二维数字图像相关方法的拉伸实验误差分析

对数字图像相关(DIC)方法的拉伸实验误差进行了系统分析。通过刚体运动实验,从软件模拟计算和硬件两方面研究了DIC方法的实验误差,同时,根据成像原理,分析了离面位移对实验结果的影响。为了检验测试系统的测量精度,将DIC方法与多晶铜试样拉伸实验相结合,比较了不同实验条件下DIC方法与应变片测量的结果,分析认为测量误差主要来源于摄像机噪声及离面位移。鉴于这两种误差难以消除,探索了一种误差修正方法,对系统误差进行修正并得到满意结果。     

铜/铝复层板成形极限视觉测量方法及成形性能

基于数字图像相关法（DIC）与双目视觉技术,提出并实现了一种用于爆炸焊接制备的铜/铝复层板成形极限应变的视觉测量方法,利用有限元模拟结果对该方法进行验证。根据DIC方法获得的板料成形极限应变,分析热处理工艺及接触状态对铜/铝复层板成形极限的影响,使用扫描电子显微镜对界面与断口形貌进行观察分析。结果表明：DIC方法测得的铜/铝复层板失稳破裂时的最大主应变与有限元模拟结果的相对误差为0.1%,且应变值分布与有限元模拟吻合也较好;铝在内层时复层板成形极限大于铜在内层时的成形极限;经过退火处理的铜/铝复层板成形性能优于未退火时的性能;铜/铝复层板发生失稳断裂时,界面产生脱离。     

Observation of notch effect in Al6061-T6 specimens under tensile loading using digital image correlation and finite element method

The fracture of ductile materials such as Al6061-T6 usually starts from void nucleation. In this study, we investigated strengthening effect and stress triaxiality behavior in notched Al alloy specimens. Various specimens, one un-notched and two with different U-types of notch, one with large diameter (L-notched) and another with small diameter (S-notched), having the same width were selected. The distribution of strain in the full-field was examined using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. Under the tensile test, S-notched specimens showed a more pronounced strengthening effect than the L-notched specimens. The results of DIC confirmed that the notch tip of the S-notched specimen experienced high strain, while the L-notched specimen experienced high strain at the center. The maximum stress triaxiality moved rapidly from the notch tip to the center with the increase in notch radius over 10 mm. The results of the stress triaxiality analysis by finite element method were in good agreement with the above DIC measurement results and predicted the void generation and fracture sites in L-notched and S-notched specimens.     

高速三维数字图像法测量手机跌落全场应变

为了测量手机跌落时的变形与应变,基于数字图像相关法及双目立体视觉原理,提出一种用于手机跌落试验中变形与应变测量的方法,并研制了相应的高速三维全场应变光学测量系统。针对手机跌落碰撞过程中,角度变化导致散斑匹配失败率高,变形应变场缺损严重的问题,利用高速相机高速采集图像,并改进图像匹配方法,采用顺序逐帧基准匹配,保证了测量精度,提高了应变场完整度。研制了光学测量系统,设计了试验方案,进行了数字图像测量方法与动态应变仪测量结果的对比,对改进的散斑匹配方案进行了验证。试验结果表明,本文的方法使变形应变场的完整度提高了21%,其位移动态测量精度为0.42%,应变测量精度为0.5%。本文的方法和系统可以满足手机跌落碰撞全场变形与应变测量的要求,与传统测量方式相比有明显优势,是研究手机跌落碰撞变形规律的有效途径。     

Deformation measurement around a high strain-gradient region using a digital image correlation method

Digital image correlation could provide deformation information of a specimen by processing two digital images captured before and after the deformation. In this study, a hybrid genetic algorithm, in which a simulated annealing mutation process and adaptive mechanisms are added to a real-parameter genetic algorithm, is used to search for the deformed images to obtain both the strain and displacement data simultaneously. This method is applied to obtain the strain in a high strain-gradient region around a hole in a plate under uniaxial tensile testing. These data are compared with those obtained by using a strain gauge to judge the quality of the obtained strain data. The result indicates that the strain in a high strain-gradient region could be reasonably determined by using the present method.     

Measurement of microscopic displacements in graphite/epoxy composite materials using SEM-generated fiducial markers

Graphite fiber-reinforced resin composite materials are widely used in commercial applications where high strength and low weight are critical factors. In order to predict the fracture toughness of a composite material from the constitutive properties of the resin and fibers, experimental methods for the analysis of microscopic displacements and strain fields that develop at the fracture crack tip within the composite material are required. Information derived from measurement of displacements, and calculation of strain fields can then be used to test micromechanical models of matrix-dominated fracture. A method was developed in which it is possible to conduct near real-time fracture analysis of epoxy-based composite materials, and to subsequently obtain micrometer-scale measurements of displacements in the region of the crack tip. A map matrix was generated on the surface of test specimens in an SEM equipped with a tensile stage, along with an x-ray spectroscopy and image analysis system. A 40 × 40 point digital map was introduced onto the surface of the specimen using the digital x-ray mapping function of the x-ray analysis system which produced a surface matrix with point spacing of 10 μm. The quality of maps varies with test specimens and therefore it is necessary to optimize microscope operation parameters for each resin tested. Reproducible results were obtained with both neat resins and graphite/epoxy composites. In situ analysis of a region of a propagating crack tip grown using the tensile stage reveals a deformation zone ahead of the crack tip and images of the stages of microcracking were captured by the image analyzer for subsequent measurement of displacement. Direct measurement of crack tip displacements from SEM electron beam-induced reference matrices provide an important tool in characterizing the fracture behavior of both neat resin and composite materials.     

Dynamic shear stress of tough-pitch copper at high strain and high strain-rate

Dynamic shear tests for the tough-pitch copper at high strain and high strain rate was performed. The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) compression test system was modified to yield a shear deformation in the specimen. Hat-shaped specimens for the tough-pitch copper were adopted to generate high strain of γ=3–4 and high strain-rate of γ=10⁴/s. The dynamic analysis by ABAQUS 5.5/EXPLICIT code verified that shear zone can be localized in hat-shaped specimens. A proper impact velocity and the axial length of the shear localization region were determined through the elastic wave analysis. The displacement in a hat-shaped specimen is limited by a spacer ring which was installed between the specimen and the incident bar. The shear bands were obtained by measuring the direction of shear deformation and the width of deformed grain in the shear zone. The decrease of specimen length has been measured on the optical displacement transducer. Dynamic shear stress-strain relations in the tough-pitch copper were obtained at two strain-rates.     

On the explosive hardening of one end of a metallic block

Aluminium and mild steel plates were subjected to shock loading on one end by detonating Metabel explosive sheet. The residual stresses in the principal directions were measured using the X-ray, back reflection method, through the specimen thickness.Macro- and micro-structural analyses and micro-hardness surveys of the unloaded specimens were made to examine how the influence of explosive thickness decays with distance from the loaded surface. A central fracture under explosive loading is explained by reference to unloading waves.     

MEMS材料力学性能的测试方法

介绍国内外MEMS(micro-electro-mechanical system)材料力学性能的测试方法,包括纳米压痕法、薄膜打压法、梁弯曲试验、微拉曼光谱法、单轴拉伸法等.分析各种测试方法的优缺点、基本原理和最新进展.详细介绍单轴拉伸试验方法的试验原理、特点及发展现状, 在此基础上介绍作者们在MEMS材料单轴拉伸试验方面的阶段性研究成果,包括单轴拉伸试样设计、夹具设计、加载方法及应变测量技术等.试样和夹具的设计采用有限元方法模拟不同形状参数试样的拉伸试验过程,确定试样的外形和尺寸.应变测量采用的是激光干涉应变计法(interference strain /displacement gauge, ISDG),并用所研制的微小试样拉伸试验机,成功测得多晶铜薄膜材料的应力-应变曲线.     

Micro-strain distribution around a crack tip by electron beam moiré methods

The microscopic deformation around a crack tip in a small tensile specimen of aluminum was measured by using electron beam moiré methods. The tensile test was carried out in a scanning electron microscope(SEM) by using specially designed small tensile testing apparatus for an SEM. A line grating with a pitch of 87 nm was written at the crack tip by electron beam lithography. SEM images of the grating contained(original) moiré fringes at certain magnifications without loadings on the specimen. The displacement and strain in the region 10 to 50 μ m from the crack tip were evaluated by analyzing the (mismatch) moiré fringes. Measured strains normal to loadings(longitudinal strains) near the crack tip were found to be comparable to those estimated using linear elastic fracture mechanics(LEFM), for the lowest load, and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, at effective crack tip position located within the actual crack tip. The exponent of the strain singularity in the vicinity of the actual crack tip changed with applied stress, ranging between ?0.64 and ?1.0. The measured crack tip opening displacement(CTOD) values disagreed with CTODs based on the Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren(HRR) field, the Dugdale model, and LEFM. The experimental plastic zones spread from the line of crack extension up to an angle of about 60°, as expected from LEFM theory.     

Study on the effect of DIC deformation sensor on mechanical property of substrate

The thin epoxy film with micro-scale speckle pattern as a digital image correlation (DIC) deformation sensor has been fabricated or transferred on the surface of sample in the previous study. When the thickness of the film cannot be ignored, it may have an influence on the validity of measurement results. And thus, the influence of the thin epoxy film on mechanical properties of substrates should be investigated. In this study, the mechanical behavior of thin film itself and surface strain of composite structure of thin film and substrate were measured using micro digital image correlation (MDIC) method. And theoretical and simulative results were also analyzed. From the comparison analysis of theoretical, simulative and experimental results, it is concluded that when the ratios of Young’s modulus and thickness between the film and substrate are smaller than 13 and 0.5 respectively, the influence from the thin film can be ignored, and thin epoxy film as DIC sensor can be used to measure the deformation of substrate.     

Constitutive modeling for Ti-6Al-4V alloy machining based on the SHPB tests and simulation

A constitutive model is critical for the prediction accuracy of a metal cutting simulation. The highest strain rate involved in the cutting process can be in the range of 10~4–10~6 s~(–1). Flow stresses at high strain rates are close to that of cutting are difficult to test via experiments. Split Hopkinson compression bar(SHPB) technology is used to study the deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at strain rates of 10~(–4)–10~4s~(–1). The Johnson Cook(JC) model was applied to characterize the flow stresses of the SHPB tests at various conditions. The parameters of the JC model are optimized by using a genetic algorithm technology. The JC plastic model and the energy density-based ductile failure criteria are adopted in the proposed SHPB finite element simulation model. The simulated flow stresses and the failure characteristics, such as the cracks along the adiabatic shear bands agree well with the experimental results. Afterwards, the SHPB simulation is used to simulate higher strain rate(approximately 3×10~4 s~(–1)) conditions by minimizing the size of the specimen. The JC model parameters covering higher strain rate conditions which are close to the deformation condition in cutting were calculated based on the flow stresses obtained by using the SHPB tests(10~(–4)–10~4 s~(–1)) and simulation(up to 3×10~4 s~(–1)). The cutting simulation using the constitutive parameters is validated by the measured forces and chip morphology. The constitutive model and parameters for high strain rate conditions that are identical to those of cutting were obtained based on the SHPB tests and simulation.     

Experimental study on a noncontact method using laser displacement sensors to measure vibration stress in piping systems

This study presents a noncontact measurement method of vibration induced stress (vibration stress) using multiple laser displacement sensors and clarifies its applicability to piping vibration. In the beam structures such as piping, the stress due to bending deformation can be caused by vibration. In the presented method, the vibration displacement in the beam structures induced by the bending deformation is measured at three different locations using laser displacement sensors in a noncontact manner and the vibration stress is estimated by a simple calculation based on the beam theory. First, an applicability validation of the presented method was done by a vibration test using a cantilevered beam plate. This validation was done by comparing measurements by the presented method and the conventional method using strain gauges. Next, an experimental validation was conducted by the vibration test using a pipe specimen, and the applicability to the piping vibration was confirmed.     

用于三维变形测量的数字图像相关系统

针对材料力学实验中的三维变形测量,提出并实现了一种基于双目立体视觉、摄影测量术和数字图像相关法的便携式三维变形测量系统。研究了该系统涉及的双目摄像机标定,图像相关算法,三维重建,以及三维位移、应变计算等关键技术。提出了一种基于摄影测量术的摄像机标定算法,该算法采用10参数镜头畸变模型,不需要高精度标定板即可实现摄像机的高精度标定。利用最小二乘非线性优化算法实现了数字图像的高精度匹配,针对非线性优化初值难求的问题,提出了一种基于种子点的初值计算方法,为非线性优化提供了可靠的初值。最后,介绍了三维重建以及计算三维位移、三维应变的方法。实验结果表明,标定结果的重投影误差为0.03 pixel,图像匹配的误差约为0.02 pixel,静态外形及位移的测量精度为0.05%,应变的测量精度优于0.5%。与传统的测量方法相比,本文提出的系统可以更准确、全面、直观地实现对位移场、应变场的测量。     

Deformation temperature and material constitutive model of cupronickel B10

Cupronickel B10—an important material used in aircraft carriers—exhibits excellent electrochemical and mechanical properties, such as high corrosion resistance and weldability. The Split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test is a classical method to obtain the dynamic mechanical properties of solid materials. However, the deformation temperature has long been ignored in SHPB studies, which results in low accuracy of the material constitutive model. Thus, in this study, a new method for obtained the deformation temperature was proposed and the modified material equation was validated using experimental data. Quasi-static compression and SHPB experiments were conducted with a thermocouple. The results revealed that the deformation temperature of the quasi-static tests was nearly zero, whereas that of the SHPB experiments ranged from 40 to 90 °C. Therefore, the method developed to describe the deformation temperature can be used to improve the precision of SHPB experiments, as demonstrated for the case of cupronickel B10.     

CCCD-SHPB动态断裂试验系统原理及数值分析

提出在分离式Hopkinson压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)上用中心裂纹圆盘(central cracked circular disk,CCCD)型试件形成CCCD-SHPB试验系统来实施脆性材料的动态断裂试验.该系统的基本思想是基于SHPB的一维试验原理,得到中心裂纹圆盘型试件两端载荷的平均载荷;推广准静态的应力强度因子公式,并以此平均载荷代入以获得动态应力强度因子.对此动态断裂试验系统的三维动力学数值分析表明,CCCD-SHPB动态断裂试验方法是有效的,用此动态应力强度因子表征和测试脆性材料动态断裂韧度的方法也是有效可靠的.     

双材料高聚物界面断裂行为的实验研究

将字相关图象测量方法和显微技术结合起来，实现了物体表面位移和应变的细观测量。应用这一方法，对双材料高聚物界面断裂行为进行了实验研究，定量测量了具有界面裂纹受剪切载荷作用的双材料试件的裂尖附近微小区域内的位移和应变。最后对实验结果进行了分析和讨论，得到了裂尖附近微小区域内的应力分布规律。     

Dynamic deformation behavior of aluminum alloys under high strain rate compressive/tensile loading

Mechanical properties of the materials used for transportations and industrial machinery under high strain rate loading conditions such as seismic loading are required to provide appropriate safety assessment to these mechanical structures. The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) technique with a special experimental apparatus can be used to obtain the material behavior under high strain rate loading conditions. In this paper, dynamic deformation behaviors of the aluminum alloys such as A12024-T4, A16061T-6 and A17075-T6 under both high strain rate compressive and tensile loading conditions are determined using the SHPB technique.     

High-temperature dynamic deformation of aluminum alloys using SHPB

This paper investigates the dynamic deformation behavior of two aluminum alloys, 2024-T4 and 6061-T6, using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) with a pulse shaper technique at both elevated and room temperatures. An experimental strategy is proposed, and the dynamic deformation behaviors of two alloys are evaluated with the modified high-temperature SHPB apparatus. The experiments were carried out under varying strain rates and temperatures. The reflected waves modulated by the pulse shaper, the flow stress-strain relationships, the strain rates, the front- and back-ends stresses during the dynamic deformation period were measured at varying high temperatures. Experimentally obtained data were used to evaluate the parameters in the material constitutive equation, such as the Johnson-Cook (JC) constitutive model.     

含裂纹板断裂韧度厚度效应的理论与应用

从理论角度对断裂韧度厚度效应进行了研究。在线弹性断裂力学与含裂纹板的二维位移场的基础上,给出分离变量型的具有待定函数的三维位移场的表达式,进而通过几何方程与物理方程获取三维应变场和三维应力场。进一步,通过虚位移原理,使用变分方法建立待定函数所应满足的支配方程与边界条件,从而确定待定函数。基于上述分析,建立一个断裂韧度与试样厚度关系的理论表达式。最后通过两种试验材料LY12CZ(L-T)与TC4(L-T)进行了验证。