headspace concentrations. The evaporation of perfumes starts with a fast ethanol release, then the diffusion of the fragrant components. The composition paths were predicted through the evaporation lines plotted in the PQD. The two odor intensity models present differences in the initial perfume impact, but after some time tend to similar profiles. The Power‐Law predicted higher ethanol intensities than the OV model, due to its exponent. Introducing water in perfume formulation fixes ethanol in the solution, thus reducing alcohol perception. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

Foaming properties of rosin soap and their comparison with those of fatty acid soaps

Summary The foam production of soaps made from rosin, modified rosins, and rosin acids were evaluated. The foam production of rosin soaps was compared with soaps made from the individual fatty acids. There was no difference in the foaming properties of soaps made from longleaf and slash pine rosin. Oxidation of the unstable rosin acids in rosin caused the foaming properties of the rosin soap to become more nearly proportional to the concentration. The more hydrogen present in the rosin acid molecule the greater were the foaming properties of the rosin soap. At temperatures between 200° C. and 275° C., the lower the temperature employed for producing pyroabietic acid catalytically, the greater were the foaming properties of the pyroabietic acid soap. There was a difference in the foaming properties of commercial stabilized rosins. In foaming properties the soaps made from rosins, modified rosins, and rosin acids were more like sodium laurate than the other individual fatty acid soaps tested. The author wishes to express his indebtedness to to Dr. G. S. Jamieson and W. G. Rose of the Agricultural Chemical Research Division for the pure lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acid used in this study.     

The hydrolysis of soap solutions. III. Values of pH and the absence of fatty acid as free liquid or solid

Summary The pH of the laurates, myristates, palmitates, and stearates of sodium and potassium at 25° and 50°C. was determined by use of a glass electrode. pH:concentration curves were constructed, and hydroxyl ion activity was calculated. In general, the concentration of hydroxyl ion ranges from 0.001 to 0.0001 N; for the less dilute solutions of the higher soaps, the upper limit is exceeded by several fold, and in the more dilute solutions the concentration may fall beneath the lower value. Solubilized hexane reduced the pH of potassium and sodium laurate but very slightly. Potassium or sodium chloride reduced the pH of soap solutions over a certain range but caused a slight increase in a narrow intermediate range. Using the pH values obtained, the actual concentration of fatty acid in the soap solutions was calculated, and was found to beless than the saturation concentrations obtained by conductivity measurements through the entire range investigated. Free fatty acid therefore never separates as such from pure soap solutions unless acted upon by excess of acid such as carbon dioxide. Percentage hydrolysis was calculated and curves were constructed. In general, the potassium soaps are hydrolyzed more than the corresponding sodium soaps; the difference is slight for the laurates but is considerably greater for the myristates, palmitates, and stearates in higher concentrations at 25°C. The difference is appreciably smaller at 50° than at 25°. Percentage hydrolysis for the laurates is very much less than for the higher soaps.     

High active alkyldimethylamine oxides

A recently developed, high active, alkyldimethylamine oxide powder now permits the use of this valuable surfactant in water-sensitive formulations such as bar soaps. Study of the various amine oxide homologs in key performance properties of soap bars showed them to be effective foam modifiers, plasticizers, and synergistic lime soap dispersants. The solid amine oxides were found to be a versatile additive which could readily be formulated into a wide variety of personal care bars.     

Imperial Leather Original皂用香精的仿制

介绍了Imperial Leather Original 皂用香精的特点及其香韵组成,详细叙述了如何运用不同香韵的单体原料仿配该香精的过程.讨论了香精的稳定性试验和三角试验.     

On the electric resistance of solid soap

Summary Electrical resistance values are reported for soaps of various moisture contents. Marked changes in resistance were found at 40–50°C. Below this temperature the logarithm of conductivity is a linear function of inverse temperature, and the slope of the curve is practically independent of water content. Above 40° resistance is markedly affected by the water content of the soap. For soaps containing 12–30% water, heating and cooling curves show definite maxima and minima in electrical resistance values. This effect is less obvious in soaps containing more than 30% water. The phase transition points estimated from resistance measurements are in good agreement with those deduced from other physical measurements.     

Manufacture and properties of synthetic toilet soaps

The manufacture of syndet bars requires special machinery and somewhat different processing steps than those used for normal toilet soap production. Fully synthetic bars are higher priced specialty products which offer special properties not available in normal soaps. Syndet bars: are free from alkali; they can be neutral or adjusted to pH levels below 7; are used for skin problems; lather and clean very well at various water hardnesses without forming a curd or precipitate; are compatible with a large variety of additives; and use less perfume than normal soaps. Based on a paper presented at the AOCS Meeting in New Orleans, May 1981.     

Conductometric investigations of zirconyl soaps in a xylene-methanol mixture

Conductometric measurements of solutions of zirconyl soaps in xylene-methanol (4:1, vol/vol) mixture were carried out at 30–50°C, and the results were used to determine the degree of ionization, ionization constant, and various thermodynamic parameters for both ionization and association processes. The results show that the soaps behave as weak electrolytes in dilute solutions, and the concentrations at which aggregation commences increased with increasing temperature and decreasing chainlength of the soap molecules.     

Quantitation of flavor volatiles in oxidized soybean oil by dynamic headspace analysis

A dynamic headspace procedure was developed for isolating the volatiles from oxidized soybean oil and trapping them on an adsorbent under conditions that gave minimal decomposition of hydroperoxides (50°C for 30 min at a helium flow of 75 mL/min). The volatiles were desorbed from the adsorbent and separated by gas chromatography (GC) on a methyl silicone capillary column. Equations were derived from theoretical considerations that allowed the actual concentration of each flavor component in the oxidized oil to be calculated from the area of the GC peaks. The reliability of the method and calculations was demonstrated by recovery experiments. The concentration of 2-heptanone in a mineral oil emulsion, equivalent in flavor intensity to each component, was calculated and summed to estimate the overall flavor intensity of the samples. The overall estimations were compared with the concentrations of 2-heptanone observed to be equivalent in flavor intensity to the oxidized oil samples when these were tasted in emulsion. The concentrations of individual components calculated from the headspace volatiles data were all present at concentrations below their flavor thresholds, and the simple sum of the intensities of their flavors generally accounted for less than half of the flavor intensities of the oil samples. The differences in the headspace and sensory analyses might be attributed to the flavor of the unoxidized oil, synergistic interactions, and/or the presence of unmeasured flavors components.     

基于反向机器学习的调香设计方法

香精香料业务拥有数十亿美元的市场,而调香技术的发展丰富了人们的现代社会生活。提出了用于调香设计的反向机器学习模型,采用基于类导体屏蔽模型（COSMO）得到的分子表面电荷密度分布作为香精分子的结构描述符设计最终的调香产品。首先,识别香精属性并根据需求将属性转化为目标性质。然后,调节气味并建立了反向机器学习（inverse machine learning, IML）模型,其中输入变量为气味,输出变量为分子结构描述符,利用训练得到的IML模型,根据目标特性,预测出潜在产品的结构描述符。最后在指定的数据库中通过欧几里得距离法筛选出候选的调香混合物。本文还以两类调香算例为例,利用该框架进行了调香设计,并利用实验数据及气味雷达图对实验结果进行了验证。     

Wirksamkeit von Kalkseifendispergatoren in Stückseifen

Efficacy of Lime Soap Dispersion Agents in Bar Soaps The efficacy of surfactant-like lime soap dispersing agents was determined by means of the scattering light method (forward scattering). According to this, the stabilization of colloidal lime soap dispersions is measurd, i. e., the delay of agglomeration in the μm-range and of flocculation of lime soaps by lime soap dispersing agents. The scattering light intensity versus time behaviour of lime soap dispersions correlates with gradings from visual judgements usually made in application tests for bar soaps. The efficacy of lime soap dispersing agents of different chemical constitution as well as the influence of functional groups on the efficacy have been investigated.     

A novel sample preparation for chloride analysis in bar soaps

A simple and rapid sample preparation technique is described for the potentiometric determination of chloride in bar soaps. Usual preparation of soap for potentiometric chloride analysis involves time-consuming dissolution of the sample in water or heating to affect dissolution, followed by a cooling step. Also, when performing potentiometric titrations for chloride under the usual acid conditions, aqueous solutions of soap bars (unlike combination soap/detergent bars) will form insoluble semisolid fatty acids that can occlude some chloride and make clean-up difficult. This paper describes a simple dissolution of bar soap sample in dilute H₂SO₄/methanol at ambient temperature that simultaneously acidifies the sample solution and produces noninterfering methyl esters from the soap fatty acids; water is then added, and the chloride is determined potentiometrically with standardized AgNO₃. This procedure has been shown to work well with automatic titrators.     

Utility of branched chain carboxylic acids in the manufacture of driers

To be useful in the manufacture of driers, a carboxylic acid must yield lead, cobalt, manganese, calcium and zinc soaps which are soluble in paint vehicles and petroleum hydrocarbon thinners. The drying metal soaps of a number of saturated branched chain carboxylic acids were prepared to determine the relationship of acid structure to metal soap solubility. It was found that with the exception of 4-ethyl-5,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid those branched chain acids containing at least six carbon atoms in the longest straight chain yielded soluble drying metal soaps and were therefore useful in drier manufacture. soluble “basic” lead soaps, pale-colored manganese soaps and reddish purple cobalt soaps were obtained from acids lacking in alpha branching. Alpha-branched acids yielded insoluble basic lead soaps, dark manganese soaps and dark blueviolet cobalt soaps.     

The solubilization of calcium soaps by fatty acids

The solubilization of the calcium soaps of long chain fatty acids by liquid fatty acids was observed. The solubilities of calcium palmitate, calcium laurate, and calcium oleate were 15.6, 22.8, and 53.3 wt%, respectively, in oleic acid at 40°C. The formation of an acid-calcium soap complex was demonstrated by x-ray diffraction studies of calcium laurate, lauric acid, and a mixture of these compounds that had been heated. Similar evidence was obtained for a calcium oleate-oleic acid complex. The solubility of calcium oleate in a bile salt micellar system was enhanced by obeic acid. The solubilization of calcium soaps by liquid fatty acids may explain the unexpectedly high bioavailability of some calcium soaps.     

Comparative value of fatty acids and resin acids of tall oil in soaps

Summary A study has been made of the detergency and foaming power of soaps made from a typical acid-refined American tall oil. Sodium soap of tall oil, straight tall oil fatty-acid soap, and straight tall oil resin-acid soap were evaluated. The effect of fatty acid-resin acid ratio was determined by using mixtures of those soaps. Sodium rosinate, sodium oleate, and mixtures of these soaps were used as comparison standards. Curves plotted show wash-test data and foaming values as functions of the ratio of fatty soap to resin soap. The data indicate in terms of detergency: a) tall oil soap has a higher value than sodium rosinate; b) sodium oleate is better than tall oil fatty-acid soap, but the latter is approximately equivalent to soaps from various unsaturated vegetable oils; c) both tall oil resin-acid soap and rosin soap have low detergency on cotton; d) the detergency of most mixtures of tall oil fatty-acid and resin-acid soaps at lower concentrations is greater than would be predicted from the individual soaps, indicating a synergistic effect. As a rough approximation, tall oil soap without unsaponifiables is equivalent to a corresponding mixture of sodium oleate and sodium rosinate. The presence of unsaponifiables lowers both detergency and foaming. Tall oil soap is somewhat less sensitive to hard water than sodium oleate. Significant differences between detergencies of soaps, and especially between soap mixtures, are obscured when launderometer tests are run at moderate soap concentrations. These differences are readily detected at lower concentrations. Presented at 113th meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Ill., April 14–23, 1948.