激励策略和收益共享契约下四级供应链产品质量控制研究

运用Stackelberg博弈分析模型,研究由供应商、制造商、经销商和顾客组成的四级供应链的产品质量控制策略问题。分析价格折扣、货款首付比例和延期付款三种激励策略与收益共享契约对供应链产品质量控制的影响,并运用最优化理论求解经销商的最优零售价格、制造商和供应商的最优质量水平。结果表明:经销商的零售价格随着收益份额的增大而降低;随着价格折扣的提高,制造商质量水平也会提高,而供应商的质量水平会下降;制造商和供应商的质量水平与货款首付比例和延期付款期限呈反向变化。最后,通过仿真分析验证了上述结论。     

提高供应商质量的企业激励策略研究——以生产制造型企业A公司为例

供应链时代,供应商激励策略的研究成为提高供应商质量的关键问题。以国内输送带制造型企业A公司为例,分析供应商质量不稳定的原因以及对于A公司的影响,在这个基础上研究了提高供应商质量的激励因素并制定实施了相关的供应商激励策略。采用定量分析和定性分析相结合的方式,通过向A公司供应商发放问卷和对A公司员工进行内部访问获得数据,使用统计学的方法分析不同激励策略对于提高供应商质量的影响,以此来确定提高供应商质量的激励策略。研究成果将为中国制造型企业在供应链环境下提高供应商质量提供参考,从而帮助企业提高产品质量和运营效率。     

不确定需求下的两周期电信供应链订货策略

以电信业为背景,在不确定需求下研究了两周期电信供应链的投资决策和订货策略.考虑供应商第1周期投资可以减小第2周期成本,建立了两周期二级供应链订货模型,分析了3种订货策略:集中式供应链订货策略、供应商占主导地位的订货策略和制造商占主导地位的订货策略.分别给出了不同订货策略下的最优订货量和收益分享比例,并比较了不同订货策略下的订货量.结果表明集中式决策下的订货量总是介于2种分散式决策下订货量之间,制造商对订货策略的选择不依赖于供应商的投资行为,而供应商对订货策略的选择依赖于投资所能减小的单位成本的大小.     

基于演化博弈模型的供应链利他偏好动态演进研究

考虑供应链成员利他偏好行为和动态演进特征,分别在线性需求和非线性需求下建立相应的供应链决策模型。首先在短期内通过计算博弈支付矩阵对零供双方的均衡策略进行分析,其次在长期内运用演化博弈理论对零供双方进行单独演化分析、交互演化分析,最后将2种需求条件下供应链成员均衡策略进行比较,进而研究零售商利他偏好对供应链长期决策的影响。研究结果表明,短期内,供应商均衡策略依赖于零售商策略,而零售商均衡策略不受供应商影响且总是采取“偏好利他”策略;长期内,2种需求条件下零供博弈的均衡策略均为供应商采取“激励”策略、零售商采取“偏好利他”策略。此外,零售商利他偏好能提高供应商利润并使零售商实现效用最大化,进一步促进双方合作。     

考虑零售商风险态度的绿色供应链契约协调模型

以风险中性制造商和风险规避零售商组成的绿色供应链为研究对象,考虑风险规避度和产品绿色度等因素,建立了集中决策博弈模型和制造商领导Stackelberg博弈模型。比较了两博弈模型中,产品绿色度、转移价格、产品价格与风险规避度的相互影响,以及风险规避度对制造商利润和零售商效用的影响。研究表明：(1)在集中决策模型中,零售商的单位产品利润和总利润均为零;(2)在制造商领导的Stackelberg博弈模型中,随着零售商风险规避度的提高,产品价格会逐渐降低;制造商领导的Stackelberg博弈模型中的转移价格大于集中决策模型中的转移价格;(3)收益共享契约能够协调绿色供应链。     

基于CVaR准则的供应链协同绿色创新动态优化与协调研究北大核心CSSCI

考虑消费者绿色偏好具有不确定性、产品绿色水平具有动态变化特征的情形,基于CVaR风险度量准则,构建了供应链协同绿色创新的动态优化模型。利用反馈求解法得到不同决策模式下风险规避制造商与风险规避供应商的最优均衡策略,探讨了成员风险规避水平对最优绿色创新策略及供应链绩效的影响。最后,提出双向成本分担契约对供应链进行协调。研究发现：相较于主从博弈,合作博弈下的产品绿色水平及供应链整体绩效水平均有所提高;制造商风险规避行为不利于发展绿色低碳经济,而供应商适度地规避风险可提高供应链整体运作效率;在满足一定条件时,双向成本分担契约的设计与实施能够有效提升产品绿色水平及制造商、供应商和供应链整体的绩效水平。     

竞争供应链环境下制造商扶持供应商的流程创新

基于两个占渠道主导地位的制造商与两个排他性供应商构成的竞争供应链模型,采用博弈理论研究制造商是否帮助其供应商进行流程创新以降低生产成本,分析横向竞争强度、创新投资系数对流程创新选择的影响,并识别流程创新实现上下游双赢的博弈均衡特征和占优均衡。研究发现:若制造商愿意帮助供应商进行流程创新,且横向竞争相对较弱(该竞争强度阀值的大小依赖于创新投资系数),则流程创新是实现上下游双赢的占优均衡策略;当横向竞争非常激烈,制造商的创新投资系数又相对较小,则激烈的横向竞争带来的强负外部性超过流程创新带来的正外部性,制造商会放弃帮助供应商创新,且不帮助供应商创新是制造商的占优均衡策略。     

考虑预售和质量报露的易逝品供应链销售策略研究

针对一个仅存在产品质量信息不对称的供应链系统,考虑需求同时受产品质量和价格影响的情况下供应链的最优决策问题。建立了零售商和制造商的Stackelberg博弈模型,探究零售商的预售决策和制造商的质量披露决策对双方均衡期望收益的影响。结果表明,预售模式下零售商的利润总是优于不采取预售策略的情形。但是对于零售商来说,制造商的质量披露行为会损害其利益;此外,计算得到了制造商进行质量披露的临界质量披露成本。     

基于CVaR准则的供应链协同绿色创新动态优化与协调研究

考虑消费者绿色偏好具有不确定性、产品绿色水平具有动态变化特征的情形,基于CVaR风险度量准则,构建了供应链协同绿色创新的动态优化模型。利用反馈求解法得到不同决策模式下风险规避制造商与风险规避供应商的最优均衡策略,探讨了成员风险规避水平对最优绿色创新策略及供应链绩效的影响。最后,提出双向成本分担契约对供应链进行协调。研究发现:相较于主从博弈,合作博弈下的产品绿色水平及供应链整体绩效水平均有所提高;制造商风险规避行为不利于发展绿色低碳经济,而供应商适度地规避风险可提高供应链整体运作效率;在满足一定条件时,双向成本分担契约的设计与实施能够有效提升产品绿色水平及制造商、供应商和供应链整体的绩效水平。     

考虑损失规避与促销行为的VMI供应链协调契约模型

针对供应商管理库存(VMI)模式下考虑损失规避型供应商与零售商促销行为的二级供应链协调问题,分别分析了分散VMI供应链情形下损失规避型供应商与零售商的最优策略和集中VMI供应链情形下供应链的最优策略,并构建了批发价格-促销成本分担契约下的VMI供应链协调契约模型,并且证明了该供应链协调契约模型的有效性。通过博弈分析得到的结论是:零售商的促销努力水平的提高能够促使损失规避型供应商增加其产品生产量,而损失规避型供应商的产品生产量的增加会促使零售商提高其促销努力水平以便保持市场竞争优势;批发价格契约不能协调此二级VMI供应链;一定条件下批发价格-促销成本分担契约能够协调此二级VMI供应链。     

Incentives for quality improvement efforts coordination in supply chains with partial cost allocation contract

In this paper, we consider quality improvement efforts coordination in a two-stage decentralised supply chain with a partial cost allocation contract. The supply chain consists of one supplier and one manufacturer, both of which produce defective products. Two kinds of failure cost occur within the supply chain: internal and external. The supplier and the manufacturer determine their individual quality levels to maximise their own profits. We propose a partial cost allocation contract, under which the external failure cost is allocated between the manufacturer and the supplier at different rates based on information derived from failure root cause analysis. If the quality levels of the supplier and the manufacturer are observable, we show that the partial cost allocation contract coordinates the supply chain, provided that the failure root cause analysis does not erroneously identify the manufacturer’s fault as the supplier’s, and the supplier does not take responsibility for the manufacture’s fault. In the single moral hazard model, where only the quality level of the supplier is unobservable, the optimal share rates require the supplier to take some responsibility for the manufacture’s fault. However, in the double moral hazard model, where quality levels of the supplier and the manufacturer are unobservable to each other, the optimal share rates require the supplier not to take responsibility for the manufacturer’s fault. It is noted that the root cause analysis conducted by the manufacturer may have its disadvantage in attributing the fault to the supplier when both sides are at fault. We also propose a contract based on the dual root cause analysis to reduce the supplier’s penalty cost. Numerical results illustrate that the partial cost allocation contract satisfies the fairness criterion compared with the traditional cost allocation contract.     

Impact of demand price elasticity on advantages of cooperative advertising in a two-tier supply chain

This paper focuses on pricing and vertical cooperative advertising decisions in a two-tier supply chain. Using a Stackelberg game model where the manufacturer acts as the game leader and the retailer acts as the game follower, we obtain closed-form equilibrium solution and explicitly show how pricing and advertising decisions are made. When market demand decreases exponentially with respect to the retail price and increases with respect to national and local advertising expenditures in an additive way, the manufacturer benefits from providing percentage reimbursement for the retailer’s local advertising expenditure when demand price elasticity is large enough. Whether the manufacturer benefits from cooperative advertising is also closely related to supply chain member’s relative advertising efficiency. In the decision for adopting coop advertising strategy, it is critical for the manufacturer to identify how market demand depends on national and local advertisements. The findings from this research can enhance our understanding of cooperative advertising decisions in a two-tier supply chain with price-dependent demand.     

Coordinating a three-layer supply chain with uncertain demand and random yield

The paper considers a three-layer supply chain involving one raw-material supplier, one manufacturer and one retailer. The market demand is assumed to be stochastic and productions at the raw-material supplier and manufacturer are subject to random yield. The centralised model is studied as the benchmark case. The decentralised model is solved and Nash equilibrium solutions are obtained. It is shown that buyback contract fails to coordinate such a supply chain. However, a composite contract framed combining buyback, and sales rebate and penalty contracts is shown to coordinate the supply chain. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the developed models.     

基于讨价还价博弈的ATO供应链零部件生产及补货策略

通过建立ATO供应链中最终产品制造商与其两个供应商间的讨价还价合作模型,研究了ATO供应链的零部件生产补货策略和相应的利润分配策略,并探讨了供应链中各合作主体议价能力对最优解的影响。研究发现,ATO供应链应随着最终产品销售价格的提高而增加零部件产量,随最终产品组装成本或零部件生产成本的提高而减少零部件产量;随着最终产品制造商对其中一个供应商议价能力的增强,该供应商零部件的转移价格及其利润会降低,而另外一个供应商的零部件转移价格和利润会提高;若最终产品制造商比另外一个供应商的议价能力强,其期望利润会得到提高,反之,则会降低。     

基于VMI的供应链协调模型应用研究

以一个制造商和一个供应商构成的多产品、多阶段供应链为背景,使用多目标规划的方法构造了生产原料平衡、制造商利润和供应商利润等目标函数及其约束条件,建立了供应商管理制造商生产原料库存的供应链协调模型.为验证模型的有效性和可行性,设计了一个应用算例.算例的分析表明:基于VMI的供应链协调模型能够保证各阶段供应商的交付量等于制造商的订购量,使制造商的利润提高,但供应商因实施VMI利润降低了.最后,通过对产品市场价格、原材料价格、生产能力、市场容量等参数的灵敏度分析,找出了供应链各参量的变化规律.     

Horizontal cooperation and information sharing between suppliers in the manufacturer–supplier triad

In this paper, we analyse a collusion and information-sharing problem between two suppliers in a manufacturer–supplier triad. The manufacturer treats one supplier as a strategic supplier and the other as a backup. While the strategic supplier offers modules of good quality but longer lead times, the backup supplier offers modules with inferior quality but shorter lead times. If there are urgent orders, the manufacturer must turn to the backup supplier. However, it is difficult for the manufacturer to estimate whether the urgent supplier has put extra effort into their production. We formulate this problem by assuming that the urgent supplier has either low or high production costs. To take advantage of the competition between two suppliers, the manufacturer can design a contract menu that defines total payment and lead times, under which both suppliers may be worse off. Meanwhile, it is possible for the suppliers to tacitly form a coalition, and to even share the private cost information. We study this problem by formulating it as a three-stage game. Furthermore, we investigate the variation of profits for each part of the supply chain. We find that the manufacturer is worse off when suppliers cooperate or share private information. Both suppliers, however, can benefit from cooperation and information sharing.     

基于补贴与碳税的闭环供应链定价策略

针对由单一制造商、单一零售商和单一第三方组成的闭环供应链,利用Stackelberg博弈,研究了分散决策下基于补贴、碳税、补贴和碳税的奖惩机制决策的闭环供应链定价策略。结果表明,基于补贴和碳税的奖惩机制决策更能有效降低闭环供应链碳排放量、提高回收率。通过数值算例验证了基于补贴和碳税的奖惩机制的有效性。     

Pricing decisions for three-echelon supply chain with advertising and quality effort-dependent fuzzy demand

Simultaneous influence of market power structure, advertising and quality efforts on the optimal pricing decisions and performance of a multi-echelon supply chain under uncertainty have received scant attention in the literature. We focus on this gap by examining a serial decentralised three-echelon supply chain consisting of a supplier, a manufacturer and a retailer. The uncertainty associated with customer demand, marginal production costs and effort costs is expressed as linguistic or fuzzy variables. We analyse centralised supply chain to obtain all benchmark parameters. We investigate four decentralised supply chain cases through fuzzy game theoretic approach. We compare among three Stackelberg games with various supply chain leaderships and a vertical Nash. Our key findings are as follows. First, the manufacturer puts least quality effort while retailer puts least advertising effort when they act as Stackelberg leader in a three-echelon supply chain. Second, supplier's per unit price is governed by the channel leadership in three-echelon supply chain while retail prices are less affected by the leadership. We investigate the impact of fuzzy degree of quality and advertising sensitivity on optimal profit distribution among agents. We present numerical analysis to illustrate the importance of the derived theoretical results and discuss additional managerial insights.     

时间敏感需求下的制造供应链研发协调研究

考虑由一个总装制造商和一个零部件供应商组成的制造供应链,在分别分析了集中系统和分散系统的研发决策的基础上,提出了研发费用分担机制,用博弈论的方法分析了供应商的研发投入决策和制造商的分担政策,探讨了博弈均衡存在的条件和供应链的系统协调性,得出了供应链Pareto有效研发合作方案。研究发现,研发费用分担机制可以刺激研发投入增加,不仅使供应链的利润得到优化,而且可以实现双赢;但这种激励还不足以使研发投入达到最优水平,不能实现供应链的Pareto最优。最后的赋值分析验证了理论分析得到的结论。     

供应商纵向持股对竞争性制造商定价策略的影响

研究供应商对制造商进行持股时,不同的市场结构与持股比例对竞争性制造商定价策略的影响。根据制造商市场地位的差异,构建双寡头领导者、被持股制造商为领导者与未被持股制造商为领导者3种持股模型,运用博弈论中的逆向归纳法求解各模型均衡产量,零售价格及最优利润。研究发现：1)被持股制造商的最优零售价格在自身强势时最高,在竞争对手强势时次之,未被持股制造商的产品价格同时受到持股比例与市场结构的影响;2)持股比例较大时,被持股制造商具有“先动优势”,持股比例较小时,具有“后动优势”,而未被持股制造商的“后动优势”与持股比例无关;3)供应链整体利润随持股比例的增加先升高后降低,社会福利与持股比例呈正相关。