含磷硅高分子阻燃剂与聚磷酸铵对EVA的协效阻燃作用

研究了聚酯型磷-硅无卤阻燃剂(EMPZR)与聚磷酸铵(APP)对乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)阻燃及力学性能的影响。结果表明,添加为40 %（质量分数,下同）的由EMPZR和APP所组成的复合阻燃剂得到的阻燃EVA材料,其极限氧指数达到28.6 %,垂直燃烧测试达到V-0级,拉伸强度为6.4 MPa,断裂伸长率达592 %。热失重分析测试表明,阻燃EVA材料的热失重速率较纯EVA有明显下降;成炭率显著提高,阻燃EVA在800 ℃时残炭量为15 % ,纯EVA仅为0.2 %。通过扫描电子显微镜对残炭形貌进行表征,以及对氧指数测试前后的阻燃EVA材料的红外图谱分析,表明EMPZR与APP在EVA中具有协效阻燃作用。     

新型三嗪类复配阻燃剂对PP阻燃及力学性能的影响

研究了新型三嗪类复配阻燃剂(MPP/CA)对聚丙烯(PP)的阻燃作用。结果表明,当蜜胺聚磷酸盐(MPP)与三嗪成炭剂(CA)以质量比2∶1复配,添加量为25%时,对PP的阻燃作用最好,PP的氧指数达到最大,UL94等级为V-0。同时,随着阻燃剂添加量的增加,PP的缺口冲击强度及拉伸强度逐渐降低,而弯曲模量逐渐增加。通过热重(TG)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征,添加MPP/CA使得PP在燃烧时分解过程加快并生成更多的残炭量,形成致密、连续的膨胀炭层,有效阻止基体与空气热量的交换,从而达到阻燃作用。通过抗析测试,MPP/CA抗析出能力优于市售的阻燃剂。该阻燃剂属于无卤阻燃剂,符合当今阻燃剂发展的趋势。     

磷系阻燃剂FR/APP协效阻燃PP

采用氧指数测定仪、热重分析仪和锥形量热仪研究了磷系阻燃剂1,3,5-三(5,5-二甲基-1,3-二氧杂环己内磷酸基)苯(FR)和聚磷酸铵(APP)复配体系对聚丙烯(PP)材料阻燃性能的影响.结果表明,FR/APP提高了PP的极限氧指数(LOI)、热稳定性和残炭率,降低了热释放速率.当w(FR)为15%和w(APP)为10%复配阻燃PP时,复合材料的LOI为29.6%.阻燃级别达到UL 94 V-0级.     

新型磷-氮膨胀阻燃剂在改性聚丙烯中的应用研究

采用自制干法合成的磷-氮膨胀型阻燃剂(磷酸酯三聚氰胺盐,IFR)复配聚磷酸胺(APP)和聚四氟乙烯(PT-FE)阻燃改性聚丙烯(PP),利用极限氧指数法、垂直燃烧法分析了阻燃PP的燃烧性能,通过热重分析仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱对阻燃PP的热降解过程、燃烧性能、残炭结构进行了分析,并研究了燃烧过程中复配阻燃体系对PP的阻燃机理。结果发现,IFR、APP和PTFE之间具有明显的阻燃协效作用;当阻燃剂总添加量为24%(APP为6%、IFR为17.5%、PTFE为0.5%)(质量分数)时,阻燃PP的极限氧指数达到30.1%,垂直燃烧测试达UL 94V-0级;加入阻燃剂还能提高PP的热稳定性。     

PP/纳米SiO2复合材料的阻燃性能研究

将磷系阻燃剂1,3,5-三（5,5-二甲基-1,3-二氧杂环己内磷酸基）苯（FR）、聚磷酸铵（APP）、纳米SiO2复配,制备聚丙烯(PP)纳米复合阻燃材料。采用氧指数测定仪、水平垂直燃烧测定仪、热重分析仪、锥形量热仪对PP纳米复合阻燃材料的阻燃性能进行了研究。结果表明,FR/APP/SiO2提高了PP的氧指数、水平燃烧等级、热稳定性和残炭率,降低了热释放速率。当阻燃剂FR/APP/SiO2的总体含量为25 %,FR/APP/SiO2配比为15/7/3的情况下,PP纳米复合阻燃材料的氧指数为29.4 %,水平燃烧等级为FH-1。     

磷硅阻燃剂协效氢氧化镁无卤阻燃EVA的研究

研究了磷-硅阻燃剂(EMPZR)与氢氧化镁[Mg(OH)2]对乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,复合阻燃剂的添加量为50%(质量分数,下同)时[EMPZR与Mg(OH)2质量比为1∶4],所制得的阻燃EVA材料的极限氧指数可达36.0%,并且复合材料的热失重速率较纯EVA有明显下降,成炭率显著提高,600℃时残炭量为32.2%;通过对极限氧指数测试前后阻燃EVA材料红外光谱的分析,证实了Mg(OH)2与EMPZR在EVA中具有良好的协效阻燃作用。     

APP/PER阻燃SEBS/PP共混物的研究

采用APP/PER(IFR)复合膨胀阻燃剂阻燃SEBS/PP体系.通过热重分析、扫描电镜、氧指数和万能拉力试验机等研究IFR对SEBS/PP的阻燃及力学性能的影响.IFR的加入可使体系的残炭量显著增加,当IFR的质量分数为30%时,600℃下SEBS/PP体系的残炭量由未加IFR的1.84%增至14.84%.经IFR阻燃的SEBS/PP在燃烧时形成内部多孔,外部致密的炭层,能有效地抑制聚合物的进一步燃烧.添加30%IFR时,SEBS/PP阻燃体系的氧指数可达27%,并通过UL94V-O测试,其拉伸强度为12.5 MPa,断裂伸长率达到492.6%.     

一种磷-氮阻燃剂的合成及其在聚丙烯中的应用

采用高温高压溶液聚合法合成了一种新型磷-氮阻燃剂N-对苯二甲酸-N'-(N-亚磷酸-乙二胺)-乙二胺(IFR)。将制得的阻燃剂与聚磷酸铵(APP)进行复配,并与聚丙烯(PP)进行共混,制备了阻燃PP复合物。通过极限氧指数(LOI)测定、垂直燃烧实验(UL94)、热重分析(TG)测试对复合材料的阻燃性能和热稳定性进行了表征,并借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了残炭表面形态。结果表明,当添加9%IFR和21%APP时,PP/IFR/APP体系的极限氧指数达到最大,为28.8%,并通过了UL94 V-0级。在该比例下燃烧所形成的炭层呈现出膨胀的连续结构,可以很好覆盖于材料表面形成阻隔效果。这表明该阻燃剂与APP复配对PP具有良好的阻燃作用。     

PP/MPP/PEPA的制备及其热降解性能研究

采用多聚磷酸蜜胺(MPP)和笼状季戊四醇磷酸酯(PEPA)复配阻燃剂,制备了具有良好阻燃性能的膨胀阻燃聚丙烯(PP),研究了各组分质量比对PP阻燃性和热降解性能的影响.结果表明:MPP与PEPA质量比为3:2时,阻燃复配效果最好;且添加阻燃剂质量分数为20%时,极限氧指数达到27%,UL达到Ⅴ-0级;热失重分析结果表明,MPP/PEPA可以延缓PP的分解;利用Kissinger法求取了材料的活化能,发现添加阻燃剂后,材料的活化能提高;残留物的红外光谱分析结果表明,MPP复配PEPA后,保留了更多的PP特征峰;体视显微镜和扫描电镜分析表明,添加阻燃剂后,材料形成了膨胀炭层,提高了 PP阻燃性能.     

新型磷-氮系复配阻燃剂在聚丙烯中的应用

采用一种新型磷-氮系阻燃剂与聚磷酸铵(APP)复配成膨胀型阻燃剂,对聚丙烯(PP)进行阻燃改性。研究了阻燃PP的阻燃性能、热分解过程及力学性能。结果表明:当复配阻燃剂添加量为30%时,阻燃改性PP的氧指数和垂直燃烧等级分别达到32.3%和UL94 V-0级,拉伸强度为37.4 MPa,缺口冲击强度为39.5 kJ/m2,并且具有很好的热稳定性。     

柠檬酸钴协同聚磷酸铵阻燃TPU的研究

通过柠檬酸钴(CoC)协同聚磷酸铵(APP),制备阻燃热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)复合材料,研究TPU复合材料的阻燃性和热稳定性。结果表明：CoC能够降低TPU/APP的热释放量和烟生成量。TPU/APP/CoC(0.125%)的THR和p SPR值分别比TPU/APP降低56.8%和31.5%。TPU/APP/CoC(0.5%)具有最高的FPI值(0.32(m²·s)/kW)和最低的FGI值(2.16 kW/(m2·s))。CoC能够在高温下分解成金属氧化物,促进APP分解并生成聚磷酸(盐),催化TPU成炭,改变凝聚相炭层结构,提高炭层的致密性和石墨化程度,形成隔热隔氧炭层,提高TPU的阻燃性和抑烟性。     

Improvement of Flame Retardant Properties of Polyurethane Composites Using Microencapsulation Technology

One kind of microencapsulated flame retardant containing melamine polyphosphate(MPP) and hydrophobic resin layer as core and shell material was synthesized by in situ polymerization technology. The structures and properties of microencapsulated MPP were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and water contact angle. Thermal behaviors of the composites containing microencapsulated MPP were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis. Flame retardant tests indicated that the microencapsulated MPP with the polymer resin led to an improvement of the hydrophobicity. Results revealed that the flame retardancy of the composites was improved at the same fillers loading through the microencapsulation technology, which the char yields reached (~26.9wt%) and flame retardance grade (LOI-38%) with optimized MPP addition (~40%) to polymer matrix.     

Study on surface modification and flame retardants properties of ammonium polyphosphate for polypropylene

Microencapsulation ammonium polyphosphate used as flame‐retardant in polypropylene was prepared with hydroxyl silicone oil (HSO) and melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) resin in this article. Fourier transform infrared and energy dispersive spectrometer were used to identify the structure of HSO‐MFAPP. For the HSO‐MFAPP/polypropylene (PP) composites, the flame retardant effect was evaluated by the limiting oxygen index and UL‐94 testing, the compatibility was observed with scanning electron microscope, and the thermal stability was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the microencapsulation of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with HSO‐MF was prepared by in situ polymerization, and the flame retardant properties and water resistance of the PP/HSO‐MFAPP/pentaerythritol (PER) composites were much better than the ones of the PP/APP/PER composites. Moreover, the compatibility of HSO‐MFAPP with PP was better than that of unmodified APP. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Influence of ammonium polyphosphate modified with 3‐(methylacryloxyl) propyltrimethoxy silane on mechanical and thermal properties of wood flour–polypropylene composites

In this article, the influence of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and ammonium polyphosphate modified with 3‐(Methylacryloxyl) propyltrimethoxy silane (M‐APP) on mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and thermal degradation of wood flour–polypropylene composites (WF/PP composites) have been investigated. Polypropylene grafted with m‐isopropenyl‐α,α‐dimethylbenzyl‐isocyanate (m‐TMI‐g‐PP) was used to improve the adhesion of WF/PP composites. APP and M‐APP were used as flame retardants. The experimental results demonstrated that addition of M‐APP obviously enhanced mechanical properties of WF/PP composites. According to cone calorimetry results, M‐APP is also an effective flame retardant for WF/PP composites, compared to that of APP. It was also found that M‐APP decreased the 1% weight loss temperature and increased char residue. The thermal degradation of wood flour based upon the first peak temperature of wood decreased from 329.3 to 322.9°C and the thermal degradation of PP based upon the second peak temperature of PP improve from 518.0 to 519.6°C, when M‐APP was added to the WF/PP composites. From SEM results the char layer of the 25% M‐APP systems is much more intumescent than that of the 25% APP systems, indicating that 3‐(Methylacryloxyl) propyltrimethoxy silane can improve the char‐forming ability of WF/PP composites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Ammonium polyphosphate/montmorillonite nanocompounds in polypropylene

Ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocompounds were prepared. The crystal forms and morphologies of the nanocompounds were studied by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM. The APP/MMT nanocompounds were applied to intumescent flame‐retarded polypropylene (PP) composites. The PP composites were studied by using oxygen index measurements, UL‐94 flame testing, thermogravimetric analysis, and mechanical measurement. It was found that the APP/MMT nanocompounds enhanced the flame retardancy of the IFR/PP compared with the form II APP and its mixture with micro‐MMT. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

膨胀石墨在聚乙烯中阻燃协效作用的研究

以膨胀石墨(EG)与聚磷酸铵(APP)复配组成膨胀型阻燃剂，应用于高密度聚乙烯(PE-HD)中。热分析表明APP／FG的添加使得PE-HD材料的热稳定性增强，降解过程变缓，剩炭率增加。氧指数(LOI)结果表明APP／EG具有良好的阻燃协同作用。扫描电镜(SEM)显示APP／EG的加入可使得PE-HD样品生成连续致密的炭层。同时力学性能研究表明APP／EG对材料的力学性能的影响比其它膨胀型阻燃剂要小。     

微胶囊化多聚磷酸铵的耐水性及其在聚丙烯中的阻燃性能

采用三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂(MF) 为囊材,以多聚磷酸铵（APP）为芯材制得微胶囊化多聚磷酸铵（MAPP）。耐水性及膨胀度试验表明,MAPP为膨胀型阻燃剂,APP/MF =3/1 (质量比,下同)时,MAPP在50 ℃时在水中的溶解度为0.052 g/100 mL,比APP减低了78 ％;膨胀度达到78.6 ㎝3/g。热分析表明,聚丙烯（PP）/MAPP比PP/APP的热降解速度加快,但释热量减小。由于形成蓬松多孔膨胀炭层,PP/MAPP比PP/APP的阻燃性能更佳,PP/MAPP=70/30时,其氧指数增到30.6 %。     

MPP/PER/APP阻燃PP的阻燃及热裂解行为

采用聚磷酸蜜胺(MPP)／季戊四醇(PER)／聚磷酸铵(APP)三元膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)阻燃聚丙烯(PP),测定了阻燃PP的极限氧指数(LOI)、UL94V阻燃性及热稳定性,以傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析了阻燃PP的热分解残余物。以锥形量热仪(CONE)测定了阻燃PP的诸多与火灾有关的阻燃参数,包括释热速度、质量损失速度、总释热量、有效燃烧热、比消光面积及引燃时间等,以光电子能谱(XPS)测定了阻燃PP残炭表面的元素组成及XPS曲线拟合数据,还以扫描电镜(SEM)观测了阻燃PP残炭的形态。     

三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐/硼酚醛协效体系阻燃PA66/GF复合材料的研究

采用氮磷型阻燃剂三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐(MPP)与硼改性酚醛树脂(BPF)组成的复合阻燃体系对玻纤(GF)增强尼龙66( PA66)复合材料进行阻燃,获得了阻燃性能优异、力学性能良好的增强复合材料,研究了协效阻燃剂BPF/MPP配比、BPF/MPP用量及GF用量对阻燃复合材料阻燃性能的影响,采用微型燃烧量热和质量保持率分析方法研究了阻燃复合材料的燃烧及成炭行为,对复合阻燃剂的协效机理进行了讨论.结果表明,当BPF在BPF/MPP中的质量分数为15％时,添加25％ BPF/MPP复合阻燃剂可使20％ GF增强PA66复合材料达到V-0( 1.6 mm)阻燃级别,极限氧指数增加至25.3％,拉伸强度、弯曲强度、缺口冲击强度分别为116 MPa,132 MPa,7.1 kJ/m2.该复合材料可满足高性能无卤阻燃的使用要求.