化学镀 Ni-Mo-P 合金镀层的组织结构与防垢性能研究

目的采用材料测试方法和防垢实验,研究不同工艺条件下的化学镀Ni-Mo-P合金镀层的组织结构与防垢性能。方法在化学镀Ni-P镀层基底上,添加含有钼酸根离子杂多酸盐,在不同工艺条件下化学沉积Ni-Mo-P合金镀层,研究化学镀Ni-Mo-P合金镀层的表面形貌和组织结构,分析镀液中硼酸含量和钼酸铵含量对镀层沉积速率的影响,观测镀层在结垢实验后的表面形貌并分析结垢速率。通过SEM,XRD和EDS对化学镀Ni-Mo-P合金镀层的表面形貌和组织结构进行检测,研究在酸性镀液中硼酸含量对化学镀Ni-Mo-P工艺条件的影响。采用防垢实验测试化学镀Ni-Mo-P合金镀层的防垢性能。结果在化学镀Ni-Mo-P过程中,钼酸根离子杂多酸盐具有稳定作用。化学镀Ni-Mo-P合金镀层的化学沉积镀液的最佳工艺条件为:Ni SO4·6H_2O 16.5 g/L,Na H_2PO_2·H_2O 20 g/L,钼酸钠0.5~0.8 g/L,硼酸2 g/L,乙酸钠7.5 g/L。化学镀Ni-Mo-P合金镀层的结垢速率明显低于化学镀Ni-P镀层,具有良好的防垢能力,形成了非晶态的镀层。结论采用化学镀Ni-P镀层基底上沉积得到非晶态的Ni-Mo-P合金镀层,硼酸具有调节镀液p H值和络合作用,非晶态的Ni-Mo-P合金镀层平均结垢速率最小值为0.58μm/h,具有良好的阻垢能力。     

联氨-氨配合体系化学镀纯镍工艺

目的 优化联氨-氨配合体系化学镀纯镍的工艺条件。 方法 以壳聚糖为织物的预处理剂,通过单因素实验,探讨化学镀镀液各组分的浓度和 pH 值、温度、施镀时间等因素对化学镀纯镍锦纶织物的方阻和增重率的影响。 结果 最优化学镀工艺条件如下:乙酸镍质量浓度 45 g / L,水合肼质量浓度 20 g / L,硫酸铵质量浓度 8 g / L,镀液 pH 值为 9 ,施镀温度为 75 ℃ ,施镀时间为 2 h。 结论 采用此反应体系,锦纶织物经壳聚糖改性处理后,可在最优施镀工艺条件下得到纯镍镀层,且镀层致密,方阻较小。     

化学沉积Ni-Cu-P三元合金涂层的制备及其表征

采用化学沉积的方法,在低碳钢表面上制备Ni-Cu-P三元合金镀层,研究了镀液组成和操作条件对镀层沉积速率和显微硬度的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件为:硫酸镍30g/L,次亚磷酸钠15g/L,硫酸铜3.5g/L,pH=9,95℃,负载因子0.48dm2/L,醋酸钠20g/L,柠檬酸三钠60g/L,沉积时间2h,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对镀层进行表征.结果表明:所得的化学镀层为非晶态,经过400℃热处理后镀层晶化.镀层的沉积速率和显微硬度随硫酸铜浓度、次亚磷酸钠浓度及pH值的增加先增后减,随温度的升高而增加.     

化学镀Ni-Mo-P合金镀工艺及镀层性能

为了改善化学镀Ni-Mo-P工艺中沉积速度慢、镀层硬度低、耐腐蚀性差等问题,试验研究了镀液组分、pH值、络合剂、表面活性剂、稳定剂对化学镀Ni-Mo-P合金镀层硬度、沉积速度、耐蚀性、孔隙率的影响,得出最佳的镀液配方和工艺参数:2.4 g/L Na2MoO4,26.2 g/L NiSO4·6H2O,10.6 g/L NaH2PO2·H2O,1 mg/L KI,30 g/L柠檬酸三钠,9 g/L乳酸,50 mg/L十二烷基苯磺酸钠,pH8.5,温度90℃.本结果为化学镀Ni-Mo-P合金工艺提供了依据,较有实用价值.     

中温酸性化学镀Ni-P合金耐蚀性能研究

为提高化学镀Ni-P合金耐蚀性能,以Q235钢为待镀基体,在中温的酸性条件下,采用正交试验方法得到镀层耐蚀性最佳的工艺条件为:镀液pH值 5.2;Ni2 与H2PO2-的摩尔比为0.48;复合络合剂乳酸15mL/L 丙酸5mL/L;加速剂NaF 0.4g/L;热处理温度500 ℃.在此条件下,腐蚀电流为2.166×10-5A,可较好地提高镀层耐蚀性.     

印刷电路板上化学镀钯工艺研究

采用L9(34)混合正交体系,系统地研究复合络合剂-乙二胺、乙二胺四乙酸二钠和丙烯酸在不同工艺参数和不同添加配比情况下对化学镀钯质量的影响,以镀层的光亮度,镀液的稳定性和沉积速度为评价指标,筛选出最佳的化学镀钯添加剂为:乙二胺0.2mol/L,乙二胺四乙酸二钠0.01mol/L,丙烯酸0.3mol/L,pH值8。研究结果表明,优化后的化学镀钯镀液稳定性高、沉积速度快、钯膜与基体镍镀层结合力强、钯镀层光亮性好。     

Q235钢表面化学镀Ni-Cu-P的研究

用正交设计研究了Q235钢表面化学镀 Ni-Cu-P工艺对镀层质量、组织结构和性能的影响规律.结果表明:各因素对化学镀沉积速率影响的显著性顺序是:镍磷比> pH值>硫酸铜加入量>施镀温度> 柠檬酸钠加入量;实验条件下,较好的施镀工艺为:温度75 ℃,镍磷比0.25,pH值10.0,柠檬酸钠50 g/L;硫酸铜1.0 g/L;镀层显微硬度为Q235钢基体硬度的2.8倍,获得了磷含量超过11%的非晶镀层.     

化学镀Ni-Co-P合金工艺对其镀层性能的影响

为了改善化学镀Ni-Co-P合金工艺存在的镀速慢、镀层腐蚀性能差等问题,研究了镀液组分、pH值、温度、转速、表面活性剂、稳定剂对化学镀Ni-Co-P合金镀层沉积速度、腐蚀速度、腐蚀电位、镀层厚度、点蚀率、表面形貌、硬度和镀层结合力的影响,得出最佳镀液配方和工艺:CoSO414 g/L;NiSO49 g/L;NaH2PO218 g/L;Na3C6H5O750 g/L;(NH4)2SO460 g/L;KIO38 mg/L;十二烷基苯磺酸钠50 mg/L;pH值9.0;温度80℃;转速60 r/min。     

Zn-3%Al-RE合金机械镀层的电化学腐蚀行为研究

采用机械镀工艺,在Zn-3%Al镀层形层过程中添加0～5%的稀土盐,获得几种稀土含量不同的Zn-3%Al-RE合金镀层.利用电化学方法,以pH=5和pH=7的1 mol/L NaCl溶液,0.5 mol/L NaCl+0.5mol/L Na2SO4溶液,0.5 mol/L Na2SO4溶液为6种腐蚀介质,测定几种镀层在每种腐蚀介质中的电化学参数.结果表明:几种镀层的耐电化学腐蚀性能随着腐蚀介质中Cl-浓度的增大均有所降低;稀土加入量对镀层耐电化学腐蚀性能的影响不遵循线性关系,加入量为2%和5%时所得镀层的耐电化学腐蚀性能较好.     

化学镀Ni-Fe-P和Ni-Fe-P-B合金的耐蚀性研究

利用失重法和电化学测试法,对比研究以铝合金为基体化学镀Ni-Fe-P和Ni-Fe-P-B合金的耐蚀性.结果表明:这两种镀层浸泡在3.5%NaCl和10%NaOH溶液中均比浸泡在0.1mol/L H2SO4和1mol/L HCl中有更好的耐蚀性.另外,在3.5%NaCl和10%NaOH溶液中,Ni-Fe-P-B镀层合金比Ni-Fe-P有更好的耐蚀性;但是在0.1mol/L H2SO4和1mol/L HCl溶液中,Ni-Fe-P镀层合金却比Ni-Fe-P-B有更好的耐蚀性;     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。