A modular cable-driven humanoid arm with anti-parallelogram mechanisms and Bowden cables

This paper proposes a novel modular cable-driven humanoid arm with anti-parallelogram mechanisms (APMs) and Bowden cables. The lightweight arm realizes the advantage of joint independence and the rational layout of the driving units on the base. First, this paper analyzes the kinematic performance of the APM and uses the rolling motion between two ellipses to approximate a pure-circular-rolling motion. Then, a novel type of one-degree-of-freedom (1-DOF) elbow joint is proposed based on this principle, which is also applied to design the 3-DOF wrist and shoulder joints. Next, Bowden cables are used to connect the joints and their driving units to obtain a modular cable-driven arm with excellent joint independence. After that, both the forward and inverse kinematics of the entire arm are analyzed. Last, a humanoid arm prototype was developed, and the assembly velocity, joint motion performance, joint stiffness, load carrying, typical humanoid arm movements, and repeatability were tested to verify the arm performance.     

线驱动拟人臂机器人逆向运动学分析

基于最新人臂仿生理论和并联机器人研究的成果,提出一种线驱动7-DOF冗余手臂的设计方案.线驱动机构具有高刚度、高精度、高负载能力的优点,可以克服常规串联机构的缺点.介绍这种新型线驱动拟人臂机器人具体的结构,利用旋量理论描述机器人运动,在绳索张力条件的约束下,分析肩关节的工作空间.针对7-DOF机器人的逆运动学求解问题,先采用关节速度再分配法求关节速度逆解;然后与Paden-Kahan子问题法相结合,取得具有冗余控制的位置逆解,求出在给定位姿时各关节角的角度;再由关节角与绳长的关系解出各关节处驱动绳索的长度,并分析肩关节运动对腕、肘关节的耦合影响.最后在ADAMS下进行仿真,采用直线插补算法,动画图形实时显示机器人的运动情况,证明逆向运动学算法的正确性.     

一种串并联结构拟人七自由度冗余手臂的设计

长期以来人们一直在努力寻求仿制人自己手臂的途径和解决方案 ,虽然人手臂的组织、肌肉、软骨和骨头不适合做重复性工作 ,但是人手臂的结构对仿制手臂和设计机器人手臂有很多启发。根据这些启发 ,提出一种串并联结构拟人七自由度冗余手臂的设计思想和设计方案 ,该手臂采用球面三自由度并联机构作为肩关节和腕关节 ,该设计不仅结构紧凑 ,而且提高了手臂的承载能力和速度     

Workspace analysis and design improvement of a carotid flow measurement system

Heart and cerebrovascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis and myocardial ischemia dysfunction are currently among the main causes of death in developed countries. Recently, wave intensity (WI), which is an index used to obtain the force of cardiac contraction, has been investigated as a method for early-stage diagnosis of the above-mentioned diseases. Nevertheless, experimental tests have proven that the manual measurements of WI by means of commercial ultrasonic diagnostic systems require too much time and can be affected by the operator's skills. For this purpose, the introduction of robotic-assisted technology has advantages in terms of repetitiveness and accuracy of the measurement procedure. Therefore, at Waseda University, the development of a carotid blood flow measurement system has been proposed to support doctors while using ultrasound diagnostic equipment to measure the WI. This robotic system is composed of a serial robot with a wrist having a six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) parallel mechanism. The main focus is to obtain a suitable workspace performance of the 6-DOF parallel mechanism wrist. In this paper, a workspace analysis is carried out on a wrist prototype built for the Waseda-Tokyo Women's Medical Aloka Blood Flow Measurement System No.1 Refined (WTA-1R). Then, mechanical design enhancements are proposed and validated to provide a suitable workspace performance both as reachable workspace and dexterity, and a refined prototype WTA-1RII has been built.     

基于UG和ADAMS的机械手三维实体仿真

为了方便、准确地对所设计的复杂机械手进行运动仿真分析,利用UG软件强大的建模功能对六自由度机械手进行三维实体建模,然后通过UG和ADAMS良好的数据接口将模型数据直接导入ADAMS,根据实际设计要求添加相关约束,在此基础上进行运动仿真,研究机械手各机构关节的运动,测量各个关节的角位移、速度和加速度的变化情况,通过观察各机构的运动轨迹以及相关曲线的变化趋势,对设计阶段的产品进行虚拟性能测试,以便及时发现设计中存在的问题并进行改正。     

5自由度大工作空间/支链行程比混联机械手的概念设计与尺度综合

研究一类新型5自由度可重构混联机械手的创新设计和尺度综合问题,该机械手模块由-2自由度球面并联机构和一条通过滑移副与之串接的两转动-移动串联运动链组成.该混联机械手由于将定点转动与相对滑移运动解耦,因此具有工作空间/支链行程比大的特点,适合高速轻载作业,可作为即插即用模块用于搭建不同类型的加工制造装备.在建立2自由度球面并联机构的速度映射模型的基础上,分析该机构的奇异性和各向同性问题,并以速度雅可比矩阵最小奇异值的全域均值为操作性能指标,研究2自由度球面并联机构的尺度综合问题.通过单调性分析揭示出尺度参数对该指标的影响规律,进而将尺度综合问题简化为求解杆长等式约束问题.最后给出一组算例,使该尺度综合方法的有效性得到验证.     

基于运动性能分析的仿人机械臂尺度优化

针对多关节串联机构耦合影响末端执行器运动性能的问题,分析了串并混联机构的运动特性,提出了实现可视化设计的多参数平面模型。基于旋量理论,分别建立了串联、并联关节的运动传递矩阵,并设定了相应性能指标。在此基础上,根据多参数平面模型,通过三维可视化图形,进一步揭示了参数尺度、关节转角空间、性能指标之间的耦合关系,最终确定了参数取值、关节的优质转角范围和指标分布情况。优化结果表明：肩关节、腕关节的全域性能指标分别为0.78、0.67,肘关节的全域条件数为2.38。该混联构型具有与人体手臂关节相类似的功能,可充分发挥串联、并联机构的综合优势。     

Multi-objective optimization of a 3-DOF translational parallel kinematic machine

In this paper, stiffness modelling and analysis of a typical 3-DOF parallel kinematic machine (PKM) that provides translational motion along X, Y and Z axes is presented. The mechanism consists of three limbs each having an arm and a forearm with prismatic-revoluterevolute-revolute joints (PRRR). The joint arrangement is in such a way that the moving or tool platform maintains same orientation in the entire workspace. Through inverse kinematics, the joint angles for a given position of tool platform necessary for the stiffness modelling and analysis are obtained. The stiffness modelling is based on the compliance matrices of arm and forearm of each limb. Typical non-dimensional performance indices, namely, workspace volume index (WVI), global translational stiffness index (GTSI), and global rotational stiffness index (GRSI), are introduced and used to study the influence of dimensions. Attempts are also made to find the optimal dimensions of the translational PKM using multi-objective optimization based on the genetic algorithms (MOGA) in MATLAB. The methodology presented and the results obtained are useful for predicting the performance capability of the PKM under study.     

混合型三维减振平台主体机构的运动及受力分析

采用三平移并联机构3-RRRP(4R)作为三维减振平台主体机构.论述了采用柔性关节与普通关节混合型的主体机构的结构,对原机构主动副采用常用转动副加扭簧装置外,其余转动副采用簧片结构,消除了运动副间隙,提高了减振灵敏度.对该机构进行了位置正解、反解分析和力学分析,并讨论了运动学工作空间.运用当量摩擦圆概念来近似替代柔性关节,分析带柔性关节机构的力学工作空间.对该机构的整体力平衡进行了讨论,提出了解决整机力平衡的方法.     

基于强化学习的机器人手臂仿人运动规划方法

面向人-机器人交互共融环境对机械臂仿人运动规划的重大需求,本文提出了一种基于强化学习的机器人手臂仿人运 动规划方法。 首先,基于人体手臂的结构特征,设计了体现机械臂运动特性的肩夹角、肘夹角和腕关节运动角,并采用正态性和 相关性分析方法,对 VICON 运动捕捉系统获取的人体手臂运动数据进行分析,以获取人臂运动特性规则。 然后,根据不同的运 动特性规则,设计对应的回报函数,并采用强化学习方法进行机械臂仿人运动模型的训练。 最后,搭建机械臂仿人运动平台,实 验统计仿人运动的成功率为 91. 25% ,验证了所提规划方法的可行性和有效性,可用于提高机械臂运动的仿人性。     

一种新型3-DOF混联机械臂的运动学基础分析

机械臂运动学基础性能分析是其控制和应用的基础。分析了一种新型3一DOF混联机械臂的运动学传递性能,定义了这种混联机械臂的速度传递性能评价指标,并研究了评价指标在定姿态工作空间内的分布规律,为这种混联机械臂的设计与控制奠定了理论基础。这种新型3-DOF混联机械臂具有工作空间大、运动灵活、刚度大和工艺性好等优点。     

三维平动球平台机器人的位置与工作空间分析

提出一种新颖的三维平动球平台机器人并分析其位置与工作空间问题。该新型机器人是DELTA机器人的一种变异形式，结合其结构布局特点，建立了其位置正反解方程式，分析其工作空间及其影响因素，为其设计和实用化提供理论依据。该新型机器人运动平台无过约束，在三雏平动微动机器人、并联机床和振动环境模拟台等领域有广阔的应用前景。     

工业机器人机械本体模块化设计

基于工业机器人机械本体模块化设计思想,以机器人的结构功能分解为基础,创建了标准机械结构模块库并实现了模块的自动装配。将人体手臂参数作为标准结构模块缩放的内置参数,建立了尺寸不同、功能相似的扩展结构模块库。基于边界曲线的几何特征对工作空间进行了类型划分,并依据关键点位置分析法及改进的CAD变量几何法将工作空间求解模块化。将坐标系模块库生成的D-H参数作为各模块的共享数据,实现了运动学与工作空间的自动求解。以库卡机器人KR6-2的正运动学与工作空间模块化自主求解为例,对比分析软件运行结果与理论计算结果,验证了该方法可满足机器人柔性化自主设计需求。     

3-RRR+(S-P)人形机器人仿生肩关节主参数设计及其工作空间分析

通过实验测量得到人体肩关节的运动空间。依据结构仿生原则,对比人体肱骨结构参数,将3-RRR+(S-P)人形机器人仿生肩关节的输出偏置角定为45°,并通过坐标变换得到其安全工作空间。依据空间一致性原则,对比人体肩关节的运动空间,确定仿生肩关节定平台在“人体”中的安装位姿角,使仿生肩关节相对于“人体”的安全工作空间与人体肩关节运动空间的中心位置（对称轴线）重合,从而设计完成3-RRR+(S-P)人形机器人仿生肩关节。最后,建立3-RRR+(S-P)人形机器人仿生肩关节与人体肩关节的空间映射关系。     

Optimal Design and Force Control of a Nine-Cable-Driven Parallel Mechanism for Lunar Takeoff Simulation

Traditional simulation methods are unable to meet the requirements of lunar takeo simulations, such as high force output precision, low cost, and repeated use. Considering that cable-driven parallel mechanisms have the advantages of high payload to weight ratio, potentially large workspace, and high-speed motion, these mechanisms have the potential to be used for lunar takeo simulations. Thus, this paper presents a parallel mechanism driven by nine cables. The purpose of this study is to optimize the dimensions of the cable-driven parallel mechanism to meet dynamic workspace requirements under cable tension constraints. The dynamic workspace requirements are derived from the kinematical function requests of the lunar takeo simulation equipment. Experimental design and response surface methods are adopted for building the surrogate mathematical model linking the optimal variables and the optimization indices. A set of dimensional parameters are determined by analyzing the surrogate mathematical model. The volume of the dynamic workspace increased by 46% after optimization. Besides, a force control method is proposed for calculating output vector and sinusoidal forces. A force control loop is introduced into the traditional position control loop to adjust the cable force precisely, while controlling the cable length. The e ectiveness of the proposed control method is verified through experiments. A 5% vector output accuracy and 12 Hz undulation force output can be realized. This paper proposes a cable-driven parallel mechanism which can be used for lunar takeo simulation.     

4自由度混联机器人静刚度分析

研究一种新型混联机器人模块-Bicept的半解析刚度建模方法。该模块由一含恰约束支链的2自由度平面并联机构和一与动平台末端串接的2自由度转头构成,是Tricept机器人的一种二维形式,具有制造成本低,工作空间大的特点,配以长行程导轨,可用于飞机壁板数字化自动制孔等场合。在完成2自由度并联机构位置逆解分析和变形分析基础之上,基于全变形雅可比矩阵建立该机构的静刚度半解析模型。建模中考虑了所有支链构件及铰链的弹性贡献,并侧重研究其恰约束支链弯曲刚度的精确建模问题。通过算例获得Bicept机器人面内静刚度在工作空间中的分布规律,并通过ANSYS有限元分析软件验证了计算结果的正确性。     

大型射电望远镜馈源定位3T索牵引并联机构分析与设计

在新一代大型射电望远镜的机构设计中,由于馈源质量的大幅降低,在馈源定位的设计中,提出采用四绳索牵引并联机构,牵引馈源舱实现三个方向的平动运动,达到加大馈源工作空间的目的.为了研究非线性绳索控制机构中的尺度优化设计问题,在已知馈源舱位置的情况下,为解决由于绳索自重导致的悬链线问题,通过将悬链线简化成抛物线的方法,解决悬链线带来的高度非线性静力平衡方程组的求解问题,得到简化的静力学平衡方程.通过建立的简化静力学平衡方程,求解出四绳索牵引并联系统的工作空间与设计参数间的关系,并使用一种以力优化为目标的优化算法得到工作空间中四绳索静力平衡下的精确索拉力和伸长量.通过综合考虑满足条件的参数,最终给出满足设计要求的机构优化尺度参数.     

Development of a redundant anthropomorphic hydraulically actuated manipulator with a roll–pitch–yaw spherical wrist

The demand for redundant hydraulic manipulators that can implement complex heavy-duty tasks in unstructured areas is increasing; however, current manipulator layouts that remarkably differ from human arms make intuitive kinematic operation challenging to achieve. This study proposes a seven-degree-of-freedom (7-DOF) redundant anthropomorphic hydraulically actuated manipulator with a novel roll–pitch–yaw spherical wrist. A hybrid series–parallel mechanism is presented to achieve the spherical wrist design, which consists of two parallel linear hydraulic cylinders to drive the yaw/pitch 2-DOF wrist plate connected serially to the roll structure. Designed as a 1R PRRR-1S PU mechanism (“R”, “P”, “S”, and “U” denote revolute, prismatic, spherical, and universal joints, respectively; the underlined letter indicates the active joint), the 2-DOF parallel structure is partially decoupled to obtain simple forward/inverse kinematic solutions in which a closed-loop subchain “R PRR” is included. The 7-DOF manipulator is then designed, and its third joint axis goes through the spherical center to obtain closed-form inverse kinematic computation. The analytical inverse kinematic solution is drawn by constructing self-motion manifolds. Finally, a physical prototype is developed, and the kinematic analysis is validated via numerical simulation and test results.     

Stiffness of a 3-degree of freedom translational parallel kinematic machine

In this paper, a typical 3-degree of freedom (3-DOF) translational parallel kinematic machine (PKM) is studied and analyzed whose tool platform has only translations along X-, Y- and Z-axes. It consists of three limbs, each of which have arm and forearm with prismatic-revolute-revolute-revolute (PRRR) joints. Inverse kinematics analysis is carried out to find the slider coordinates and joint angles for a given position of tool platform. Stiffness modeling is done based on the compliance matrices of arm and forearm of each limb. Using the stiffness modeling the variations of minimum and maximum translational stiffness in the workspace are analyzed. For various architectural parameters of the 3-DOF PKM the tendency of variations on the minimum and maximum stiffness over the entire workspace is studied; and also the deflections of the tool platform along X, Y, and Z directions with respect to various forces are presented.     

6—SPS正交机构的运动学传递性分布研究

并联机器人的运动学传递性能是随其位姿变化而变化的,研究运动学传递性能在工作空间内的分布规律,对并联机器人驱动器的选择与控制有重要意义。本文介绍一种6自由度正交三维平台机器人新机型结构特点,定义其运动学传递性能评价指标,并给出了这些指标在定位姿工作空间内的分布情况。