Shear viscosity of nylon 6 melts reinforced with microfibrous calcium silicate hydrate

Steady shear viscosity of nylon 6 melts reinforced with xonotlite, microfibrous calcium silicate hydrate (6CaO · 6SiO₂ · H₂O), is investigated. The highly filled nylon 6 melt tends to exhibit a yield value, resulting in remarkable viscosity increase particularly at low shear rates. Addition of the xonotlite significantly increases activation energy of viscous flow of the nylon 6 melt, leading the viscosity to be strongly temperature dependent. Comparisons with the melts filled with glass fibers and wollastonite are made. Flow-induced orientation becomes more important at low volume fractions. Shortening of the xonotlite during shear flow measurement can also be observed.     

The use of extensional rheometry to establish operating parameters for stretching processes

This work describes a method of determining the limits of uniform extensibility, in terms of failure and fracture, from rheological tests in extensional flow. The limit of uniform stretching can be expressed in terms of the Weissenberg number for the process, as demonstrated by data for three chemically diverse polymers, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and a polyester. The BKZ-K model can be used to predict necking failure, as determined by the Considére criterion, and an empirical correlation can be derived for fracture.     

Fibre reinforced nanocomposites: Mechanical properties of PA6/clay and glass fibre/PA6/clay nanocomposites

In this paper, the effect of two different reinforcements: clay at the nanoscale and glass fibres at the micro-scale, on the mechanical properties of PA/clay and GF/PA/clay are studied. The Halpin-Tsai model is used to predict the modulus of PA/Clay and GF/PA/Clay, both of which are influenced by two factors: reinforcement shape and volume fraction. The relationships between the modulus and reinforcement shape and volume fraction are discussed. Tensile modulus, measured in tensile tests is used to fit the Halpin-Tsai models. The results demonstrate a synergy between the reinforcements at the two different scales.     

Shear and extensional flow of reinforced plastics in injection molding. I. Effects of temperature and shear rate with bulk molding compound

Capillary flow studies on bulk molding compound (BMC) using an instrumented injection-molding machine are reported. The significance of extensional flow effects with fiber-reinforced materials is emphasized. The extensional flow behavior in converging dies is modeled, and a means of evaluating both extensional and shear viscosity from capillary flow data is proposed. Methods of correcting results for the effect of deformation heating are discussed. The shear and extensional flow behavior of BMC in the temperature region 18 to 58°C can be fitted to a simplified Arrhenius Law.     

玻璃纤维增强PA 6/PBT低吸湿共混物的力学性能

以马来酸酐接枝乙烯-辛烯共聚物(POE-g-MAH)和乙烯-甲基丙烯酸丁酯-丙烯酸缩水甘油酯三元共聚物(PTW)为复合相容剂,在平行同向双螺杆挤出机上熔融共混,制备了玻璃纤维增强聚酰胺(PA)6/聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)共混物。考察了复合相容剂对增强共混材料力学性能的影响,并探讨了共混物的吸湿性与力学性能的关系。结果表明:相容剂的复合使用有协同作用;PA 6/PBT共混体系随w(PBT)增加,力学性能下降,w(PBT)增加到32.0%时,拉伸强度、弯曲强度、简支梁缺口冲击强度分别下降25.2%,15.8%,45.3%;并且随w(PBT)增加,共混体系对吸湿的敏感性降低。     

Polycarbonate reinforced with silica nanoparticles

Nanocomposites of polycarbonate (PC) reinforced with nanosized silica particles were prepared by a melt mixing technique in an internal mixer. Two kinds of commercial hydrophilic fumed silicas differing in their specific surface area were added in amounts up to 5% by volume, and their reinforcing action was compared to that of organically modified silica, loaded in the same amounts. Particle–matrix interactions were investigated by means of rheological and dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis, demonstrating the important role played by the organic modification in the interactions with the polymer matrix, and showing an optimal nanoparticle loading around 2 vol%. The scratch resistance of the nanocomposites obtained from hydrophilic silicas was investigated, and a remarkable enhancement in the indenter’s penetration resistance was observed for all the compositions with respect to pristine PC. The same behaviour was observed for the Shore D hardness and for the impact resistance of the nanocomposites that also significantly improved with the maximum load shifting from a minimum value of 521 N for pristine PC up to values grater than 1330 N for the nanocomposites, demonstrating the activation of effective mechanisms of energy dissipation due to the presence of the nanofillers.     

热氧老化对长玻璃纤维增强聚酰胺6复合材料的影响

研究了160℃条件下不同热氧老化时间对未添加抗氧剂和添加抗氧剂的长玻璃纤维(LGF)增强聚酰胺(PA)6(PA 6/LGF)复合材料力学性能、热稳定性、结晶度及表面形貌的影响,并采用热重分析,差示扫描量热法分析和扫描电子显微镜观察对PA 6/LGF复合材料进行了表征。结果表明:PA 6基体分子链的断裂、降解以及LGF与PA 6基体的脱黏导致了PA 6/LGF复合材料宏观力学性能、熔融温度、结晶温度、结晶度以及热稳定性的下降。添加抗氧剂的PA 6/LGF复合材料拉伸强度保持率为83.9%,而未添加抗氧剂的复合材料则为76.8%。添加抗氧剂能使PA 6/LGF复合材料具有相对优异的力学性能保持率。     

短玻璃纤维增强低熔点尼龙6复合材料的性能研究

研究了短玻璃纤维用量对低熔点尼龙6(LMPA6)复合材料力学性能和热性能的影响。结果表明:随着短玻璃纤维用量的增加,LMPA6的缺口冲击强度先增加后降低,最高值为6.46KJ/m2;拉伸强度和弯曲强度则随之提高,当短玻璃纤维的用量为30%时,拉伸强度提高到100MPa,弯曲强度提高到130MPa以上。LMPA6的维卡软化点也随短玻璃纤维用量的增加而提高,当短玻璃纤维的用量为30%时,维卡软化点提高到90℃。     

碳纳米管增强PA6纤维纺丝工艺的研究

将含有碳纳米管(CNTs)的母粒与PA6切片及稳定剂熔融共混纺丝,可制得增强的PA6/CNTs纤维。探讨了纺丝温度、初生纤维的放置时间、热定型时间等对PA6/CNTs纤维强度的影响。结果表明,CNTs 质量分数为0.03%,纺丝温度为288℃,热定型时间为10 s,放置时间为4 d时,纤维增强效果最佳。     

Shear and extensional flow of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer

The flow of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (unfilled and glass fiber filled) was studied using a capillary rheometer and an instrumented injection molding machine. Despite different thermal histories, the techniques gave similar results. From 330 to 350°C, viscosity was independent of temperature. At 340°C, where most measurements were carried out, pronounced shear-thinning occurred and the shear flow curves were nonlinear, the power law exponent decreasing from 0.51 at a shear rate of 10 s⁻¹ to 0.35 at 10⁴ s⁻¹. A previously reported model was used to derive elongational flow curves from die entry pressure data. Because of the nonlinearity of the flow curves, quadratic log-stress vs. log-strain rate plots were needed to model behavior over the strain rate region studied. The elongational flow curves were similar in shape to the shear flow curves, with an effective Trouton ratio of 30. Despite orientation and structure present in the melt, the extensional viscosities and Trouton ratios were within the range found with normal thermoplastic melts. The results suggest that extensional flow may be inhomogeneous, the flowing units possibly being partially ordered domains.     

高灼热丝引燃温度高漏电起痕指数的阻燃PA6/GF

采用双螺杆挤出机制备了阻燃玻璃纤维(GF)增强聚酰胺(PA)6(PA 6/GF)复合材料,研究了阻燃PA 6/GF复合材料的灼热丝引燃温度、漏电起痕指数、阻燃性能和力学性能。研究表明:当PA 6为32.0 phr,磷-氮系阻燃剂为20.0 phr,溴化聚苯乙烯为10.6 phr,复合锑为3.4 phr,GF为23.0 phr,BaSO4为7.0 phr,增韧剂为3.0 phr时,阻燃PA 6/GF复合材料(2.0 mm厚)的灼热丝引燃温度可达850℃、漏电起痕指数达425 V,复合材料(1.6 mm厚)的阻燃性能达UL94 V-0级,并且具有较好的力学性能。     

Exfoliated PA6,6 nanocomposites by modification with PA6

Minor amounts of a fully exfoliated PA6/commercial OMMT nanocomposite were used as a master-batch to produce exfoliated PA6,6 based nanocomposites. The major component PA6,6, which was fully mixed with PA6, did not largely affect the interactions between the OMMT and the surrounding polymer, as the exfoliation level of OMMT increased upon blending with PA6,6. Both the phase behaviour and the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were compared with those of the PA6,6-rich matrix, to assess the separate effects of the PA6 and the OMMT. The large exfoliation level attained, led to increases in the modulus of elasticity that reached 46% with 5 wt% OMMT, and to the presence of highly ductile materials up to 3 wt% OMMT content.     

Viscosity of polydimethylsiloxane gum: Shear and temperature dependence from dynamic and capillary rheometry

The rheology of Dow Corning polydimethylsiloxane gum (PDMS/silicone gum) was studied over a time range of 10^?2 to 10⁵ s^?1 and a temperature range of 23–150°C using both capillary and dynamic rheometry. A low shear Newtonian region is observed at room temperature below 0.01 rad/s (increasing to 0.1 rad/s at 150°C) for which an Arrhenius activation energy for a viscous flow of 13.3 kJ/mol was determined. The Cox–Merz rule for merging of shear and complex viscosities is found to be valid up to 10 s^?1. Viscosity is found to be independent of temperature above 100 s^?1, where terminal power‐law flow is encountered. This is exhibited in the dynamic data as equal plateau moduli for the various temperature curves. Gross wall slippage is seen in capillary flows above approximately 100 s^?1, corresponding to a stress value of 70–100 kPa. Slip‐stick (spurt) flow is not observed. The viscosity data are best fitted by the Carreau–Yasuda model with a fitting parameter a of 0.7, a power‐law index n of 0.05 (low because of slip effect), and a zero shear viscosity of 32 kPa s at 23°C. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2533–2540, 2002     

Shear and extensional flow of reinforced plastics in injection molding. II. Effects of die angle and bore diameter on entry pressure with bulk molding compound

Orifice flow measurements have been performed at high strain rates on bulk molding compound (BMC) using convergent dies. A range of die angles and bore diameters was examined. Two models for flow behavior have been compared. It appears that, with BMC, there is a transition from constrained convergence to convergence with recirculation at a die semiangle of approximately 56 degrees.     

Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of PA6 and PA6/SEBS-g-MA blends

The non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of neat PA6 and binary blends of PA6/SEBS-g-MA were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry at four different coolings rates. Three macro kinetic models, viz. Avrami, Jeziorny and Tobin, were used to describe the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics. Primary and secondary crystallization were analyzed by Avrami equation. The results obtained by Avrami equation suggested that under non-isothermal condition, the mechanism of primary crystallization is more complex, while secondary crystallization showed one to three dimensional crystal growths. Tobin model described the overall crystallization kinetics and results were almost similar to those of Avrami model. The results obtained by Dobreva and Gutzowa method suggested that SEBS-g-MA did not act as a nucleating agent for PA6. Three isokinetic models (Augis-Bennet, Kissinger and Takhore) have been used for the evaluation of the activation energy of non-isothermal crystallization kinetics process. The value of activation energy ?E slightly increases in the presence of 5, 10, 20?phr content of SEBS-g-MA and then decreases with at 35 and 50?phr contents of SEBS-g-MA. These results showed that up to 20?phr SEBS-g-MA hinder the mobility of PA6 chain segments and at 35 and 50?phr SEBS-g-MA eases the mobility of PA6 chain segments.     

无卤阻燃增强尼龙612复合材料的制备

尼龙材料在电子电器领域得到广泛应用。传统的尼龙由于自身的结构特点,不能满足电子电器领域的特殊需求,即低吸水率以及优越的阻燃性能。实验选用氢氧化物作为主阻燃剂,无机矿物作为协效阻燃剂,无机玻纤作为增强剂,POE-GMAH作为增韧剂,成功的制备了无卤阻燃增强尼龙612复合材料。实验结果证明材料可以很好的满足电子电器领域对阻燃性能的要求,同时由于材料自身的分子结构,饱和吸水率也得到了控制。     

PA 6纳米复合材料的多元增韧改性研究

采用熔融共混法制备了聚酰胺(PA)6/甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(MBS)/纳米SiO_2多元增韧复合材料,研究了复合材料的冲击强度、拉伸性能以及冲击断面形态。结果表明:MBS、纳米SiO_2可以协同增韧PA6,使其转变为超韧材料,在w(SiO_2)为0.5%时,复合材料的简支梁缺口冲击强度最高达91.3 kJ/m~2。同时,扫描电子显微镜照片显示,复合材料的冲击断面出现了明显的塑性变形,体现了剪切屈服的增韧机理,纳米粒子和相容剂共同作用使得MBS弹性体粒子均匀地分散在PA6基体中。     

Shear and extensional investigations in solutions of grafted/ungrafted amylopectin and polyacrylamide

Various polysaccharides, such as starch and its constituent amylopectin, are used as flocculants in industrial effluent treatment. Grafting them with polyacrylamide branches enhances their flocculating and turbulent drag‐reducing characteristics drastically. Aqueous solutions of the graft copolymer of amylopectin with polyacrylamide show a shear thinning non‐Newtonian behavior. It is also expected that the solutions exhibit extensional effects. When the aqueous solution at 1000 ppm was subjected to a stretching device, the formation of a thread and reduction of the thread diameter with time were observed. The extensional relaxation time was thus estimated and compared with that of polyacrylamide. The measured relaxation time indicates that the performance of the rigid branched amylopectin, when grafted with fewer and longer polyacrylamide branches, is overwhelmed by the grafted polyacrylamide chains and the reduction of rigidity by the grafting process itself. This article reports the details of the investigations that led to these conclusions. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 2773–2782, 1999     

PA6/POE中PA6非等温结晶行为

利用反应挤出的方法，制备了尼龙6／乙烯-辛烯共聚物（PA6／POE）热塑性弹性体（TPE）。采用差示扫描量热法（DSC）研究了TPE中PA6相的非等温结晶行为。结果表明，POE降低了TPE中PA6的结晶热，相容剂的加入使TPE中PA6的γ结晶减少以及降低了PA6的结晶速度。