含精油可食性抗菌膜研究进展

可食性抗菌膜是目前食品包装领域研究的重要方向,含精油可食性抗菌膜是其研究的热点之一。本文介绍含精油的可食性食品包装膜中精油的主要成分及其抗菌特性,概述此类膜的一般制备技术,对含精油膜抗菌的抗菌性能测试方法进行归纳,就精油对可食性膜抗氧化性、机械性能、渗透性及其他理化性能的影响作重点阐述,最后分析含精油可食性抗菌膜可能存在的问题,并预测其发展前景。     

乳酸盐在肉制品中延长货架期和抑制致病菌的作用

乳酸盐（乳酸钠和乳酸钾）作为保湿剂和风味增强剂已被广泛应用于肉制品中,但越来越多的证据显示乳酸盐具有抑菌作用,特别是厌氧菌。其抑菌机制是通过降低水分活性以及影响细胞膜的质子通透性来酸化细菌内的结构^[1],当然,也有一些未被证实的其他解释。尽管靠添加乳酸盐本身,并不能完全抑制微生物的生长。但是,为加工肉制品的防腐提供了一个额外的有效栅栏。     

Edible Apple Film Wraps Containing Plant Antimicrobials Inactivate Foodborne Pathogens on Meat and Poultry Products

ABSTRACT:  Apple-based edible films containing plant antimicrobials were evaluated for their activity against pathogenic bacteria on meat and poultry products.  Salmonella enterica  or  E. coli  O157:H7 (10⁷ CFU/g) cultures were surface inoculated on chicken breasts and  Listeria monocytogenes  (10⁶ CFU/g) on ham. The inoculated products were then wrapped with edible films containing 3 concentrations (0.5%, 1.5%, and 3%) of cinnamaldehyde or carvacrol. Following incubation at either 23 or 4 °C for 72 h, samples were stomached in buffered peptone water, diluted, and plated for enumeration of survivors. The antimicrobial films exhibited concentration-dependent activities against the pathogens tested. At 23 °C on chicken breasts, films with 3% antimicrobials showed the highest reductions (4.3 to 6.8 log CFU/g) of both  S. enterica  and  E. coli  O157:H7. Films with 1.5% and 0.5% antimicrobials showed 2.4 to 4.3 and 1.6 to 2.8 log reductions, respectively. At 4 °C, carvacrol exhibited greater activity than did cinnamaldehyde. Films with 3%, 1.5%, and 0.5% carvacrol reduced the bacterial populations by about 3, 1.6 to 3, and 0.8 to 1 logs, respectively. Films with 3% and 1.5% cinnamaldehyde induced 1.2 to 2.8 and 1.2 to 1.3 log reductions, respectively. For  L. monocytogenes  on ham, carvacrol films induced greater reductions than did cinnamaldehyde films at all concentrations tested. In general, the reduction of  L. monocytogenes  on ham at 23 °C was greater than at 4 °C. Added antimicrobials had minor effects on physical properties of the films. The results suggest that the food industry and consumers could use these films as wrappings to control surface contamination by foodborne pathogenic microorganisms.     

可食用膜的简介及其在肉及肉制品中应用的研究进展

肉及肉制品腐败变质不仅影响销售,而且存在一定安全风险。可食用膜是包裹或涂覆在食品表面的一层薄膜,可以搭载功能活性物质,具有良好的阻隔性,抗菌抗氧化等功效,从而延长肉及肉制品的货架期。基于此,本文介绍了可食用膜的主要成分、制备及在肉及肉制品领域的应用情况,以期为肉及肉制品储藏保鲜提供科学依据和理论基础。     

Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Films Enriched with Essential Oils

ABSTRACT: Antimicrobial and physicochemical properties of chitosan films and chitosan films enriched with essential oils (EO) were determined in vitro and on processed meat. Antimicrobial effects of pure EO of anise, basil, coriander, and oregano, and of chitosan-essential oil films against Listeria monocytogenes and Escheri-chia coli O157:H7 were determined by an agar diffusion test. The antibacterial effects of the EO were similar when applied alone or incorporated in the films. The intensity of antimicrobial efficacy was in the following order: oregano > > coriander > basil > anise. The chitosan films and chitosan-oregano EO films were applied on inoculated bologna samples and stored 5 d at 10 °C. Pure chitosan films reduced L. monocytogenes by 2 logs, whereas the films with 1% and 2% oregano EO decreased the numbers of L. monocytogenes by 3.6 to 4 logs and E. coli by 3 logs. Pure chitosan films were 89 μm thick, whereas addition of 1% and 2% oregano EO increased thickness to 220 and 318 μm, respectively. During application on bologna discs, the films absorbed moisture, resulting in the final thickness of 143, 242, and 333 μm, respectively. Addition of oregano essential oil into the chitosan films decreased water vapor permeability, puncture and tensile strength, but increased elasticity of the films. The films have the potential to be used as active biodegradable films with strong antimicrobial effects.     

Antimicrobial Activity of a Pullulan–Caraway Essential Oil Coating on Reduction of Food Microorganisms and Quality in Fresh Baby Carrot

This research evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of pullulan films containing caraway essential oil (CEO). The films were prepared from a 10% of pullulan, containing from 0.12% to 10.0% of CEO. The composition of the CEO was analyzed with the use of gas chromatography. The antimicrobial activity of the CEO was evaluated with the method of serial microdilutions, and the films containing CEO—with the agar diffusion method against selected Gram‐negative, Gram‐positive bacteria, and fungi. The structure of the film surface and its cross‐section were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Analyses were also carried out to determine the efficacy of a pullulan coating with 10% CEO on baby carrots experimentally inoculated with Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or Aspergillus niger and stored at a room temperature for 7 d. At a concentration of 0.12%, CEO inhibited the growth of all the tested microorganisms. Pullulan films containing 8% to 10% of CEO were active against all tested microorganisms. Populations of S. aureus on carrot samples were reduced by approximately 3 log CFU/g, while those of A. niger and S. cerevisiae by, respectively, 5 and 4 log CFU/g, after 7 d of storage. S. enteritidis was the most resistant among the tested species, since it was not significantly reduced after 7 d of storage. At the end of storage, samples treated with pullulan–caraway oil coating maintained better visual acceptability than control samples. Results of this study suggest the feasibility of applying a pullulan film with incorporated CEO to extend the microbiological stability of minimally processed foods.     

腌腊风干禽制品研究进展

风干禽制品属于中式传统的腌腊制品,有着悠久的历史,其能克服原料肉存在的水分含量高、肉质松软、口味淡薄等诸多缺陷,其特殊的风味深受广大消费者的喜好。本文概述了风干禽制品的微生物区系作用、关键工艺技术、产品特性及安全性,同时探讨了风味物质的形成及防腐保鲜效果。     

Impact of Essential Oils on the Taste Acceptance of Tomato Juice,Vegetable Soup,or Poultry Burgers

Despite the vast body of available literature on the possibilities of essential oils (EOs) as food preservatives or functional ingredients, the sensory impact of their addition to foods has barely been approached. This work focuses on the hedonic taste acceptance of 3 food products (tomato juice, vegetable soup, and poultry burgers) when they are incorporated with potentially antimicrobial concentrations (20 to 200 μL/L) of 6 selected EOs (lemon, pennyroyal mint, thyme, and rosemary) and individual compounds (carvacrol, p‐cymene). Although addition of 20 μL/L of pennyroyal mint or lemon EO did not change the taste acceptance of tomato juice, higher concentrations of these compounds or any concentration of the other 4 compounds did. In vegetable soup, the tolerance limit for rosemary EO, thyme EO, carvacrol, or p‐cymene was 20 μL/L, while the addition of 200 μL/L of lemon EO was accepted. Tolerance limits in poultry burgers were established in 20 μL/L for carvacrol and thyme EOs, 100 μL/L for pennyroyal mint EO and p‐cymene, and 200 μL/L for lemon and rosemary EOs. Moreover, incorporation of pennyroyal mint EO to tomato juice or poultry burgers, and enrichment of vegetable soup with lemon EO, could contribute to the development of food products with an improved sensory appeal.     

二种可食用精油的抗菌活性研究

对生姜和芫荽叶两种可食用精油的抗菌活性进行了研究.采用水蒸汽同步蒸馏法提取精油,以抗生素为参比,运用琼脂孔洞法测定生姜块茎和芫荽茎叶精油抗6种食源性致病菌和2种腐败真菌的抑菌圈直径.结果表明,生姜和芫荽精油均表现程度不等的广谱抗菌活性.生姜精油对肺炎克雷伯菌、志贺氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、黑曲霉和假丝酵母具有良好的抗菌作用...     

Quantitative Detection of Poultry in Cooked Meat Products

ABSTRACT: There is a growing awareness of perceived harm from meat species adulteration, both intentional and accidental. The present study developed a monoclonal antibody (Mab)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantitative detection of chicken and turkey meat adulterated in cooked (100 °C, 15 min) mammalian meat. The specificity of Mab 5D2 to different species (pork, beef, lamb, deer, horse, duck, chicken, and turkey) and tissues (serum, gizzard, heart, and liver) was studied by noncompetitive ELISA. The detection of cooked chicken in beef, and turkey in pork was accomplished by competitive and noncompetitive ELISAs. Both ELISAs were optimized to quantify cooked poultry in red meats. The new Mab-based ELISAs enabled the detection of cooked poultry in red meats at levels as low as 1% (v/v) or better. The correlation ( r > 0.994) between chicken or turkey concentrations and ELISA signals permitted the quantification of poultry adulterants in cooked non-poultry meats.     

植物精油在水产品保鲜中的研究进展

水产品产后腐败损失及其导致的食品安全问题仍然是我国水产品加工业发展的制约因素。植物精油是从芳香植物中提取的具有挥发性及芳香气味的次生代谢产物,具有抗菌和抗氧化等功能,是一种极具潜力的水产品保鲜剂。本文对目前植物精油在水产品保鲜中的应用现状、保鲜效果、对产品风味影响及其食用安全性进行了综述。     

畜禽骨深加工产品在肉制品中的应用

对畜禽骨深加工产品在肉制品中的应用研究情况进行了较详尽的描述,包括鲜骨浆、骨糊和骨粉在肉制品中的应用,骨素和骨素调味料的生产及它们在肉制品中的作用和应用。     

壳聚糖-荔枝木质精油可食膜延长刀额新对虾的货架期

为了解壳聚糖-荔枝木质精油可食膜对刀额新对虾的保鲜效果,以添加8％荔枝木质精油的壳聚糖复合膜(V/V,以壳聚糖溶液体积计)浸涂刀额新对虾,进行4℃保鲜试验;在6 d的贮藏期内,进行刀额新对虾的感官指标及品质指标(pH、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base-nitrogen,TVB-N)、质构、色差及菌落...     

Properties of Cassava Starch‐Based Edible Coating Containing Essential Oils

Edible coatings were produced using cassava starch (2% and 3% w/v) containing cinnamon bark (0.05% to 0.30% v/v) or fennel (0.05% to 0.30% v/v) essential oils. Edible cassava starch coating at 2% and 3% (w/v) containing or not containing 0.30% (v/v) of each essential oils conferred increased in water vapor resistance and decreased in the respiration rates of coated apple slices when compared with uncoated fruit. Cassava starch coatings (2% w/v) added 0.10% or 0.30% (v/v) fennel or cinnamon bark essential oils showed antioxidant capacity, and the addition of 0.30% (v/v) of each essential oil demonstrated antimicrobial properties. The coating containing cinnamon bark essential oil showed a significant antioxidant capacity, comparing to fennel essential oil. Antimicrobial tests showed that the addition of 0.30% (v/v) cinnamon bark essential oil to the edible coating inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella choleraesuis, and 0.30% fennel essential oil inhibited just S. aureus. Treatment with 2% (w/v) of cassava starch containing 0.30% (v/v) of the cinnamon bark essential oil showed barrier properties, an antioxidant capacity and microbial inhibition.     

植物精油对微生物的抑菌效果评估研究

本实验以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)8099、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)ATCC6538、枯草杆菌黑色变种(Bacillus subtilis)ATCC9372、白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)ATCC10231和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger ATCC16404)为指示菌,采用纸片法和试管法评估了42种植物精油的抑菌效果,结果显示植物精油对真菌和革兰氏阳性细菌的抑杀效果好,其中有11种精油对5种指示菌的抑杀效果较好,由强至弱的顺序为:肉桂、百里香、柠檬草、香茅、香茅油、雪松、山鸡椒、天竺葵、桂皮油、芫荽、罗勒、山苍子油、欧薄荷、茴香。     

金属检测器在速冻禽肉制品中的应用

金属检测器是速冻禽肉制品企业必不可少的装置。本文介绍食品用金属检测器的工作原理、影响其检测灵敏度的因素以及速冻禽肉制品企业对金属检测器报警品的处理方法等。旨在为速冻禽肉制品企业选购、使用金属检测器以及对可疑品的处理提供参考,确保食品安全。     

丁香和肉桂精油气相抑菌活性研究

采用超临界CO2萃取法提取丁香和肉桂精油,并通过滤纸片法、固相扩散法、气相扩散法等体外抗菌试验,比较了丁香、肉桂精油及混合精油和常用化学防腐剂山梨酸钾对11株食品中常见污染菌的抑菌作用。结果表明:丁香、肉桂精油及混合精油对供试细菌、霉菌和酵母菌均有较强的抑制作用,抑菌效果显著优于山梨酸钾;对霉菌的抑菌作用显著高于酵母菌和细菌,且气态抑制作用比固相抑菌作用强;混合精油对细菌的抑菌作用有拮抗作用,在气相中的拮抗作用更强;对酵母菌的抑菌作用没有影响;对黄曲霉和黑曲霉有相加作用;对桔青霉有协同作用。     

肉桂精油复配香芹酚和百里香酚对食用畜禽有害微生物熏蒸的抗菌活性

通过测定抑菌圈直径确定肉桂精油及单离香料香芹酚和百里酚对食用畜禽有害微生物的敏感性,同时采用气相熏蒸法测定最低抑菌浓度（Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（Minimum Bacterial Concentration,MBC）。结果表明：肉桂精油及香芹酚和百里酚对食用畜禽有害微生物都具有一定的抑杀能力。肉桂精油对黑曲霉的抗菌效果优于百里香酚和香芹酚,肉桂精油对黑曲霉的MIC和MBC为62.5 μL/L,而百里香酚和香芹酚的MIC和MBC均为125 μL/L;将肉桂精油与香芹酚进行复配,复配精油对白色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉均表现出相加作用（FICI≤1）,而对白色念珠菌则表现为无关作用。通过GC-MS分析,肉桂精油的主要挥发性化学成分中相对含量较高的为肉桂醛（78.19%）、2-甲氧基肉桂醛（8.70%）。采用电子鼻分析溶剂稀释后对复配精油抑菌活性的影响,抑菌能力大小为：丙二醇稀释≈无水乙醇稀释＞未稀释＞甘油稀释＞食用油稀释。实验表明：香芹酚与肉桂精油复配可以提高肉桂精油的抗菌活性,溶剂挥发性的差异会对复配精油的抑菌活性造成不同影响,稀释复配精油时溶剂的较优选择为丙二醇。