脆性材料复合型裂纹的断裂准则

实际工程中,脆性材料中的裂纹多处于复合型受力状态,因此,确定脆性材料中的复合型裂纹起裂角和临界荷载有着重要的理论意义和实用价值。以复合型裂纹为研究对象,将裂纹尖端的最小无量纲塑性区尺度ρmin和广义合成偏应力强度理论相结合,建立脆性材料复合型裂纹的断裂准则,预测裂纹起裂角及临界荷载,将其结果与最大周向应力准则和应变能密度因子准则相比较发现,基于该文方法得到的临界荷载曲线大于最大周向应力准则得到的临界荷载曲线,与应变能密度因子准则得到的临界荷载曲线比较接近。因而,表明了用该文的方法来预测脆性材料复合型裂纹起裂角和临界荷载是行之有效的。     

7050铝合金Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型疲劳裂纹研究

为研究7050铝合金在Ⅰ-Ⅱ型复合加载下疲劳裂纹扩展规律,在Amsler HFP5000高频试验机上利用Richard加载装置,完成紧凑拉剪(CTS)试样疲劳裂纹扩展试验,利用有限元对Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹进行数值模拟,采用APDL命令流计算不同裂纹长度的应力强度因子,并引入最大周向应力准则计算裂纹扩展角,用有限元计算等效应...     

C—Mn钢焊接接头的解理断裂应力的研究

测定了Ｃ－Ｍｎ钢焊接接头不同焊缝百分含量ｗ％的光滑试样,缺口试样和裂纹试样的解理断裂应力,发现不同试样有两个解理断裂应力表征了解理断裂起裂于母材、焊颖两区。而且发现裂纹试验解理断裂应力比缺口试样高,缺口试样解理断裂应力比光滑试样高,其原因是因为裂纹试样解理断裂临界事件最小,光滑试样最大。     

Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹脆性断裂的最小J_2准则

实际工程的结构中,裂纹多处于复合型状态,因此复合型裂纹断裂的理论研究有着更为重要的理论意义和实用价值。本文以Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹为研究对象,将偏应力张量的第二不变量2J作为判定依据,预测了裂纹起裂的角度以及开裂荷载,并与一些实验数据进行了比较,符合得也较好。计算结果进一步表明了在裂纹起裂引起的应变能转化过程中,起主要作用的是形状改变比能这一事实,由此得出了另一个结论是在裂纹尖端,平行于裂纹方向的应力级数展开式中非奇异项对裂纹的开裂角度以及开裂荷载是有影响的。     

铁素体管线钢的分层裂纹及其对断裂的影响

通过对针状铁素体管线钢缺口根部三维应力状态的有限元分析和不同形式的断裂实验,研究了管线钢分层裂纹产生的条件及其对断裂性能的影响.结果表明裂纹或缺口根部的三维应力状态是产生分层裂纹的必要条件,材料的强度分布影响分层裂纹的形式和方向.分层裂纹均为主裂纹扩展前材料中的弱界面在垂直该弱界面的拉应力作用下产生的,其数量和方向受裂纹端部三维应力场和材料的强度分布状态控制.分层裂纹面上的应力为零,分层裂纹有一定的间距.在断裂过程中产生的分层裂纹使裂纹或缺口根部的构形发生改变,从而对裂尖的应力状态和材料的断裂性能产生巨大的影响.穿透裂纹体的分层裂纹使其有效厚度减小,表面裂纹体的分层裂纹与裂纹扩展方向垂直.在断裂过程中产生分层裂纹需要消耗更多的能量、降低裂端三维应力约束、有效厚度降低或裂尖钝化.这些因素均使断裂扩展更加困难,而使材料韧性得到提高.     

NiTi合金动态断裂过程的实验和数值方法研究

为获得Ni Ti合金的动态起裂韧度和动态扩展速度与动态加载率之间的定量变化规律。利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)测试系统对单边三点弯曲试样(SENB)进行冲击加载试验,采用实验-有限元相结合的方法,获得动态断裂参数随时间的变化规律。SENB试样裂纹起裂时刻和裂纹扩展速度由粘贴在裂纹尖端的裂纹扩展计(CPG)测定。采用上述方法和数据获得Ni Ti合金的I型动态起裂韧度和动态扩展速度。实验结果表明:裂纹扩展计测得的起裂时刻与粘贴在同一试样上的监裂应变片测得的结果基本相符,因此可以利用裂纹扩展计代替传统的监裂应变片来监测裂纹起裂时刻,并获得Ni Ti合金的起裂韧度。同时,可以利用裂纹扩展计(CPG)获得裂纹动态扩展过程,绘制出裂纹扩展速度与时间的关系曲线,从而探讨Ni Ti合金的动态断裂韧度和裂纹扩展速度与动态加载率之间的定量变化规律。     

巷道内Ⅰ型及Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型裂纹在冲击载荷作用下的断裂行为分析

研究了巷道内纯Ⅰ型及Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型裂纹在冲击载荷作用下的动态扩展特征,预制裂纹位于巷道拱顶圆弧区域与巷道对称轴线平行,并与巷道对称轴线的间距不同。以中低速落锤冲击试验机对砂岩巷道模型试样进行动态冲击加载,巷道内裂纹的起裂时间与扩展特性采用粘贴在裂纹尖端的应变片进行相应的测试分析。采用AUTODYN模拟巷道内裂纹的扩展路径,总体上数值结果与试验结果比较吻合,采用ABAQUS计算裂纹的应力强度因子,结合试验-数值法确定巷道模型内预制裂纹的起裂韧度。研究结果表明:Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型裂纹起裂过程中,既有Ⅰ型起裂韧度又有Ⅱ型起裂韧度,其比例大小与裂纹距离巷道对称轴的距离有关;纯Ⅰ型与Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型裂纹的扩展行为有很大差别,纯Ⅰ型裂纹起裂沿着原裂纹方向竖直向上扩展,而Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型裂纹与原裂纹成一定角度起裂,形成翼型裂纹,最后沿着最大主应力方向进行扩展,并且复合型裂纹在扩展过程中,存在明显的拐点特征。     

Stellite12钴基合金热循环冲击前后拉伸断裂机理研究

对不同缺口的Stellite12钴基合金试样(700℃/20℃进行不同次数的热循环冲击和未冲击)进行原位拉伸,并结合试验数据的分析以及断口形貌的扫描电镜观察,分析了Stellite12钴基合金热循环冲击前后的拉伸断裂过程和断裂机理。结果发现:热循环冲击后不同半径试样的断裂过程略有不同,热循环冲击后的小圆弧缺口试样在缺口根部产生表面微裂纹,试样边缘及微裂纹两侧产生氧化微孔;原位拉伸时,该试样热冲击过程产生的裂纹先向试样厚度方向扩展,待厚度方向贯通,然后裂纹尖端的基体发生变形、黑相(白相)穿晶开裂、少量沿氧化微孔裂开,试样瞬间发生断裂;而经历热循环冲击后的大圆弧试样表面并未产生明显的裂纹,拉伸加载过程经历大圆弧根部基体变形、黑白相内开裂、边缘氧化微孔张开,试样突然断裂;对于未冲击试样,在加载过程中,试样的断裂过程经历基体变形、黑白相内部开裂,能量聚集到一定程度试样突然断裂。对于未热冲击的三种不同试样其断裂过程基本类似,仅仅是由于小圆弧半径的试样应力集中程度更大,从而使得其断裂应力低于平板以及大圆弧试样。     

形状改变比能密度因子断裂准则

将形状改变比能密度因子Sd用于建立复合型裂纹的断裂准则。该准则表明了裂纹在金属材料里的扩展过程中,起决定作用的是形状改变比能,而不是整个应变能。作为应用举例,它成功地预测了Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹的开裂角和临界荷载,其结果与现有公开文献提供的一些理论结果和实验数据取得了较好的一致。     

用圆孔内单边裂纹平台巴西圆盘和实验-数值-解析法确定砂岩的动态起裂和扩展韧度

在I型(张开型)动态断裂实验中,利用大直径(?100 mm)分离式霍普金森压杆径向冲击圆孔内单边裂纹平台巴西圆盘试样。考虑了材料惯性效应和裂纹扩展速度对动态应力强度因子的影响,用实验-数值-解析法确定了高加载率和高裂纹扩展速度情况下,砂岩的动态起裂韧度和动态扩展韧度。由动态实验获取试样的动荷载历程,采用裂纹扩展计(Crack Propagation Gauge,CPG)测定试样断裂时刻和裂纹扩展速度,获得裂纹扩展速度对应的普适函数值。然后将动荷载历程带入到有限元软件中进行动态数值模拟,求出静止裂纹的动态应力强度因子历程,再用普适函数值对其进行近似修正。最后根据试样的起裂时刻和穿过CPG中点的时刻,由相应的动态应力强度因子历程分别确定砂岩的动态起裂和动态扩展韧度,它们分别随动态加载率和裂纹扩展速度的提高而增加。     

T应力对Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹扩展的影响

利用最大周向正应力判据MTS重新分析研究了脆性破坏的Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹扩展,其中考虑了平行于裂纹方向的非奇异项T应力。以平板中的斜裂纹处于双向受力为研究对象,通过两个方向力的不同组合以及裂纹与受力方向的夹角变换得到包括纯I型和纯II型在内的Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹,分析了T应力对裂纹扩展方向以及断裂时的应力强度因子的影响,并将预测结果与现有的实验数据进行了比较。在此基础上,给出了不同T应力条件下通用的Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹扩展条件,可用于给定几何试件的脆性断裂判定。分析结果表明:裂纹尖端非奇异项T应力对裂纹扩展的影响是不可忽略的,尤其是对II型断裂的影响更为明显。     

The role of T-stress in brittle fracture for linear elastic materials under mixed-mode loading

The purpose of this paper is to revisit the maximum tensile stress (MTS) criterion to predict brittle fracture for mixed mode conditions. Earlier experimental results for brittle fracture of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) using angled cracked plates are also re-examined. The role of the T -stress in brittle fracture for linear elastic materials is emphasized. The generalized MTS criterion is described in terms of mode I and II stress intensity factors, K _I and K _II and the T- stress (the stress parallel to the crack), and a fracture process zone, r _c . The generalized MTS criterion is then compared with the earlier experimental results for PMMA subjected to mixed mode conditions. It is shown that brittle fracture can be controlled by a combination of singular stresses (characterized by K ) or non-singular stress ( T -stress). The T -stress is also shown to have an influence on brittle fracture when the singular stress field is a result of mode II loading.     

A criterion for brittle fracture in U-notched components under mixed mode loading

A failure criterion is proposed for brittle fracture in U-notched components under mixed-mode static loading. The criterion, called UMTS, is developed based on the maximum tangential stress criterion and also a criterion proposed in the past for mode I failure of rounded V-shaped notches [Gomez FJ, Elices M. A fracture criterion for blunted V-notched samples. Int J Fracture 2004;127:239-64]. Using the UMTS criterion, a set of fracture curves are derived in terms of the notch stress intensity factors. These curves can be used to predict the mixed mode fracture toughness and the crack initiation angle at the notch tip. An expression is also obtained from this criterion for predicting fracture toughness of U-notched components in pure mode II loading. It is shown that there is a good agreement between the results of UMTS criterion and the experimental data obtained by other authors from three-point bend specimens.     

A proposed maximum ratio criterion applied to mixed mode fatigue crack propagation

In the present paper, the crack initiation and propagation in rectangular magnesium alloy plates containing an inclined through crack are investigated experimentally and theoretically. Based on the complex stress state at the crack tip, a maximum ratio criterion is developed to determine the crack propagation for a given inclination angle by means of an opening mode theory. It is assumed that the crack begins to propagate when the maximum value of ratio approaches its critical value, and the direction of crack propagation coincides with the direction of maximum ratio defined. The experiments for checking the theoretical predictions from the proposed criterion have been conducted. The material properties and fracture characteristics are evaluated during the tests. The results obtained are compared with those obtained using the commonly employed fracture criteria and the experimental data.     

Experimental studies on mixed‐mode dynamic fracture behaviour of aluminium alloy plates with narrow U‐notch

Mixed‐mode dynamic fracture behaviour of cast aluminium alloy ZL205A thin plates with narrow U‐notch was studied by split Hopkinson tensile bar apparatus. Specimens with different loading angles were designed to realize different fracture modes. The same loading condition was maintained during the tests. Recovery specimens show that crack propagates along the notch direction. Force–elongation relations show that with the loading angle increasing, the fracture force increases while the final elongation decreases. Deformation and fracture process was observed by a high‐speed camera. Displacement distribution around the crack was calculated through digital image correlation technique. Based on the photos and displacement results, initiation time of the crack was derived. Besides, two stress components (normal stress and shear stress) applied on the fracture surface were investigated. Results show that crack initiation stresses at different loading angles satisfy the ellipse equation. Pure mode I and II fracture stresses are 425.3 and 236.7 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, specific fracture energy of different specimens was calculated. The energy data vary with loading angle and located on an approximate upward parabolic curve. From the curve, the minimum specific fracture energy of the thin plate specimen is 42.0 kJ/m² under loading angle of 76.3°.     

Maximum Average Tangential Stress Criterion for Prediction of the Crack Path

The concept of the average stress has been employed to propose the maximum average tangential stress (MATS) criterion for predicting the direction of fracture angle. This criterion states that a crack grows when the maximum average tangential stress in the fracture process zone ahead of the crack tip reaches its critical value and the crack growth direction coincides with the direction of the maximum average tangential stress along a constant radius around the crack tip. The tangential stress is described by the singular and non-singular (T-stress) terms in the Williams series solution. The predicted directions of fracture angle are consistent with the experimental data for the mixed mode I/II crack growth behavior of Guiting limestone.     

Geometry and size effects on fracture trajectory in a limestone rock under mixed mode loading

The mixed mode I/II fracture initiation angle and the crack growth trajectory of a soft rock (Guiting limestone) were investigated experimentally and theoretically for two different shaped test specimens with various sizes. It was observed that for similar mode mixities in the two specimens, the fracture paths grew in two different trajectories. It is shown that the observed crack path and the fracture initiation angle can be predicted theoretically by using a generalized form of the maximum tangential stress criterion. The main difference in the fracture initiation angles was found to be related to the magnitude and sign of the T-stress.     

Mode I cracks subjected to large T-stresses

There are several criteria for predicting brittle fracture in mode I and mixed mode loading. In this paper, the modified maximum tangential stress criterion originally proposed for mixed mode loading, is employed to study theoretically brittle fracture for mode I cracks. In particular, the effect of the non-singular term of stress, often known as the T-stress, on the angle of initiation of fracture and the onset of crack growth is explored. The T-stress component of the tangential stress vanishes along the crack line. Therefore, it is often postulated for linear elastic materials that the effect of T-stress on mode I brittle fracture can be ignored. However, it is shown here that the maximum tangential stress is no longer along the line of initial crack when the T-stress exceeds a critical value. Thus, a deviation in the angle of initiation of fracture can be expected for specimens having a large T-stress. It is shown that the deviation angle increases for larger values of T-stress. Theoretical results show that the apparent fracture toughness decreases significantly when a deviation in angle occurs. Earlier experimental results are used to corroborate the findings. The effect of large T-stresses is also explored for a crack specimen undergoing moderate scale yielding. The elastic-plastic investigation is conducted using finite element analysis. The finite element results reveal a similar deviation in the angle of maximum tangential stress for small to moderate scale yielding.