N含量对Cr-Mo-V系超低碳贝氏体钢组织性能和析出行为的影响EI北大核心CSCD

通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等实验方法,研究了三种不同N含量的超低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织和析出相的成分、尺寸、形貌以及分布等特征。结果表明:低氮含量的钢组织为粒状贝氏体,高氮含量的钢组织为粒状贝氏体+少量的针状铁素体。当实验钢中V/N比为3.4时,通过细晶强化和沉淀强化综合作用,可以使材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别增加231MPa和95MPa。与氮含量低的钢相比,高氮含量的钢具有更细小的贝氏体铁素体板条亚结构,且析出相尺寸减小,体积分数增加。基体中存在两种尺寸的纳米级析出相:一种尺寸在10～15nm之间,为V(C,N)析出相,弥散分布在贝氏体板条内部;另一种是含有Cr和V尺寸在10nm以下,具有面心立方结构的(V,Cr)(C,N)复合析出相。     

N含量对Cr-Mo-V系超低碳贝氏体钢组织性能和析出行为的影响

通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等实验方法,研究了三种不同N含量的超低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织和析出相的成分、尺寸、形貌以及分布等特征。结果表明:低氮含量的钢组织为粒状贝氏体,高氮含量的钢组织为粒状贝氏体+少量的针状铁素体。当实验钢中V/N比为3.4时,通过细晶强化和沉淀强化综合作用,可以使材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别增加231MPa和95MPa。与氮含量低的钢相比,高氮含量的钢具有更细小的贝氏体铁素体板条亚结构,且析出相尺寸减小,体积分数增加。基体中存在两种尺寸的纳米级析出相:一种尺寸在10～15nm之间,为V(C,N)析出相,弥散分布在贝氏体板条内部;另一种是含有Cr和V尺寸在10nm以下,具有面心立方结构的(V,Cr)(C,N)复合析出相。     

超快冷对碳素钢中渗碳体析出强化行为的影响*

用超快速冷却技术并控制轧后冷却温度, 研究了3种碳含量不同的碳素钢热轧后组织中渗碳体的析出行为和强化机制。结果表明, 在超快速冷却条件下0.04%C和0.5%C(质量分数, 下同)实验钢的主要强化方式分别是细化晶粒和细化珠光体片层间距, 没有纳米级渗碳体颗粒析出, 而在0.17%C实验钢的组织中则有大量弥散的纳米级渗碳体析出, 颗粒直径范围为10-100 nm, 通过超快速冷却技术实现了在不添加微合金元素的条件下纳米级渗碳体的析出。随着超快速冷却终冷温度的降低纳米渗碳体的析出强化作用使0.17%C钢的屈服强度提高110 MPa, 强化效果明显。在超快速冷却的工艺基础上若继续采用形变热处理工艺, 可进一步提高0.17%C实验钢的位错密度, 促进渗碳体均匀形核, 实现纳米级渗碳体颗粒在整个组织中更加均匀弥散的分布, 达到更好的均匀强化效果。在超快速冷却和形变热处理工艺条件下0.17%C钢的屈服强度可达到650 MPa以上, 强化效果提高300 MPa以上。     

低碳钒微合金钢的淬透性研究

利用钢-淬透性的末端淬火实验,结合碳化钒的析出热力学计算,研究V对低碳钢淬透性的影响。结果表明:随着V含量的增加,实验钢的淬透性提高。VC的热力学计算结果表明,在880℃淬火温度下,0.22C钢中固溶V含量随着钢中添加的V含量增加而增加。当钢中添加V含量大于0.137%(质量分数)时,VC将在奥氏体中析出,固溶C含量开始减少。综合考虑固溶C含量、固溶V含量及原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸等因素,对实验钢理想临界直径进行计算,发现理想临界直径的变化趋势与末端淬火实验结果相吻合。     

微合金化3.5Ni钢的强化机理

从固溶强化、析出强化和细晶强化三个方面对微合金化 3.5Ni 钢的强化机理进行了分析研究,同时计算了三种强化方式对强度的贡献.结果表明:3.5Ni 钢进行 Nb,Ti微合金化后,通过适当的工艺控制,钢中可以析出较多均匀细小的 Nb(C,N),NbTi(C,N) 球形颗粒和 TiN 方形颗粒.这些细小粒子一方面产生析出强化的效果;另一方面钉扎奥氏体晶界,阻止晶粒长大,从而产生强烈的细晶强化效果.强度的理论计算值和实测值非常接近,同时,与国家标准 CCS1996 <钢质海船入级与建造规范>中的要求相比,有超过 20% 的余量.     

Nb、Ti微合金钢中碳氮化物固溶与再析出的研究

利用光学显微镜(OM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了再加热温度、奥氏体区变形温度和组织转变温度的变化对Nb、Ti微合金钢组织性能及其碳氮化物固溶与再析出行为的影响。结果表明:钢中加入铌,主要利用铌的碳氮化物在奥氏体形变过程中的再析出,抑制形变奥氏体的再结晶,在随后的组织演变过程中细化了组织;而钢中加入较高含量的钛,主要利用钛的碳化物在铁素体中的析出,产生明显的沉淀强化作用。这主要是铌、钛的碳氮化物固溶后,在奥氏体和铁素体中再析出的不同所造成的。钢中复合加入Nb-Ti后既起到细化晶粒的作用,又起到析出强化的作用。细晶强化既提高钢的强度又提高钢的韧性,但沉淀强化在大幅提高钢的强度的同时恶化了钢的韧性。     

超高强度船体结构钢的开发现状与趋势

为了给超超高强度船体结构钢的开发提供理论指导,从性能要求、强韧化机制和焊接性几个方面综述了超高强度船体结构钢的特征,结合国内外超高强度船体结构钢的开发现状,阐述了强化机制的调整是超高强度船体结构钢总体的发展趋势,其中以析出强化的增加为主要特点.通过分析各种析出强化粒子的引入在高强钢中的作用特点,认为综合考虑析出粒子的引入带来的细晶优化效果、组织转变优化效果与析出强化效果对韧性的影响是超高强度船体结构钢开发的技术难点之一,同时保持良好的焊接性是超高强度船体结构钢开发的另一技术难点.     

高级别管线钢板的组织特征与析出强化

利用扫描电镜、透射电镜对炉卷轧机生产的高级别X70,X80管线钢板的显微组织与析出相进行了观察与分析,并对管线钢板组织中碳氮化物析出相的成分、相结构以及粒度分布进行了定量分析,并采用Ashby-Orowan修正模型对析出粒子的强化贡献进行了理论计算.结果表明:X70,X80管线钢板的组织以针状铁素体为主,其高密度位错与交叉分布的大角度晶界特点保证了管线钢的高强韧性;X70,X80管线钢板中的析出相主要有两种类型,一种为尺寸较小的NbC析出相(1～30 nm),另一种为尺寸较大的(Ti,Nb)(C,N)复合析出相(50～300 nm),两种类型均为面心立方结构;生产工艺对析出相的粒度分布有明显影响,避开900～950 ℃碳氮化物的快速析出温度区间,以及适当增加冷却速度可以有效提高20 nm以下的析出粒子体积分数,细化析出物尺寸,从而提高析出强化对屈服强度的贡献.     

Nb、Ti微合金钢中碳氮化物固溶与再析出的研究

利用光学显微镜(OM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了再加热温度、奥氏体区变形温度和组织转变温度的变化对Nb、Ti微合金钢组织性能及其碳氮化物固溶与再析出行为的影响.结果表明:钢中加入铌,主要利用铌的碳氮化物在奥氏体形变过程中的再析出,抑制形变奥氏体的再结晶,在随后的组织演变过程中细化了组织;而钢中加入较高含量的钛,主要利用钛的碳化物在铁素体中的析出,产生明显的沉淀强化作用.这主要是铌、钛的碳氮化物固溶后,在奥氏体和铁素体中再析出的不同所造成的.钢中复合加入Nb-Ti后既起到细化晶粒的作用,又起到析出强化的作用.细晶强化既提高钢的强度又提高钢的韧性,但沉淀强化在大幅提高钢的强度的同时恶化了钢的韧性.     

Cr含量降低对H13钢组织与力学性能的影响

对比了Cr含量降低为3%的3Cr-H13钢与Cr含量为5%的传统H13钢性能的差异,利用SEM、TEM、XRD进行微观组织与相组成分析,研究了Cr对H13钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,Cr含量的降低明显提高了H13钢的回火稳定性与高温强度,其原因主要与回火组织中马氏体的回复程度及二次析出碳化物的种类有关。传统H13钢在650℃回火时,马氏体基本回复完全,基体强度明显下降,并在原马氏体板条界和晶界上析出了较多的尺寸为120nm左右的近球形Cr7C3和M6C型碳化物,第二相强化效果降低;而Cr含量降低为3%的3Cr-H13钢在650℃回火后,基体依然为板条马氏体,板条内保持较高的位错密度,同时板条内析出的大量细小弥散的短棒状VC,在起到弥散强化作用的同时还钉扎位错,推迟了马氏体的回复,从而提高了高温性能。     

Influence of grain refining elements on mechanical properties of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel weldments – Taguchi approach

The effect of grain refining elements such as copper, titanium and aluminum on transverse tensile strength, ductility, impact toughness, microhardness and austenite content of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel welds through Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process in as-welded condition was studied. Taguchi method was used to optimize the weight percentage of copper, titanium and aluminum for maximizing the mechanical properties and austenite content in the weld region of ferritic stainless steel welds. Based on Taguchi orthogonal array the regression equations were developed for predicting the mechanical properties of ferritic stainless steel welds within the range of grain refining elements. The observed mechanical properties and austenite content have been correlated with microstructure and fracture features.     

The effect of titanium and reheating temperature on the microstructure and strength of plain-carbon,vanadium- and niobium-microalloyed steels

A series of plain-carbon, vanadium- and niobium-microalloyed steels with or without titanium addition were used to evaluate the effect of a small amount of titanium addition on the properties of steels. Titanium inhibits austenite grain coarsening during reheating and grain refinement was observed when the reheating temperature was below the austenite grain coarsening temperature. The lower the reheating temperature, the less was the observed precipitation strengthening effect of V(C, N). The addition of titanium to microalloyed steels reduces the precipitation strengthening effect of V(C, N) but has no visible effect on that of Nb(C, N). The mechanism of reducing the strengthening effect of V(C, N) is possibly caused by the depletion of available nitrogen content for V(C, N) formation.     

304不锈钢局部干法水下激光填丝焊接工艺及焊缝性能研究

目的 采用自主研制的水下激光填丝焊接装备,在304奥氏体不锈钢板材表面进行U形坡口激光填丝焊接试验,为304不锈钢水下修复工作提供技术参考。方法 在功率为5 600 W、焊接速度为6 mm/s、送丝速度为205 cm/min、保护气体流量为15 L/min、排水气体流量为30 L/min的条件下进行焊接试验,并对空气和水下环境下的焊缝进行对比检测分析。通过光学显微镜分析2种环境下焊缝的显微组织;对2种焊缝进行拉伸、弯曲等力学性能测试;采用显微硬度计测试1 kg载荷下不同区域的显微硬度;使用VersaSTAT3F电化学工作站测定在3.5%（质量分数）的NaCl溶液中2种焊缝的开路电位和极化曲线。结果 2种环境下的焊缝均无明显裂纹、气孔等缺陷;显微组织主要由奥氏体和铁素体组成,但2种环境下焊缝的奥氏体晶粒大小和铁素体形状均略有差别,焊缝拉伸断口均为典型的韧性断裂形貌且抗拉强度符合304不锈钢标准。2种环境下焊缝的微观组织和晶粒大小不同,水下焊缝硬度高于空气的。通过分析2种环境下焊缝的开路电位和极化曲线,可知水下焊缝的耐腐蚀性略高。结论 所开发的局部干法水下激光填丝焊接工艺可以满足实际工程中...     

The effect of deformation-induced-ferrite-transformation on nanometre-sized carbides in Ti–Mo ferritic steel

In this study, the effect of deformation-induced-ferrite-transformation (DIFT) rolling on precipitation in Ti–Mo ferrite matrix micro-alloyed steel was investigated by comparing to rolling in austenite non-recrystallisation region. The precipitate volume fraction and precipitation-starting time-temperature (PTT) curves under two kinds of process were calculated by thermodynamic and kinetic calculation, and the effects of non-recrystallisation rolling and DIFT rolling on the contribution of strengthening mechanisms were quantitatively analysed. The results showed that comparing with rolling in the austenite non-recrystallisation region, carbides in the steel by DIFT rolling were finer and more uniform. Moreover, DIFT rolling could enhance fine grain strengthening and precipitation strengthening simultaneously, and the increments of fine grain and precipitation strengthening were 34 and 63.7?MPa, respectively.     

Microstructure of as-quenched 3.5NiCrMoV rotor steel. Part I. General structure and retained austenite

The microstructural features have been examined for 3.5NiCrMoV steam turbine rotor steel, in the as-quenched state and tempered at 500 °C. Quenching produces lath martensite, with bands of retained austenite at the lath boundaries and, to a lesser extent, at prior austenite grain-boundaries. Autotempering occurs during the quench, resulting in loss of tetragonality of the martensite and extensive carbide precipitation in the matrix and to a lesser degree at prior austenite grain boundaries, but not at lath boundaries. Tempering at 500 °C leaves the lath structure largely intact, but causes retained austenite to transform to bands of ferrite and cementite. This transformation does not correlate with the reduction in stress corrosion crack velocity which occurs on tempering. The strength of 3.5NiCrMoV steel in the as-quenched and 500 °C tempered conditions is most probably due to the combination of carbide precipitation strengthening and substructure strengthening.     

A study of the solid–liquid interface in cobalt base alloy (Stellite) coatings deposited by fusion welding (TIG)

Microstructural features present at the interface between a weld deposited Stellite 6 hard facing and an austenitic stainless steel substrate are described. Elemental X-ray maps indicate that diffusion of carbon from the liquid Stellite to the austenitic stainless steel takes place along grain boundaries resulting in the formation of chromium carbide “arms” that penetrate along the austenite grain boundaries in the interfacial region.     

Effect of nitrogen and vanadium on austenite grain growth kinetics of a low alloy steel

Austenite grain growth kinetics in a steel containing 0.4% C, 1.8% Cr with different nitrogen contents (in the range 0.0038–0.0412%) and a micralloying addition of 0.078% V were investigated. The investigations were carried out in an austenitising temperature range of 840–1200 °C for 30 min. The results of investigations showed that N promotes the grain growth of austenite. The microalloying addition of vanadium protects the austenite grain growth because of carbonitride V(C,N) precipitation and the grain boundary pinning effect of undissolved particles of V(C,N). Using a thermodynamic model, the carbonitride V(C,N) content, undissolved at the austenitising temperature was calculated. At temperatures when a coarsening and dissolution of carbonitride occurs, the austenite grains start to growth. The effect of nitrogen on the type of chord length distribution of austenite grains was analysed.     

Effects of precipitates on strength and toughness of vanadium structural steels

Abstract

The effects of precipitates formed by the addition of vanadium, nitrogen, and aluminium on the strength and toughness in 0·15%C steels were studied by cooling suitable steels at varying rates from temperatures giving a constant austenite grain size. Yield strength increments resulting from precipitation were derived from the experimental results. Similar increments were produced by vanadium carbide (VC) and vanadium carbonitride (V(C,N)) and in each case a reduction in cooling rate resulted in reduced strengthening because of increased particle coarsening. In the presence of aluminium rather less strengthening was obtained from V(C,N) precipitates. No strengthening resulted from the presence of aluminium nitride (AIN) particles. When the carbon content of the steel is greatly in excess of the stoichiometric quantity, the carbonitride formed is relatively low in nitrogen and the yield strength increments caused by low nitrogen V(C,N) and VC are similar. Impact transition temperature increments resulting from precipitation were also derived from the experimental data. These showed that V(C,N) precipitates are less detrimental to transition temperatures than are VC precipitates giving comparable yield strength increments. Shelf energies were also reduced to a greater extent by VC than by V(C,N). The presence of AIN particles had little effect on shelf energy, but had a detrimental effect on transition temperature. The high nitrogen V(C,N) precipitates are less detrimental to both impact transition temperatures and upper shelf energies of the steels than are low nitrogen V(C,N) or VC precipitates. Removal of soluble nitrogen in the form of nitrides has been confirmed as a means of improving the toughness of steels. Aluminium has been found to be more effective than vanadium in the removal of soluble nitrogen.

MST/935