直流电缆屏蔽料对XLPE绝缘空间电荷的影响

随着交联聚乙烯（XLPE）绝缘直流电缆电压等级的提高,对半导电屏蔽料的质量及可靠性的要求也越来越高。选用了2种国外高电压等级用直流半导电屏蔽料、一种国产较为优秀的半导电屏蔽料和国内XLPE直流电缆绝缘料作为试验材料,测试了3种屏蔽料的热、电性能,屏蔽与绝缘的复合性能,研究了3种屏蔽料对XLPE绝缘空间电荷的影响。通过对试验结果的综合分析,提出了炭黑填充量、炭黑粒径和基体树脂以及界面结合情况是影响半导电屏蔽料体积电阻率和空间电荷注入的关键因素。     

挤包绝缘高压直流电缆应用现状与研究展望

挤包绝缘高压直流电缆已成为远距离、大容量输电线路建设的主要装备之一,现阶段广泛应用的挤包绝缘直流电缆以交联聚乙烯(XLPE)绝缘为主.针对XLPE绝缘高压直流电缆研发和应用中的绝缘空间电荷特性、副产物脱气等主要问题进行全面综述,指出在工业化生产方式下,超纯净体系XLPE绝缘材料是目前用来缓解空间电荷问题和实现电缆批量化...     

直流电缆绝缘设计

直流电力系统的发展滞后于交流电力系统 ,尤其是高压直流电力电缆的研制远远滞后于交流电缆。目前直流电缆设计方面的介绍较少 ,以致不少人误认为直流电缆的设计与交流电缆设计一样。为此 ,从直流电缆的电场分布特性、绝缘特性以及绝缘材料的选取等方面阐述了影响直流电缆绝缘设计的一些关键因素 ,包括直流电缆绝缘的电阻系数与温度的特性关系、绝缘中空间电荷的影响以及绝缘材料的选取等问题 ,有助于消除误解 ,同时为成功设计直流电缆提供参考。     

直流XLPE电缆绝缘中空间电荷的抑制方法综述

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)因其优异的介电、理化性能而被广泛应用于电缆绝缘领域。在电缆的服役过程中,电缆绝缘内部会积聚空间电荷,严重时可引发电场畸变,导致电缆击穿事故发生。对于直流XLPE电缆,空间电荷的积聚及影响更加不容忽视。针对直流XLPE电缆绝缘中产生的空间电荷积聚效应,目前学界主要采用共混改性、聚合物链段接枝极性基团、纳米掺杂改性及制备高纯净绝缘料等方法来进行控制,改性后的直流XLPE电缆绝缘对空间电荷产生的抑制效果均有所提升。文中首先对上述直流XLPE电缆绝缘中空间电荷的抑制方法进行综述,介绍其抑制原理以及相应的抑制效果,然后对比总结不同抑制空间电荷方法的优缺点,最后对未来直流XLPE电缆绝缘中空间电荷抑制方法的研究发展作出展望。     

高压直流电缆交联聚乙烯绝缘材料及半导电屏蔽材料热性能及机械性能分析

为实现高压直流电缆绝缘料国产化和保证直流电缆系统运行的长期可靠性,选取了两种配方体系的典型直流电缆交联聚乙烯（XLPE）绝缘料及半导电屏蔽料制备试验样品。利用差示扫描量热分析（DSC）、热失重分析（TGA）等技术,分析了试验样品的基本组成成分和分子结构特征,为判断电缆材料的优劣提供重要依据。对直流电缆绝缘料的热性能及机械性能进行了试验研究,考察了材料的导热性及热老化前后材料的力学性能变化,并对试验结果进行了对比分析,为未来直流电缆系统工程设计选型及建立直流绝缘料质量评价体系提供了基础试验数据支持。     

Recyclable insulation material for HVDC cables in Global Energy Interconnection

With the development of modern power systems, especially that of the global energy internet, high-voltage, direct current(HVDC) cable power transmission will play an important role in the future. The key problem of HVDC cable power transmission is the need for novel cable insulation materials that have high performance, recyclability, and higher working temperature to replace traditional crosslinked polyethylene. This paper investigates the thermal and electrical properties of polypropylene(PP)/Al2 O3 nanocomposites as a potential recyclable HVDC cable insulation material. The developed nanocomposites exhibit excellent thermal and electrical properties with the introduction of Al2 O3 nanoparticles. Particularly, the space charge accumulation is greatly suppressed.     

Space charge behavior in full-size 250 kV DC XLPE cables

The space charge in full size 250 kV HVDC power cables was measured using the pulse-electroacoustic method. Measurements of two types of newly developed DC XLPE cables with 20 mm insulation were taken under a DC voltage of 500 kV with the conductor temperature at room temperature and at 85°C. A qualitative analysis of the space-charge distribution and a quantitative analysis of the electric fields in the vicinity of semicon interfaces were conducted. It was shown that the field in the vicinity of the inner semicon tends to increase by 10-40% when the polarity of the applied voltage was reversed, in the case when the conductor was kept at 85°C. However, the distortion of the electric field was significantly less than that expected in conventional XLPE cables. As the result, the subjected DC cables are considered to have stable DC characteristics from the viewpoint of space charge-behavior     

Effect of semiconducting screen on the space charge dynamic in XLPE and polyolefin insulation under DC and 50 Hz AC electric stresses conditions

In the past two decades, significant advances in space charge measurements in polymers have resulted in a better understanding of charge dynamics and their effect on material selection and processing. However, little attention has been given to the effect of semiconducting screens on space charge formation in the bulk insulation. This paper reports on space charge measurements on /spl sim/ 1.5 mm thick XLPE and polyolefinic plaques with different treatments and semicon electrodes, using the modified laser induced pressure propagation (LIPP) system. Samples were subjected to DC or 50 Hz AC electric stresses in the region of 25 kV/mm at ambient temperature. Emphasis has been placed on comparing the space charge characteristics of the two insulation systems with different semicon electrodes using an established method termed "X-plots" for analyzing data. The effects of sample treatment (i.e. degassing) on the space charge dynamics are also presented.     

Space charge development and breakdown in XLPE under DC field

The correlation between space charge accumulation and insulation failure has been investigated in four, polyethylene-based materials subjected to a DC field of 50 kV/mm. Two of the materials contained tree-retardant additives and all four materials were aged for extended periods up to 19,000 h. The specimens were removed periodically from the external field and subjected to space charge density measurements under no-voltage conditions using the thermal step (TS) technique. Not a single parameter that would consistently correlate with times to insulation failure could be derived from the space charge measurements. However, the space charge measurements provided valuable insight into a possible link between the dynamics of space charge development and the time of DC aging. In particular, a consistent surge in the amount of accumulated space charge shortly before insulation breakdown was observed in practically all samples. Also, a consistent relationship between time to breakdown and the position of the internal space charge density peaks in the sample was observed. Samples that had space charge density peaks further apart consistently survived longer than specimens for which the peaks were closer together. These phenomena, if confirmed, could be used to screen new materials for DC voltage applications.     

柔性直流输电系统用直流交联聚乙烯绝缘电缆导体最高温度提高到90℃的可行性

以实际直流交联聚乙烯(DC XLPE)电缆工程设计示例,表明将柔性直流输电(VSC)系统用DC XLPE电缆的导体的最高运行温度提高到90℃,其技术经济效果显著。按DC XLPE电缆抑制空间电荷要求,阐明DC XLPE电缆绝缘的直流恒定电流电场中空间电荷密度与绝缘温度梯度和XLPE绝缘的体积电阻率的温度系数成正比而与导体最高温度不直接相关。通过合理的DC XLPE电缆工程设计和正确选用DC XLPE电缆,可以在提高DC XLPE电缆传输功率和减小绝缘温差抑制空间电荷方面取得优化结果。320 kV及以下XLPE电缆在导体最高温度90℃下运行,绝缘损耗远低于导体损耗,DC XLPE电缆发生热不稳定的可能性很低。对VSC系统用DC XLPE电缆导体运行温度提高到90℃的可行性表示肯定的意见,对实现目标提出具体的措施建议。     

Feature article - Polymeric HVDC cable design and space charge accumulation. Part 2: insulation interfaces

The electric field distribution of cable insulation systems under HVDC can be affected significantly at interfaces due to space charge build-up. In this article, the second part of a three-article series, face and space charge accumulation are analyzed first in terms of macroscopic physics, then through approximate mathematical models that will be used to fit experimental data obtained for model cables having two insulation layers and constituting cylindrical interfaces.     

Evaluation of dc insulation performance based on space-chargemeasurements and accelerated life tests

Space charge observation is becoming the most widely used technique to evaluate polymeric materials for dc insulation applications, particularly HV cables. However, quantities are still lacking that can help to summarize and interpret the huge amount of data resulting from space charge measurements, and that also are associated with the electrical performance of the insulation. The purpose of this paper is to propose test methods and parameters, based on the pulsed electroacoustic technique, which can be used for the evaluation of the electrical performance of polymeric insulation under dc fields. These parameters are related to the space charge magnitude and mobility as well as to the internal electric field amplification, the rate of charge accumulation, and the threshold field above which charge is stored in the insulation. In order to investigate the meaning of the parameters proposed for the assessment of insulation performance, the correlation between these parameters associated with space charge and insulation life is discussed. Examples are reported with reference to five different candidate materials for dc cable insulation     

±320kV直流电缆交联聚乙烯/三元乙丙橡胶附件击穿特性

高压直流电缆接头与终端为电缆系统故障的多发点,其击穿强度为直流输电系统安全稳定运行的重要基础。文中以±320 kV高压直流海底电缆中交联聚乙烯(cross linked polyethylene,XLPE)/三元乙丙橡胶(ethylene propylene diene monomer,EPDM)附件为研究对象。首先,研究电缆及附件负荷循环耐压试验,发现附件界面为击穿薄弱环节;其次,研究绝缘材料电导率随温度变化特性对电场分布的影响规律,通过有限元仿真模拟电缆空载和满载运行时附件的温度分布与电场分布,发现最大电场出现在电缆绝缘靠近附件应力锥一侧,为29.5 kV/mm,低于附件材料的击穿场强;最后,研究界面在直流电场下空间电荷特性对电场分布规律的影响,通过电声脉冲法测试复合叠层片状样品介质界面的空间电荷及其电场分布,发现场强畸变率约为100%~200%。同材料本征绝缘匹配相比,界面空间电荷积聚对附件内部电场造成的畸变程度更严重,在后续附件提升中应更注重开发抑制空间电荷的绝缘材料。     

电声脉冲法研究热老化对160kV直流电缆绝缘材料陷阱特性的影响

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)老化会引起内部陷阱特性的变化,进而造成空间电荷分布的变化,威胁直流电缆的安全运行。对160k V直流电缆切片进行了90℃和135℃不同程度的热老化试验,并利用电声脉冲法(PEA)探究了热老化对直流电缆空间电荷分布的影响。通过分析空间电荷的衰减规律并结合等温松弛理论,提出了利用PEA法分析绝缘材料陷阱特性的方法,并对老化前后试样内的陷阱特性进行了分析研究。研究结果表明,90℃热老化前期由于后交联反应,试样部分深陷阱转为浅陷阱,直流电缆内部空间电荷消散特性变好;但随着老化时间的进一步增加,试样内的陷阱深度及密度均有一定程度的增长,空间电荷积累量也随之增加。试样在135℃高温热老化情况下,内部发生强烈的热氧反应,结晶形态遭到严重破坏,陷阱能级及密度均大大增加。     

中国交联聚乙烯绝缘高压直流电缆发展的三级跳: 从160 kV到200 kV再到320 kV

自2012年起,先后有±160 kV、±200 kV及 ±320 kV 交联聚乙烯（XLPE）绝缘的高压直流电缆投入了柔性直流输电工程应用或进入现场敷设。它们分别是：2013年12月投入运行的南澳三端柔性直流输电工程,采用37 km的±160 kV直流海底和直流陆地电缆,用于连接南澳岛大型风场与陆地电网;2014年6月投入运行的舟山±200 kV多端柔性直流输电工程,海底电缆总长度达到294 km;正在建设的厦门±320 kV柔性直流输电工程,电缆总长度21 km,计划于2015年12月投入运行。以上三项柔性直流输电工程的成功建设与运行,也使中国的挤出绝缘高压直流电缆在电压等级上实现了三级跳式的跨越。本文介绍了XLPE绝缘高压直流电缆研发过程中针对材料特性、空间电荷分布、脱气及测试方法等方面的研究成果。并简要介绍了三个电压等级电缆现有柔性直流工程中的应用情况。     

陷阱参数及其与交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘状态（英文）

Space charge issues have raised many attentions in recent years,especially in high voltage direct current(HVDC)application.Space charge accumulation in insulation system will give rise to acceleration of ageing and even cause premature failure of the material.However,from another angle,space charge might be also considered as a diagnostic tool of ageing for insulation materials.In this paper,a trapping-detrapping model has been developed to estimate trapping parameters of cross-linked polyethylene(XLPE)cable sections,which were taken from different HVAC operation conditions of 12 years and 8 years.The results reveal that,for both cable sections,samples from the inner location have the greatest trap density and the deepest trap depth.Additionally,breakdown strength tests and FTIR(Fourier-transform infrared)measurements on those samples have been carried out.From FTIR measurement results,the degree of oxidation among three layers could be found by the carbonyl index values.The oxidation degree of aged cable at the outer layer is higher than that at the other two layers probably because of the most sufficient contact with oxygen.Also,it has been noticed that the results from these measurements show some correlations with the estimated trapping parameters,especially for breakdown strength.     

油纸绝缘介质的空间电荷积聚与消散特性

油纸材料的绝缘问题在换流变压器、直流套管、直流电缆等高压大型直流设备大量应用的情况下显得十分突出。为探讨高压直流设备绝缘的最主要问题—空间电荷效应,应用电声脉冲法(PEA)对油纸绝缘材料的空间电荷特性进行了研究。有关外加场强对油纸材料中空间电荷积聚情况的影响和在较高场强下油纸材料的击穿破坏与空间电荷关系的研究结果表明:①低场强下油纸材料中空间电荷以电离产生为主;而在较高场强下,先后在阴极和阳极产生了同极性载流子注入。②相对于聚乙烯而言,由于油纸材料的电导率较大,材料内的空间电荷在外加电场撤去后很快消散。③空间电荷的注入和运动会导致油纸材料的劣化和破坏。油纸材料中的空间电荷快速消散现象有利于直流设备在极性反转条件下的运行,为阐释油纸绝缘良好的长期性能提供了有重要意义的试验依据。     

温度梯度场下硅橡胶与交联聚乙烯界面上空间电荷的形成机理

电缆附件（终端或接头）绝缘与电缆绝缘构成的复合绝缘中,不同介质的分界面以及电极与介质的分界面一般为绝缘的薄弱点,原因是其附近积聚的空间电荷引起的局部电场强度过高。另外,电缆负载运行时的温升效应使得直流电压下附件复合绝缘电导发生梯度变化,改变了复合绝缘及界面的空间电荷的积聚和场强分布。为了解温度梯度下电缆附件复合介质中空...     

直流预压对针板电极下XLPE中空间电荷及电树枝的影响

空间电荷是影响高压直流电缆绝缘电树枝特性的主要原因之一.基于双极性载流子输运模型,对±20 kV、±22.5 kV和±25 kV直流预压下3600 s内二维针板电极模型空间电荷分布进行仿真分析,并对比分析空间电荷分布与直流接地电树枝引发特性.结果表明:空间电荷浓度及注入深度随预压幅值及时间的增加而增大;直流接地电树枝引...     

Effect of semicon-dielectric interface on conductivity and electric field distribution

Development of solid dielectric dc transmission class cable has become a priority throughout much of the world. Interdiffusion between the semiconducting electrode materials and the dielectric inevitably causes variations in conductivity of the dielectric near the semicon which results in distortion of the electric field and space charge formation under dc conditions. Analytical approximations and numerical computations provide a basis for analyzing space charge measurements, and based on such space charge measurements and the analysis, we estimate the field distortion for several material systems.