强化水资源统一管理势在必行

水危机是一个世界性的热门话题。水与人口、粮食、生态环境已构成一个复杂的巨系统。由于人口的增长,淡水资源短缺将成为21世纪世界各国经济发展面临的重大难题。世界各国都在研究相应的管理对策,力求主动进行水资源的综合管理,以防止或减轻将要到来的水危机,避免被迫采取反应性短期措施来应付水危机的到来。     

加强水资源管理 促进水资源的可持续开发利用

世界上越来越多的人认识到，水危机将成为２１世纪最突出的问题之一，水资源将成为经济社会可持续发展的重要制约因素．近期，国外有关专家提出了一些涉及水与可持续发展的新概念和新观点，如水与可持续发展的关系、综合水管理模式、提高用水效率和可持续开发利用的措施等．本文在对这些信息进行综合分析和研究的基础上，结合我国水管理的实际情况，归纳整理了下述具有一定新颖性和实用性的内容．１水危机已成为经济社会可持续发展的制约因素水是经济社会可持续发展的关键，水维持着经济生产能力、人类生活和全球生态系统的平衡与完整．有效…     

国外城市污水的再生利用

世界上的淡水供给是有限的，并且受到污染的威胁。农业、工业和城市供水需求量的不断提高导致了有限的淡水水资源的分配竞争。为了避免水危机，许多国家必须保护水资源，对供水和需水进行管理。回用水是有价值的水资源，水用完之后不再是抛掉而是对其进行合理的处理得到回用即二次使用，这样就会减少对高质量淡水水源的需求。水的回用提高了供水的可靠性，只用较少的淡水就能满足人类更大的需求，     

联合国呼吁更有效管理水资源

联合国最新发表的一份《世界水资源开发报告》中指出,世界的水资源不会用尽,目前水危机的主要原因与管理不善有关,更有效地管理水资源是化解这一危机的重要途径。这份报告的标题为“水,我们共同的责任”,它对全球淡水资源作了迄今最为全面的分析评估。报告认为,地球上淡水资源总体充足,但由于缺乏有效管理、资金短缺和环境气候变化,世界许多地方出现水资源匮乏的现象。全世界目前约11亿人得不到清洁的饮用水,26亿人无法享用基本的卫生设施。如果有清洁饮用水和合适的卫生设施,世界上每年将有160万人的生命可以得到挽救。联合国千年发展目标…     

世界水资源问题研究趋向

据一项新的地区淡水资源的全球评价结果表明:目前世界人口有1/4得不到安全的供水,近一半人口缺少适当的卫生用水设施,而这些人绝大部分生活在发展中国家。许多人由于缺乏适当的供水患上与水有关的疾病而死亡。全球的水质仍在继续恶化,使生态系统和栖息地遭受破坏。面对世界性水危机,联合国教科文组织和世界气象组织于1999年2月共同在日内瓦召开     

水资源管理:技术问题还是管理问题

本文译自艾斯特.K.比斯沃斯在2007年9月12日德国柏林第二届国际会议的主题发言。作者认为全球正面临的水危机不是由于自然界水的资源性匮乏,而是因为持续广泛的水资源管理不善;世界各国应关注中小城市、农村的水问题,以及与水资源有关的人口老龄化问题等。提出我们已经具备解决问题所需的知识、经验和技术,世界的水问题是可以解决的。     

石家庄水资源现状分析及改善措施

通过从资源性缺水、水土流失严重、入境水减少、水体污染等方面分析石家庄市水资源危机的存在原因,考虑石家庄未来的发展趋势,提出了一系列解决水危机的建议。     

国际动态

南亚面临着水危机；第59届联大通过关于“国际淡水年和生命之水国际十年”的决议；蒙古通过水资源利用法提高企业水费保护水资源。     

从水紧缺现状看资源开发保护策略

世界淡水资源紧缺日渐严重,联合国确定自去年起每年的3月22日为世界水日,使全世界都来关心并解决这一问题。不然水危机很可能会比粮食危机或石油危机更早到来。1977年2月联合国就向全世界发出警告:“水,不久将成为一个深刻的社会危机。” 世界淡水资源是有限的。全球淡水总储量为3.5亿亿立方米,但人类生产与生活能利用的地表水和地     

迎接高风险的用水时代——读《大水荒:水资源大战与动荡未来》

<正>2006年8月21日,在瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩举行的世界水源大会上,由全球700多位专家用5年多时间编写的一份权威报告说:"目前世界上每三个人就有一人面对程度不一的缺水。"2007年12月2日,于日本南部大分县别府市举行的首届亚太大型水峰会上,联合国秘书长潘基文表示:"整个地球正面临着严重的水危机,而亚太地区的水问题更可能是导致国际间战争与冲突的一大重要因素。"我国也不容乐观,早在2004年,时任水利部副部     

Water management: some personal reflections

In recent years, books, papers and media coverage of the global water crisis due to physical scarcities of water have become a growth industry. Is this widely accepted hypothesis correct? It is argued in this paper that the world is not facing a water crisis because of physical scarcities of water, as people with linear and compartmentalized thinking are forecasting, but is facing a crisis because of the inefficient way water has been managed in the past and is being managed in nearly all countries of the world. There is at present enough knowledge, experience, technology and even funds to solve the world's water problems for all uses. In addition, the world's future water problems will be very different compared to past and current problems. A new mindset is needed, first to identify the emerging water and water-related problems of the world, and then to find and implement appropriate solutions. Based on the current evidence, there is every reason to be cautiously optimistic of the world's water future.     

Water Crisis

Abstract

Water crisis was not considered seriously at the Dublin and Rio conferences. It was put on the world agenda primarily by the Stockholm Water Symposia. Water management is likely to change more during the next twenty years compared to the past 2,000 years. The paper reviews the global water situtation based on the latest data available. In terms of water availability, it concludes that one can now be cautiously optimistic of the global water future. If there is to be a crisis, it is likely to be for two reasons: water quality and lack of investments. Neither of these two issues are receiving adquate attention at present. The roles IWRA can play in the future are briefly outlined.     

The energy trade-offs of adapting to a water-scarce future: case study of Los Angeles

Abstract

Increasing water competition, population growth and global climate change will intensify the tension between water and energy resources in arid climates of the world, since energy costs underscore the challenges facing water security in dry regions. In few places is the tension between water and energy resources more pronounced than in Los Angeles, California. This article analyzes the city’s current water supply and estimates its future energy requirements based on water supply projections from the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. Results suggest that while increasing local water management strategies could reduce the future energy intensity of the water supply, an increased reliance on water transfers could worsen its future energy intensity.     

我国水资源配置模型研究现状与展望

本文系统地分析和回顾了以水库(群)调度和地下水管理以及地表水与地下水联合运用管理为先导的水资源配置,到考虑基于宏观经济的水资源优化配置,进一步拓展到面向社会经济、水资源与生态环境协调发展的水资源优化配置,以及基于城市原水-净化水耦合配置的水资源安全保障体系研究等不同阶段的主要研究成果,并在此基础上,根据国家新时期的治水方针,结合我国水资源开发利用及管理中出现的新问题与新情况,提出了未来我国水资源配置研究的发展方向。     

城市水资源社会再生能力评价信息发布系统

提出以城市基础、工业用水、生活用水、农业及景观用水为社会再生能力评价指标;利用人工神经网络的方法,建立城市水资源社会再生能力评价模型。以黄河流域主要城市为例,进行水资源再生能力评价,并利用Web GIS建立了黄河流域主要城市水资源社会再生能力评价信息发布系统,将评价结果由互联网进行发布。通过对各城市水资源社会再生能力地评价及其结果分析,可了解各城市水务工作中的不足,为水资源开发利用政策的制定起辅助决策的作用。     

塔里木河流域治水思路探析

在分析研究塔里木河的历史变迁、现实危机和未来治水目标的基础上。提出了塔里木河流域治理新思路。围绕治水新思路,必须树立先进的治水理念和科学的治水思路,制定科学系统的水资源开发利用与保护模式,改革水资源管理体制,解决发展与保护中遇到的重大水问题,将“维持河流健康生命”和“构建和谐流域”作为流域治理目标,以效率一效益-可持续引领流域战略目标的实现。     

Developing new urban water supplies: investigating motivations and barriers to groundwater use in Cape Town

ABSTRACT

Many cities are experiencing increasing water resource stress. In Cape Town, South Africa, surface water supplies are at a record low due to a multi-year drought crisis which began in 2015. This paper analyzes the range of motivations, possibilities and obstacles related to diversifying Cape Town’s water supply system through the upscaling of groundwater resources. Drawing on insights from local experts, it is maintained that uncertainty surrounding groundwater and drought-management practices present significant barriers to Cape Town’s ongoing water diversification efforts. This paper provides further insight and discussion for future water planning in Cape Town, as well as for other urban, water-scarce, regions.     

水库生态调度现状与展望

生态调度是在兼顾水库调度的社会、经济效益的基础上重点考虑生态因素的水库调度新模式。简要介绍了生态流量、生态调度等概念,同时对世界各地生态调度实践的过去(2000年以前)和现在(2000～2019年)的研究情况进行了综述,并对未来的研究进行了展望。生态调度研究最早于20世纪40年代从研究河流最小生态流量开始,期间提出水文学方法、水力学方法、生境模拟法等200多种生态流量计算方法。现阶段有关生态调度的探索强调将生态因子纳入传统的水库调度过程,由早期的单目标生态调度发展成多目标生态调度,包括生态水量调度、水质调度、泥沙调度和水生生物资源调度。联合调度、梯级调度、分层取水调度等方式被应用于水库调度实践中并取得了显著的成效。此外,大量研究显示,通过工程措施、生物措施和管理措施可以很好地解决生态调度过程中的一些难题。然而,对生态调度机制的研究仍旧匮乏,大量基于经验统计的生态调度工作难以从本质上解决经济发展与生态效益之间的矛盾。因此,从机理层面构建生态调度模型是目前亟待解决的问题,也将成为生态调度领域的新热点。此外,如何对生态调度的效果特别是其对水生态系统健康的效果进行量化,也是当今亟待解决的现实问题。     

Water for agricultural development: Opportunities and constraints

Globally around 70% of all water used is for agricultural development. Thus, if the world's food crisis is to be successfully resolved, enough water of appropriate quantity and quality will be necessary. Water scarcity is already a serious issue in many arid and semi‐arid countries, and the problem is likely to intensify significantly in the future. Agriculture also affects water quality in many ways. The paper analyses the present’ status of the impacts of use of pesticides and nitrate fertilizers from different parts of the world.     

Applying water soft path analysis in small urban areas: four Canadian case studies

Water soft paths begin from the vision that future water management has more to gain from reducing demand than from increasing supply. This article reviews three case studies of water soft path analysis in small urban areas in Canada, and one study of an urban planning process incorporating soft path concepts. The analytical studies indicate how communities can avoid the need for expansion of water infrastructure with negligible impacts on lifestyles or livelihoods. The planning study demonstrates that it is possible to introduce water soft paths early in a review, and that this will stimulate more ecologically sensitive thinking among citizens, officials and political leaders. Similar conclusions can be expected from soft path studies in urban areas elsewhere in the developed world.