聚合受阻胺对膨胀阻燃聚丙烯性能影响

采用四甲基哌啶胺、乙二胺和三聚氯氰为原料,制备了聚合受阻胺,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱和元素分析进行了表征。将聚合受阻胺添加到多聚磷酸铵(APP)和季戊四醇(PER)复配成的膨胀型阻燃剂中,制备成膨胀阻燃聚丙烯(PP)复合材料。研究了聚合受阻胺用量对膨胀阻燃PP复合材料阻燃性能的影响,并对阻燃协同作用机理进行了初步分析。结果表明,添加少量聚合受阻胺可明显提高膨胀阻燃PP复合材料的阻燃性能,当APP/PER/聚合受阻胺添加量分别为15%,5%和2.0%时,膨胀阻燃PP复合材料的极限氧指数达到28.4%,垂直燃烧达到V–0级。热重分析和热重–质谱联用测试结果表明,聚合受阻胺延迟了复合材料的热降解行为,提高了残炭量,减缓了CO和CO_2的产生速率,体现了自由基捕捉功能。扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱和激光拉曼光谱测试结果表明,添加聚合受阻胺后,复合材料形成更多的膨胀型残炭,且在残炭中C元素的含量提高,保留更多的C—H结构。     

磷酸硼协效膨胀型阻燃剂对聚丙烯阻燃性能的研究

在膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）中添加不同比例的协效剂磷酸硼（BP）制备复合阻燃剂,将复合阻燃剂加入聚丙烯（PP）中,制备阻燃PP复合材料。通过垂直燃烧、极限氧指数测试、锥形量热测试、热重分析和力学性能测试对PP复合材料进行表征。结果表明：BP对IFR具有显著的协同阻燃效果。当添加2%BP和13%IFR时,PP/IFR/BP复合材料（样品4#）阻燃性能最佳,燃烧等级达到V-0,极限氧指数达到30.8%。样品4#的热释放速率峰值、平均热释放速率、总产烟量和总释放热与加入15%IFR的阻燃PP相比,分别降低19.51%、4.40%、34.00%和6.87%,700℃时样品4#的质量保留率增加50%。燃烧过程中,PP/IFR/BP复合材料的硼元素在凝聚相中催化IFR交联成炭,较未添加BP的复合材料,PP/IFR/BP炭层膨胀程度更高且更致密。BP协效剂的添加降低了阻燃剂的添加量,明显提升复合材料的力学性能。     

有机化坡缕石黏土-膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯复合材料的制备及性能

制备了优异阻燃性能(LOI36%)兼具良好力学性能的膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯复合材料OPGS/PA-APP/PP。将有机化坡缕石黏土引入到哌嗪-多聚磷酸铵(PA-APP)膨胀型阻燃(IFR)聚丙烯(PP)复合材料中,通过极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL-94)、热重分析法(TGA)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、通用电子万能试验机研究了有机化坡缕石黏土添加量对PA-APP阻燃聚丙烯复合材料阻燃性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,添加质量分数为2%的有机化坡缕石黏土提高了该复合材料的阻燃性能和力学性能。此外,所制备样品经垂直燃烧测试可达到阻燃V-0级别。实验证明,有机化坡缕石黏土在膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯复合材料中具有明显的协效阻燃作用。     

APP/PER阻燃SEBS/PP共混物的研究

采用APP/PER(IFR)复合膨胀阻燃剂阻燃SEBS/PP体系.通过热重分析、扫描电镜、氧指数和万能拉力试验机等研究IFR对SEBS/PP的阻燃及力学性能的影响.IFR的加入可使体系的残炭量显著增加,当IFR的质量分数为30%时,600℃下SEBS/PP体系的残炭量由未加IFR的1.84%增至14.84%.经IFR阻燃的SEBS/PP在燃烧时形成内部多孔,外部致密的炭层,能有效地抑制聚合物的进一步燃烧.添加30%IFR时,SEBS/PP阻燃体系的氧指数可达27%,并通过UL94V-O测试,其拉伸强度为12.5 MPa,断裂伸长率达到492.6%.     

一种膨胀型阻燃剂阻燃聚丙烯性能的研究

研究了N-P膨胀型阻燃剂(NPR)对聚丙烯(PP)阻燃性能的影响。进行了力学性能测试,并利用热重分析仪、氧指数测定仪、水平-垂直燃烧试验仪对阻燃PP的各项性能进行了进一步的表征。结果表明:当NPR添加量为20%时,PP/NPR复合材料冲击性能最高;当NPR添加量为30%时,PP/NPR复合材料弯曲性能最高;NPR的加入可提高PP/NPR复合材料的热稳定性;添加量超过30%后,复合材料的分解残余量无太大变化,但是NPR过量添加会恶化材料的力学性能;当NPR添加量为40%时,LOI为23.3%,材料无法点燃,达到UL 94V-0级。     

环氧树脂包覆聚磷酸铵-聚丙烯阻燃体系构建

为构建膨胀聚丙烯(PP)阻燃体系,采用原位聚合法制备环氧树脂包覆聚磷酸铵微胶囊(EP-APP)以改善APP与PP材料的相容性,并选用季戊四醇(PER)为成炭剂与EP-APP构成膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR),制备PP/EP-APP/PER阻燃复合材料。以微胶囊的水溶性为指标优化微胶囊包覆工艺,考察了EP-APP与PER质量比和IFR添加量对复合材料的阻燃性能及力学性能的影响,分析了IFR中EP-APP与PER的反应机理。结果表明,当EP加入量为APP质量的10%、固化剂三乙烯四胺(TETA)用量为EP质量的15%时,采用40℃(1 h)+70℃(1 h)的固化反应温度设置,可制得有良好耐水性的EP-APP微胶囊。当IFR质量分数为25%,IFR中EP-APP与PER质量比为3∶1时,制得PP/APP/PER阻燃复合材料的极限氧指数(LOI)达到35.0%,垂直燃烧性能达到UL 94 V-0等级,且复合材料仍能保持较好的拉伸性能。热重分析表明,IFR的分解反应可分为三个阶段：首先是EP-APP受热分解后与PER发生反应,生成含有磷酸酯键的物质;然后是酯类化合物生成稳定的环状酯并释放出H_...     

ADP协效APP/PER阻燃PP的制备及性能

以二乙基次膦酸铝(ADP)为协效剂,与聚磷酸铵(APP)/季戊四醇(PER)传统膨胀型阻燃体系复配,通过熔融共混制备了膨胀阻燃聚丙烯(PP)。采用极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧测试、锥形量热仪、扫描电子显微镜和热重分析研究了阻燃PP的性能及相关作用机制。结果表明,ADP和APP/PER具有很好的协同阻燃作用,它不但可以同时提高阻燃体系的残炭量和炭层质量,有效抑制熔滴,还可以降低燃烧过程中的生烟量,是更加绿色的阻燃体系。当阻燃体系的总添加量为24%,APP/PER和ADP的质量比为6∶1时,阻燃PP的LOI可达到29.8%,垂直燃烧等级为V–0级,且生烟性比不添加ADP的体系下降了76.9%。阻燃机理研究表明,该体系是以凝聚相为主的凝聚相和气相协同阻燃机制。     

MPOP/TPP/PER复合阻燃剂对PP燃烧行为的影响

采用熔融共混法制备了聚丙烯/三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐/磷酸三苯酯(PP/MPOP/TPP)和聚丙烯/三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐/磷酸三苯酯/季戊四醇(PP/MPOP/TPP/PER)复合材料,研究了不同阻燃组分配比对PP燃烧行为的影响。结果表明:当MPOP/TPP复合阻燃剂的添加量为30份、MPOP与TPP的质量比为20/10时,PP/MPOP/TPP复合材料的热稳定性下降,但其阻燃性能有一定程度的提高。在该体系中添加7.5份PER,当复合阻燃剂FR(MPOP/TPP=20/10)与PER的配比为22.5/7.5时,材料的热稳定性下降,但成炭效果增加,极限氧指数(LOI)达到22.6%,较纯PP提高了26.97%;同时材料的热释放速率、总释热量、有效燃烧热和有害气体的产率均明显减小,PP/MPOP/TPP/PER阻燃复合材料的阻燃性能显著提高。     

羟基锡酸锌/MPP-PER协同阻燃聚丙烯的性能研究

将三聚氰胺磷酸盐(MPP)、季戊四醇(PER)用于聚丙烯(PP)阻燃改性，研究了羟基锡酸锌(ZHS)对PP抑烟效果的影响。采用极限氧指数(LOI)、UL-94燃烧等级测试、烟密度、锥量测试分析了阻燃PP复合材料的阻燃性能。结果表明，MPP-PER复配能起到较好的阻燃协同作用，能有效提升聚丙烯复合材料的阻燃性能；ZHS的加入能显著降低聚丙烯复合材料的产烟量。当MPP-PER阻燃剂添加量为26%,ZHS的添加量为3%时，LOI达25.1%,UL-94通过V-2级(1.6 mm),燃烧最大比光密度(Ds_max)相比于纯PP降低了23.7%。     

聚磷酸三聚氰胺/季戊四醇膨胀型阻燃剂在天然橡胶中的应用

研究了膨胀型阻燃剂聚磷酸三聚氰胺（MPP）/季戊四醇（PER）对天然橡胶（NR）硫化胶的阻燃性能、热稳定性能、残炭形貌及力学性能的影响。结果表明,MPP/PER对NR硫化胶具有很好的阻燃效果,能有效提高NR复合材料的极限氧指数和热稳定性能,降低NR硫化胶的热释放速率,使NR硫化胶的燃烧过程变得稳定;当MPP/PER燃烧时可在NR硫化胶表面形成连续、致密且可隔绝氧气和热量的膨胀炭层;增加MPP/PER的总加入量会对NR硫化胶的力学性能造成一定的负面影响。     

Flame retardation and thermal degradation of intumescent flame‐retarded polypropylene composites containing spirophosphoryldicyandiamide and ammonium polyphosphate

A novel halogen‐free intumescent flame retardant, spirophosphoryldicyandiamide (SPDC), was synthesized and combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to produce a compound intumescent flame retardant (IFR). This material was used in polypropylene (PP) to obtain IFR‐PP systems whose flammability and thermal behavior were studied by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, UL‐94, thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimetry. In addition, the mechanical properties of the systems were investigated. The results indicated that the compound intumescent flame retardant showed both excellent flame retardancy and antidripping ability for PP when the two main components of the IFR coexisted in appropriate proportions. The optimum flame retardant formulation was SPDC:APP = 3:1, which gave an LOI value of 38.5 and a UL‐94 V‐0 rating. Moreover, the heat release rate, production of CO, smoke production rate, and mass loss rate of the IFR‐PP with the optimum formulation decreased significantly relative to those of pure PP, according to the cone calorimeter analysis. The char residues from the cone calorimetry experiments were observed by scanning electron microscopy, which showed that a homogeneous and compact intumescent char layer was formed. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

新型成炭剂对PE-LD阻燃性能的影响

以多聚磷酸铵（APP）与新型成炭剂（CNCH-DA）复配成新型膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）,采用氧指数测定仪、垂直燃烧测定仪、微型量热仪、热重分析仪和扫描电子显微镜研究了CNCH-DA 对低密度聚乙烯（PE-LD）/IFR复合材料阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,当APP与CNCH-DA以质量比5:1复配时,PE-LD/IFR复合材料的极限氧指数达到27.5 %,且达到UL 94 V-0级;当APP与CNCH-DA复配后,PE-LD的燃烧性能下降;APP与CNCH-DA复配后,PE-LD/IFR复合材料的热降解有所推迟;PE-LD/IFR在燃烧后能形成致密且蓬松的炭层,起到良好的阻燃效果,而PE-LD/CNCH-DA则形成蓬松而不致密的微球,阻隔能力差。     

PP-g-MAH增容膨胀阻燃聚丙烯体系的研究

利用熔融共混制备了聚丙烯/膨胀型阻燃剂/马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯(PP/IFR/PP-g-MAH)阻燃复合材料。通过极限氧指数、热重分析、扫描电子显微镜及力学性能测试研究了PP-g-MAH对阻燃复合材料的阻燃性、热稳定性、微观形貌及力学性能的影响。结果表明,PP-g-MAH作为相容剂,当添加5 %的PP-g-MAH时,复合材料的极限氧指数达到30 %, 垂直燃烧达到UL 94 V-0级;随着PP-g-MAH含量的增加,阻燃剂和基体PP之间的界面作用力提高,体系的拉伸强度和弯曲强度均有提升,冲击强度减小幅度不大;与未加PP-g-MAH的复合材料相比,添加相容剂的复合材料成炭率明显提高。     

硅酮粉协同膨胀阻燃剂阻燃HIPS研究

通过熔融共混制备硅酮粉(GM)协同膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)阻燃的高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)复合材料,并通过红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、热重分析、X射线衍射以及电子拉力机等对材料和残炭进行表征.结果表明:与只加入IFR相比,GM的加入能明显提升阻燃材料的力学性能,改善IFR与HIPS的相容性,有效提高HIPS的阻燃性能.当加入...     

Synergistic effects of dual imidazolium polyoxometalates on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene

The role of dual imidazolium polyoxometalates (POMs) in the flame retardancy of polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant (PP/IFR) composites was studied. The results showed that the structures of dual imidazolium POMs have a great effect on the flame retardancy of PP composites. The dual imidazolium POMs based on an ethyl group (EMIPMA) obtain the best flame retardant efficiency. With 15.5 wt % IFR and 0.5 wt % EMIPMA, the PP composites reach a limiting oxygen index of 25.7 and the UL‐94 V‐0 standard. However, the dual imidazolium POMs containing a butyl (BMIPMA) or hexyl (HMIPMA) group cannot achieve the UL‐94 V‐0 standard at the same formulation. Dual imidazolium POMs not only promote the formation of good char, but also induce the formation of intumescent char with a hierarchical and microporous structure that helps to prevent gas and heat from transferring from the flame to the resin. Therefore, the flame retardancy of PP/IFR composites is improved. However, excessive combustible components produced by BMIPMA or HMIPMA deteriorate the flame retardancy of PP/IFR composites. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45491.     

Influence of polyamide 6 as a charring agent on the flame retardancy,thermal, and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites

In this work, polyamide 6 (PA6) as a charring agent has been used in combination with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)‐microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MTAPP) forming intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) which applies in polypropylene (PP). The effects of the IFRs on the flame retardancy, morphology of char layers, water resistance, thermal properties and mechanical properties of flame‐retardant PP composites are investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical properties test. The results show that the PP/MTAPP/PA6 composites exhibit much better flame‐retardant performances than the PP/MTAPP composites. The higher LOI values and UL‐94 V‐2 of the PP/MTAPP composites with suitable amount of PA6 are obtained, which is attributed to the thick and compact char layer structure evidenced by SEM. The results from TGA and DSC demonstrate that the introduction of PA6 into PP/MTAPP composites has a great effect on the thermal stability and crystallization behaviors of the composites. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of PP/MTAPP/PA6 composites are also improved greatly due to the presence of PA6 as a charring agent. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1355–1360, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Influence of the pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt content on the combustion and thermal decomposition process of intumescent flame‐retardant ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer composites

Pentaerythritol phosphate melamine salt (PPMS) as a single‐molecule intumescent fire retardant was synthesized and characterized. The influence of the PPMS content on the combustion and thermal decomposition processes of intumescent‐flame‐retardant (IFR) ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) composites was studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurement, UL 94 rating testing, cone calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The LOI and UL 94 rating results illustrate that PPMS used in EVA improved the flame retardancy of the EVA composites. The cone calorimetry test results show that the addition of PPMS significantly decreased the heat‐release rate, total heat release, and smoke‐production rate and enhanced the residual char fire performance of the EVA composites. The IFR–EVA3 composite showed the lowest heat‐release and smoke‐production rates and the highest char residue; this means that the IFR–EVA3 composite had the best flame retardancy. The thermogravimetry results show that the IFR–EVA composites had more residual char than pure EVA; the char residue yield increased with increasing PPMS content. The analysis results for the char residue structures also illustrated that the addition of PPMS into the EVA resin helped to enhance the fire properties of the char layer and improve the flame retardancy of the EVA composites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42148.     

Flame Retardancy and Thermal Performance of Polypropylene Treated With the Intumescent Flame Retardant,Piperazine Spirocyclic Phosphoramidate

Piperazine spirocyclic phosphoramidate (PSP), a novel halogen‐free intumescent flame retardant, was synthesized and used to improve the flame retardancy and dripping resistance of polypropylene (PP) combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and a triazine polymer charring‐foaming agent (CFA). The optimum flame‐retardant formulation was PSP:APP:CFA = 3:6:2 (weight ratio). The flammability and thermal behavior of the (intumescent flame‐retardant)‐PP (IFR‐PP) were investigated via limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests (UL‐94), thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimetry (CONE). The results indicated that the IFR‐PP had both excellent flame retardancy and anti‐dripping ability. The optimum flame‐retardant formulation gave an LOI value of 39.8 and a UL‐94 V‐0 rating to PP. Moreover, both the heat release rate and the total heat release of the IFR‐PP with the optimum formulation decreased significantly relative to those of pure PP, according to the cone calorimeter analyses. The residues of IFR‐PP obtained after CONE tests were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and it was found that the char yield was directly related to the flame retardancy and anti‐dripping behavior of the treated PP. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 20:10–15, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

三嗪膨胀阻燃剂/硅酸镁协效阻燃TPU的制备及性能研究

以三嗪成炭发泡剂（CFA）及聚磷酸铵（APP）复配成膨胀阻燃剂(IFR),以硅酸镁(MgSiO3)为协效剂添加到热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)中制备阻燃TPU材料,研究了阻燃TPU材料的阻燃性能、力学性能、热降解行为和炭层的表面形貌。结果表明,纯TPU材料的极限氧指数仅为22.0 %,在空气中极易燃烧,当IFR添加量为28 %（质量分数,下同）,MgSiO3添加量5 %时,材料的极限氧指数提高到37.1 %,通过UL 94 V-0级,表现出很好的阻燃效果;但是IFR/MgSiO3的加入使材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率明显下降,也使得TPU材料的起始热分解温度提前,最大热降解速率峰值降低,同时材料的残炭量得到了很大程度的提高。     

有机-金属杂化化合物阻燃聚丙烯的研究

将有机-金属杂化三嗪化合物（SCTCFA-ZnO）与聚磷酸铵（APP）复配制备了膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）,通过极限氧指数测试、垂直燃烧测试、锥形量热分析、热失重分析和扫描电子显微镜分析等表征方法研究了SCTCFA-ZnO/APP的协同作用对PP复合材料阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,APP与SCTCFA-ZnO复配可以有提高PP材料的阻燃性能,当IFR的添加量为25 %（质量分数,下同）,且APP/SCTCFA-ZnO的质量比为2/1时,复合材料的极限氧指数最高,达到31.1 %,达到UL 94 V-0级;IFR可提高复合体系的温热稳定性,阻燃复合材料燃烧后会形成一层致密、连续的炭层,从而起到良好的阻燃效果。