Concentration of Vinegar by Electrodialysis

Vinegar (9–12% w/v acetic acid) was concentrated by electrodialysis (ED) to produce triple-strength vinegar (30–33% acetate). At a current density of 174 Amps/m², acetate flux was 520 g/m²/hr (GMH) for 9.1% acetate and increased to 920 GMH at 31% acetate. Increasing feed concentration decreased water flux from 2.6 to 1.3 L/m²/hr and energy consumption from 1.2 to 0.7 kWh/kg acetate transported. Increasing current increased acetate flux, energy consumption and water flux. A multi-stage ED system could produce triple-strength vinegar at much lower costs per unit of single-strength vinegar.     

速酿塔制醋工艺中主要生物污染物的清除

醋鳗、醋虱是发酵制醋工艺中造成醋液品质下降,产生异味,导致醋液产量降低的主要生物污染物。因此清除醋鳗、醋虱污染是食醋酿造工艺中必须解决的关键问题,本实验着重研究速酿塔制醋工艺中这两大主要生物污染物的清除,所采用的方法尚未见报道。     

Physiology of Acetic Acid Bacteria and Their Role in Vinegar and Fermented Beverages

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) have, for centuries, been important microorganisms in the production of fermented foods and beverages such as vinegar, kombucha, (water) kefir, and lambic beer. Their unique form of metabolism, known as “oxidative” fermentation, mediates the transformation of a variety of substrates into products, which are of importance in the food and beverage industry and beyond; the most well‐known of which is the oxidation of ethanol into acetic acid. Here, a comprehensive review of the physiology of AAB is presented, with particular emphasis on their importance in the production of vinegar and fermented beverages. In addition, particular reference is addressed toward Gluconobacter oxydans due to its biotechnological applications, such as its role in vitamin C production. The production of vinegar and fermented beverages in which AAB play an important role is discussed, followed by an examination of the literature relating to the health benefits associated with consumption of these products. AAB hold great promise for future exploitation, both due to increased consumer demand for traditional fermented beverages such as kombucha, and for the development of new types of products. Further studies on the health benefits related to the consumption of these fermented products and guidelines on assessing the safety of AAB for use as microbial food cultures (starter cultures) are, however, necessary in order to take full advantage of this important group of microorganisms.     

香蕉复合果醋醋酸菌种的固定化条件及生产工艺研究

该文着重开展醋酸菌固定化材料的选择,固定化菌种的发酵特性、机械强度的研究及不同发酵条件对香蕉西番莲复合果醋产酸量的影响。研究结果表明,以玉米芯为醋酸菌固定化材料生产的香蕉果醋品质最好,其发酵后酒精度残留低、可重复利用4次;发酵最佳工艺条件为:初始酒精度8°,发酵温度35℃,发酵时间为6 d,pH3.5。在最佳工艺条件下生产的复合果醋醋体的总酸度达到最大值5.05%。     

金秋梨果醋的研制

以金秋梨为主要原料,经破碎、榨汁、酒精发酵、醋酸发酵酿制金秋梨果醋,试验得到最适醋酸发酵条件为:温度30℃,酒精浓度6.5%,接种量为10%,发酵时间约12d,成品呈淡琥珀色、澄清透明,有浓郁的果香和醋香。     

原汁苹果醋中的有机酸

以苹果汁为原料 ,采用液态酒精发酵和醋酸发酵法制作苹果醋 ,采用反相高效液相色谱法分析苹果醋中有机酸 ,研究了苹果品种、醋酸菌种、醋酸发酵方法及过程对有机酸的影响。认为苹果酸是苹果醋中的主要有机果酸 ,其与液态粮食醋有机酸组成的差别主要体现在苹果酸、酒石酸和乳酸的含量上 ,苹果品种是影响原汁苹果醋中有机酸的种类和含量主要因素 ,醋酸菌在醋酸发酵过程中有代谢各种有机酸的作用 ,发酵方法会影响醋酸菌对有机酸代谢作用的程度 ,试验中所采用的 5种醋酸菌在醋酸发酵过程中通过消耗苹果酸、乳酸、琥珀酸 ,而产生和积累柠檬酸。     

Relationship between changes in the total concentration of acetic acid bacteria and major volatile compounds during the acetic acid fermentation of white wine

BACKGROUND: In the scope of the wine vinegar production, this paper provides comprehensive information about the evolution of some volatile compounds during the biological acetification cycle. These data were compared with the acidity, cell concentration and ethanol concentration. Such information may allow a better understanding of the complex biological processes involved. RESULTS: The volatile compounds 2‐phenylethanol, diethyl succinate (diethyl butanedioate), meso‐2,3‐butanediol (meso‐butane‐2,3‐diol), levo‐2,3‐butanediol (levo‐butane‐2,3‐diol), methanol and ethyl acetate exhibited no significant changes between the starting wine and produced vinegar, whereas the rest [acetoin (3‐hydroxybutan‐2‐one) excepted] ethyl lactate (ethyl 2‐hydroxypropanoate), isoamyl alcohols (3‐methylbutan‐1‐ol and 2‐methylbutan‐1‐ol), isobutanol (2‐methylpropan‐1‐ol), 1‐propanol (propan‐1‐ol), and acetaldehyde were consumed in substantial amounts during the process. Additionally, their specific evolution patterns alongside bacterial cell concentrations, acidity and ethanol concentration are shown. CONCLUSION: Concentrations of acetic acid bacteria at the end of the acetification cycle were found to vary because of cell lysis, a result of the high acidity and low ethanol concentration of the medium. Variations were similar to those in some volatile compounds, which suggests their involvement in the metabolism of acetic bacteria. The results testify to the usefulness of this pioneering study and suggest that there should be interest in similar, more detailed studies for a better knowledge of the presence of certain volatile compounds and metabolic activity in cells effecting the acetification of wine. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

苹果醋饮料工艺的研究

苹果醋饮料是以苹果醋为原料，以蜂蜜、蔗糖为甜味剂，辅以天然苹果香精，用正交实验设计出的最佳饮料配方配制而成的。该饮料含有丰富的有机酸、氨基酸、维生素和矿物质，具有降血压、美容和减肥等功效，是一种保健饮料。     

欧李醋饮料加工工艺研究

以欧李为主要原料,果葡糖浆和蜂蜜等为辅料,采用液态发酵工艺,对原料进行烫漂处理以降低单宁含量,然后打浆,再经酶解、发酵及调配工艺,制得色泽鲜亮、口感协调、味道柔美的营养保健果醋,钙含量和Vc含量分别高达27.13mg/100m L和12.76mg/100m L。实验从酒精发酵工艺,醋酸发酵最适温度、酒精度、最适接种量及欧李醋饮的最佳配方进行研究,结果表明:最佳酒精发酵工艺为B处理;醋酸发酵最佳工艺为:醋酸菌接种量10%、发酵温度30℃、初始酒精度6%、120r/min摇床发酵6d;欧李醋饮的最佳配方为:欧李汁30%、欧李果醋20%、果葡糖浆20%、蜂蜜5%。     

原汁青梅果醋酿造技术研究

本实验分析了不同成熟度青梅的品质,研究了果胶酶处理对出汁率的影响,进行了耐高酸醋酸菌的驯化和原果醋的澄清处理实验,结果认为原汁青梅果醋的适宜加工原料成熟度为8成熟;采用200mg/kg果胶酶处理可使其出汁率提高12.0%,且大大降低取汁难度;利用CaCO3对青梅原酒进行降酸处理,采取低酸醋酸发酵逐步接种到高酸的方法可驯化醋酸菌,使其最终可直接发酵高酸的青梅原酒;青梅原醋经过100mg/L的果胶酶处理3h后,再用1.4g/L的皂土下胶,可使其透光率达到92%以上。     

桔子果醋的研制

本文介绍了用桔子汁为原料,经酒精发酵和醋酸发酵生产果醋的工艺及其产品的质量特点。     

柿子原浆果醋加工工艺研究

对柿子原浆果醋的加工技术进行了研究,并分析了柿果醋加工过程中酒精、糖及醋酸含量的变化规律.结果表明:在柿果浆加水量为30%的条件下,酒精发酵的工艺参数为酵母菌接种量0.1%,发酵温度30℃,发酵周期4 d;醋酸发酵的工艺参数为发酵温度34℃、醋酸菌接种量为0.5‰,每天搅拌3次.使用该技术生产的柿果醋风味良好,具有一定保健功能.     

永春老醋耐酸微生物分离纯化及葡萄醋发酵应用

该研究对永春老醋发酵过程样品中主要微生物进行了分离纯化,从中筛选出3株具有较高耐酸性菌株YCA-6、YCL-5和YCL-6,经16S rDNA序列分析发现分别属于巴氏醋杆菌（Acetobacter pastemianu）、瑞士乳杆菌（Lactobacillus helveticus）、干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）。利用乳酸菌和醋酸菌混合微生物菌株进行葡萄醋的静置液态发酵,利用Box-Behnken试验对其添加比例进行了优化,并对其有机酸组成进行了分析。结果表明,菌株YCA-6、YCL-5和YCL-6接种量分别为3.0%、5.0%和5.0%的条件下混合进行葡萄醋静置发酵获得的葡萄醋总酸（以醋酸计）约为6.5 g/100 mL。     

液体发酵猕猴桃醋的研究

该文研究确定了猕猴桃醋生产过程中酒精发酵的最佳工艺参数,发酵温度25℃,发酵周期72h,接种量5%。正交实验确定醋酸发酵的主要工艺参数,初始酒精度5%,pH5.5,醋酸菌接种量12%。醋酸发酵液经过滤直接作为调味品,也可以调配成不同风味的果醋饮料。     

枇杷果醋载体吸附式醋化技术研究

以枇杷果酒为原料,玉米芯为醋酸菌载体,分析了醋酸发酵过程中载体和发酵液内醋酸菌量与醋酸产量的变化,研究了底物、产物浓度及供气模式对枇杷酒醋化的影响。结果表明:枇杷果醋发酵基质中初始乙醇体积分数以5%~7%较为合适;体积分数1%的醋酸作为底酸,对醋酸发酵起到促进作用;载体具有吸附醋酸菌的作用,醋酸发酵主要是在载体上进行;采取分段供气和变频喷淋工艺,使体积分数7%乙醇含量的枇杷酒醋酸转化率达79.7%,比其它供气模式高约3个百分点,比无载体发酵高12个百分点。     

纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌对老陈醋中阿魏酸的影响

以纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌为研究对象,用于以玉米为原料的老陈醋发酵.结果表明,糖化酒精发酵第3天接种5.0％的纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌种子液,醋酸发酵结束时的醋汁中阿魏酸含量高达59.36 mg/L.纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌分别接种于玉米、麸皮和谷糠浆液,阿魏酸含量随着发酵时间的延长均先显著增大而后缓慢减小,均在24 h时达到最大值,分别为3...     

沙田柚保健果醋酿造工艺研究

本实验以沙田柚为原料,选用ZHK-I葡萄酒酵母、醋酸杆菌作为发酵菌种进行液体发酵酿造沙田柚果醋,对果胶酶酶解、果汁脱苦、酒精发酵及醋酸发酵工艺进行研究,确定最佳加工工艺参数。结果表明:果胶酶水解的最佳条件为:果胶酶添加量0.02%、温度50℃、pH4.4、时间120min;果汁脱苦最佳条件为:粒状活性炭添加量0.5%、室温搅拌60min;酒精发酵的最优条件为:接种量8%、发酵温度30℃、糖度20%、pH4.4、发酵时间4d;醋酸发酵的最优条件为:接种量10%、温度34℃、酒度8%、时间4d。酿制出来的沙田柚果醋颜色金黄,澄清透亮,醋味浓郁,同时具有沙田柚的特殊清香味。