炭黑填充型粉末天然橡胶的密炼机塑炼特性研究

采用实验室微型密炼机（Brabender转矩流变仪）研究了炭黑填充型粉末天然橡胶[P（NR/HAF）]的密炼机塑炼/混炼性能,即塑炼时间、塑炼温度和转速等基本工艺参数对胶料门尼粘度的影响。与传统的块状天然橡胶/炭黑（NR/HAF）的密炼机混炼相比,P（NR/HAF）在密炼机混炼时具有较高的混炼温升和较快的升温速率,使得胶料在较高的温度下被塑炼,从而表现出与传统的NR/HAF不同的密炼机混炼特性,其最佳塑炼温度有所降低。通过逐步回归分析建立的“门尼粘度-塑炼条件”模型可以较好地拟合和预测不同塑炼条件下P（NR/HAF）密炼机塑炼后胶料的门尼粘度。     

填充因数对橡胶连续塑炼机塑炼效果的影响

以自主研发的新型连续塑炼机为实验平台,天然橡胶（ NR）为生胶原料,研究填充凶数对NR连续塑炼效果的影响。塑炼段、销钉段、挤m段机筒和机头温度依次为40,50,60和70℃,转子转速为30 r．min^-l的工艺条件下,填充因数为0.6时,连续塑炼机具有最好的塑炼效果,门尼粘度下降最多,塑炼胶更加均匀。     

高耐磨炭黑填充型粉末NR研究(Ⅲ)硫化胶的物理机械性能

研究了高耐磨炭黑(N330)填充型粉末天然橡胶[P(NR/N330)]硫化胶的物理机械性能.结果发现炭黑乳化剂、炭黑、操作油和包覆剂的用量及玻璃化转变温度对P(NR/N330)硫化胶的物理机械性能的影响比较明显.在适宜的粉末化条件下制备的P(NR/N330),其硫化胶的物理机械性能优于天然胶乳与炭黑的简单共沉胶(ENR/N330),而300%定伸应力则低于块状NR/N330机械混炼胶(MNR/N330).P(NR/N330)硫化胶拉伸断面形貌的SEM分析表明,包覆剂在用量为15份时,与NR基体形成互锁结构;DSC分析表明,二者部分相容,因此硫化胶具有较好的物理机械性能.     

稀土掺杂高耐磨炭黑填充型粉末NR研究(Ⅱ)交联密度

以溶胀指数SI（Swelling Index）为指示参数，研究了稀土用量及炭黑用量对稀土掺杂高耐磨炭黑填充型粉末天然橡胶[P（NR／N330-Ln）]硫化胶的交联密度的影响，并与无稀土粉末胶[P（NR／N330）]及无稀土块胶（MNR／N330）的硫化胶做对比。结果表明，随着稀土用量的增加，硫化胶的溶胀指数（SI）的变化出现4个阶段，这是N330粒子上的稀土对硫化胶表现交联密度的贡献有两种相反的作用，即阻碍生成炭黑凝胶从而降低表现交联密度的作用，增大N330-Ln的表面效应，提高稀土结合橡胶的生成量从而提高表现交联密度的作用的综合结果。随着炭黑用量的增加，P（NR／N330）和P（NR／N330-Sm）硫化胶的交联密度高于MNR／N330硫化胶，各种硫化胶在炭黑填充量为100份时的交联密度几乎相同。     

稀土掺杂高耐磨炭黑填充型粉末NR研究I.硫化胶的物理机械性能

以天然胶(NR)乳为原料,稀土化合物改性高耐磨炭黑N330(N330-Re)为填充隔离剂,用凝聚共沉法制备了稀土掺杂高耐磨炭黑填充型粉末NR[P(NR/N330-Re)],研究了炭黑乳化剂用量、粉末化温度、硫磺用量、稀土元素的种类及用量、过渡金属Zn的用量、N330-Re的用量等因素对其硫化胶物理机械性能的影响.结果表明,所选用的稀土化合物对高耐磨炭黑N330具有优良的改性效果,从而对P(NR/N330-Re)硫化胶有显著的补强作用,其中以Sm2O3与La2O3改性效果最佳.     

高耐磨炭黑填充型粉末NR研究(Ⅱ)粒子形貌与成粉机理分析

在用凝聚共沉法制备高耐磨炭黑填充型粉末天然橡胶[P（NR／N330）]的基础上，用SEM研究了无接触污染性和有接触污染性的P（NR／N330）粒子的表面形貌，提出了用凝聚共沉法制备填充型粉末天然橡胶的成粉机理，指出选用时炭黑具有优良乳化作用的分散荆和合成具有优良成膜性的包覆荆，是制备无接触污染性的P（NR／N330）的技术关键。     

配合剂对NR开炼机塑炼特性的影响

研究了ZnO、硬脂酸（SA）对天然橡胶（NR）开炼机塑炼特性的影响。结果表明,开炼机薄通法塑炼NR时,长分子链率先断裂,导致相对分子质量分布变窄,中等相对分子质量级分数量增多,小分子级分变化不大;ZnO和SA均能加快NR长分子链的断裂,门尼粘度下降更快,SA对NR有化学塑解剂的作用,塑炼胶中中等相对分子质量和低相对分子质量级分增多,可以减少薄通次数3~5次;ZnO和SA同时加入NR中塑炼时,塑炼胶的门尼粘度下降很快,塑炼胶中中等相对分子质量和低相对分子质量级分明显增多,较纯NR塑炼可以减少薄通次数8~10次,大大提高了开炼机薄通法塑炼效率。     

密炼机变速塑炼工艺研究

对不同温度段、不同时间段采用转速为 2 0～ 6 0r·min-1的密炼机变速塑炼工艺进行了研究 ,并与转速为 40r·min-1的恒速塑炼工艺进行对比试验。结果表明 ,NR变速塑炼效率比恒速塑炼提高了 2 0 86 % ,塑炼胶质量稳定 ,经济效益显著     

橡胶试验方法（十一）——译白日本《コム試験法》

（3）密炼机的塑炼和混炼 密炼机塑炼在工业上对NR实施，一段在添加塑解剂的高温塑炼中实施，门尼粘度[ML（1＋4）100℃）]以60为标准，目的是容易和合成橡胶共混。NR的塑炼加工性虽然依NR等级有所不同，但没有出现大的差异。开炼机塑炼是由机械剪切实施，而密炼机塑炼是由塑解剂致使分子断裂达到目的的，因此与开炼机塑炼相比，密炼机塑炼其塑炼返原较多。     

补强体系对NR硫化胶疲劳破坏特性的影响

用断裂力学方法研究炭黑N330、炭黑N330/白炭黑和白炭黑补强NR硫化胶的疲劳破坏特性.结果表明,与炭黑N330和炭黑N330/白炭黑补强的NR硫化胶相比,白炭黑补强的NR硫化胶疲劳寿命较长,内部潜在缺陷较少,抗裂纹扩展性能较好;随着疲劳时间的延长,NR硫化胶拉断时的应变能密度减小;疲劳寿命方程能够快速、准确地预测NR硫化胶的疲劳寿命.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。