基于模糊综合评判苹果酒感官评价的研究

构建了苹果酒的模糊综合评判模型,采用权重分配方案和乘法算子,综合考察了影响苹果酒品质的色泽、香气、滋味和风格等因素,弥补了传统感官品评普遍采用的加权平均法、总分法等的缺陷,减少了人为主观因素对评判的影响,使评判结果更为准确和科学,对优质苹果酒的研究开发和科学评价具有重要的指导意义。（孙悟）     

A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation for selecting yeast for cider making

In this article, we present a new approach in solving the problem of selecting proper and excellent cider yeast. Eight different yeast strains commonly used in the cider industry were selected for this experiment. Different ciders were fermented by the yeasts. Sensory evaluation was conducted first. Then, aroma components were identified by the headspace‐solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Their contents were determined using quantitative standards with known amounts of target components and 2‐octanol as internal standards. A model of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was established and used to assess and rank the cider‐making attributes of all eight yeast strains. Saccharomyces cerevisiae F14 was selected out of the eight yeasts for the best cider. The results suggest that the method described in this article is more accurate and objective than conventional methods.     

不同原料苹果酒的酿造特性研究

以‘金世纪’单一苹果品种及‘金世纪’、‘嘎啦’、‘澳洲青苹’混合（1∶1∶1）苹果品种为原料酿造苹果酒,并对其进行理化指标、多酚物质、香气成分测定及感官品评。结果表明,两种苹果酒理化指标差异不显著（P＞0.05）;混合发酵苹果酒中的酚类物质总量（61.88 mg/L）显著高于单独发酵苹果酒（56.90 mg/L）（P＜0.05）,其中以原儿茶酸、儿茶素、原花青素、表儿茶素和绿原酸为主。香气主要以醇类和酯类物质为主,两种苹果酒中醇类物质含量分别为216.83 mg/L和78.85 mg/L;酯类以乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乳酸乙酯和乙酸己酯为主,前三者在混合发酵苹果酒中含量均显著高于单独发酵苹果酒（P＜0.05）,使其香气更加浓郁和复杂。混合发酵苹果酒在澄清度、回味、香气、风味平衡方面更好,但在色泽方面稍差。因此,混合苹果品种发酵更适合于苹果酒的酿造。     

基于感官品质与常规化学成分的加热卷烟用烟叶原料评价

为提升加热卷烟产品品质及稳定性,提出一种基于感官品质与常规化学成分的加热卷烟用烟叶原料评价方法。首先计算烟叶原料与基准样品感官品质的相似度,其次采用灰色关联法分析烟叶原料常规化学成分与感官品质的关联关系,再次基于隶属度模糊综合评判评价烟叶原料的适宜性,最后通过重复性实验和分类实验验证该方法的一致性和准确性。结果表明:总氮、烟碱与感官评价各指标的关联度相对较大,两糖差与感官评价各指标的关联度相对较低,可将总氮、烟碱作为加热卷烟烟叶原料评价时的主要关注指标;该评价方法可将22种烟叶原料样品划分为加热卷烟导向型烟叶模块、辅助型烟叶模块和主体型烟叶模块,且其一致性较好、分类较准确,能够应用于配方设计及维护。     

打叶后浓香型烤烟不同尺寸片烟质量变化特征

为深入研究打叶后不同尺寸片烟的质量特点,细分不同尺寸片烟在产品配方中的使用方向,以中国河南浓香型烤烟中上部配打模块为材料,从常规化学成分、中性致香物质含量和感官质量三方面考察打叶后不同尺寸片烟的质量变化特征。结果表明:(1)总糖、还原糖、钾、烟碱含量、糖碱比、氮碱比、香气质、香气量、浓度、细腻程度、余味、杂气的得分和感官质量总得分在不同尺寸片烟间的差异达到显著或极显著水平;(2)尺寸25.4～42.0mm片烟具有高糖、高糖碱比、低蛋白质的特点,常规化学成分综合评价得分、中性致香物质总量和感官质量总得分均高于其他尺寸以及混合片烟,有望作为高等级原料的替代品;(3)尺寸2.36～6.35mm片烟的化学成分综合评价得分、中性致香物质总量以及感官评吸总得分均最低,筛除该尺寸片烟可提高片烟整体质量;(4)尺寸42.0 mm片烟钾含量和钾氯比最高,整体质量仅次于25.4～42.0mm片烟;(5)将片烟筛分后得到不同尺寸的片烟进行分类使用,能够进一步拓宽烟叶原料的使用范围,提升整体使用价值。     

模糊综合评判结合响应面法优化苹果酒发酵工艺

采用模糊综合评判结合响应面法优化苹果酒发酵工艺参数,并用顶空固相微萃取气质联用（HS-SPME/GC-MS）技术分析其香气成分。以红富士苹果为原料,结合单因素试验结果,选取了酵母接种量、初始糖度、初始pH值三个主要工艺参数,采用中心组合试验设计,以苹果酒品质的模糊评判结果为目标,构建主因素突出型综合评判模型,进行响应面法分析。得到苹果酒最佳发酵工艺条件为：初始糖度19 g/100 mL,初始pH值3.5,接种量10%,发酵温度22 ℃。此条件下的苹果酒颜色金黄,酒体澄清有光泽,口感丰满协调、风格良好。苹果酒中共检测到33种香气成分,结合气味活性值（OAV）法鉴定出10种关键香气组分,这些香气物质构成了苹果酒的独特的风味。     

Analysis of key aroma components in cider from Shaanxi (China) Fuji apple

Aroma components play an important role in the quality of cider. To understand the contribution of every component to cider aroma quality, major aroma components present in ten ciders processed with different technological methods with different yeasts and apple orchards were determined by Headspace-solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and internal standard method. Experimental results by principal component analysis indicated that ethyl acetate, acetic acid isobutylester, isopentylacohol acetate, ethyl caprylate, ethyl 4-hydroxybutanoate, isopentylalcohol, 3,4,5-trimethyl-4-heptanol, nonyl alcohol, 3-methylthio-1-propanol serve as the key aroma components in cider from Shaanxi (China) fuji apple. A model was established and verified for evaluating aroma quality based on factor analysis by comparing with the sensory evaluation method.