Phase-only adaptive Processing based on a direct data domain least squares approach using the conjugate gradient method

Generally, adaptive antenna arrays operate by changing the complex adaptive weights consisting of both magnitudes and phases applied at each of the antenna elements. However, it is easier to require the adaptive weights have only phase variation with a fixed magnitude at each of the antenna elements. Hence, This work addresses the phase only adaptive systems whose weights have a fixed magnitude through a new phase only adaptive method based on a direct data domain least squares approach (D/sup 3/LS), which utilize only a single snapshot of the data for adaptive processing.     

Simultaneous nulling in the sum and difference patterns of a monopulse antenna

Most adaptive array research has not directly addressed the problem of nulling in a monopulse antenna. Placing a null in the sum does not automatically place a null in the difference pattern and vice versa. Nulls may be placed in the two patterns with the use of separate adaptive weights and controls for the sum and difference channels. However, this requires two sets of adaptive hardware for one antenna. A technique for simultaneous hulling in the sum and difference channels of a monopulse phased array using one set of adaptive weights shared by both channels is described. First, the technique is described for amplitude and phase nulling, then for phase only hulling. In each case, the ability to simultaneously null in both channels with one set of variable weights is theoretically demonstrated.     

一种基于面阵的旁瓣对消方法

目前基于阵列的旁瓣对消方法,主要是通过自适应算法对各阵元进行幅度和相位加权,使得阵列波束图在于扰方向上形成零陷,即可对该方向上的干扰进行抑制。由于利用了自适应算法,所以随着阵元数的增多,该算法的硬件实现将越来越难,甚至会导致算法失效。以面阵为倒,提出了两种在干扰来波方向上快速形成零陷的方法。这两种方法摒弃了以往方法中的自适应权值求取过程,只需要利用事先求取好的权值对选定的阵元进行加权处理,极大地增强了系统的实时处理能力。另外,两种方法形成的零陷足够深且宽,对主瓣没有影响。     

Independent null steering in the sum and difference patterns of antenna arrays using real weights

A method for steering nulls in the sum and difference patterns of a phased linear antenna array using only real weights is introduced. The proposed method decouples the weights so that a given jammer is associated with a given weight value. A change in the jammer's direction changes only its corresponding weight value without affecting the other nulls. The main beam is steered independently using a progressive phase shift. This allows the signal-to-jammer power ratio to be maximized with relative ease. The drawback of this method is that the number of jammers that can be nulled will be reduced to about a quarter of the number of array elements.     

Pattern Synthesis of Conformal Array Antenna in the Presence of Platform Using Differential Evolution Algorithm

A synthesis method based on differential evolution algorithm is proposed for conformal antenna arrays in the presence of platform. With the desired phase weights determined by the scan angle and array geometry, the amplitude weights of elements are optimized by differential evolution algorithm to drive down the side-lobes. Both the effect of platform on radiation pattern of conformal array and the mutual coupling between the elements are taken into account by calculating the antenna array and platform simultaneously using the method of moment. Application of adaptive integral method reduces the storage and computation time needed by the method of moments.     

基于混合遗传算法的唯相位直接数据域算法

提出一种基于混合遗传算法的唯相位直接数据域最小二乘算法.通过采用标准遗传算法与Neider-Mead单纯形法相结合的混合遗传算法,提高了优化效率和运算速度.首先根据标准直接数据域算法推导得出目标函数,继而将目标函数作为适应度函数,将所有自适应权值的未知相位作为决策变量,通过混合遗传算法进行非线性优化,从而求得各个自适应权值的优化解.作为一种唯相位自适应算法,它在硬件实现上比传统算法更具简单性.同时,它只对单快拍数据进行处理,避免了样本协方差矩阵的构造以及矩阵求逆运算,更适合于实时处理.仿真结果表明,算法具有良好的信号恢复和干扰置零性能,比基于非线性其轭梯度法的唯相位直接数据域算法性能更优.     

A new spatio-temporal equalization method based on estimatedchannel response

This paper proposes a new spatio-temporal equalization method, which simultaneously utilizes an adaptive antenna array and a decision feedback equalizer (DFE). For effective spatio-temporal equalization with less computational cost, how to split equalization functionality into spatial processing, and temporal processing is quite important. One of the answers which we have given is “incoming signals with larger time delays should be cancelled at the spatial equalization part.” The weights of both adaptive antenna array elements and taps of DFE are calculated only using the estimated channel impulse response, therefore, it requires no information on direction of arrival (DoA). We show the performance of the proposed system in multipath fading channels often encountered in indoor wireless environments and discuss the attainable bit error rate (BER), antenna patterns, and the computational complexity in comparison with other equalization methods such as spatial equalization and temporal equalization     

Nonlinear optimization for adaptive antenna array receivers with a small data‐record size

Design of a nonlinear adaptive antenna array receiver is a challenging task in wireless communications due to the limited number of antenna elements and the presence of correlated signals, which directly affect the performance of an antenna array. More importantly, a conventional nonlinear array receiver is often associated with a high computational complexity that undermines its applicability in practice. In this paper, we present a new approach to adaptive beamforming receiver that provides superior performance in antenna array overloading and in the presence of correlated signals with a low complexity. In particular, the proposed receiver requires a small data‐record size to estimate the beamformer weights, which is beneficial in applications with fast fading channels. Simulation examples illustrate the performance improvement of the proposed array receiver when it is compared to the conventional beamformers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatial correlations in adaptive arrays

A receiving array antenna can steer its main beam toward any direction by adjusting the complex weight in each element. However it cannot always steer one beam and one null toward two prespecified directions simultaneously with a single set of weights. The ability for an array to steer one beam and one or more nulls simultaneously is determined by five factors: 1) element positions, 2) orientations of elements, 3) antenna patterns of elements, 4) polarizations of signals, and 5) directions of the beams and/or nulls. A coefficient is defined, called spatial correlation, which includes these factors and completely characterizes array beam pointing and nulling. Its application to adaptive arrays is demonstrated. The adaptive array performance is dominated by this coefficient and can be improved by properly choosing the first three factors. Several examples on the selection of element placement in adaptive arrays are presented.     

Null steering by real-weight control-a method of decoupling theweights

A method for independent steering of each null in the radiation pattern of a linear antenna array using real weight control is introduced. The method depends on decoupling the weights such that each real weight is associated with a given null. It has the capability of tracking the direction of jammers by changing only the weight corresponding to each jammer. Phase shifters are used solely to steer the main beam in the direction of the desired signal. The price for using this method is that the number of steerable nulls is equal to or less than half of the total number of array elements     

Generating a plane wave with a linear array of line sources

Creating a plane wave across an antenna under test is important for accurate antenna measurements. This paper optimizes the location and weightings of an array of line sources in order to approximate a plane wave at a given location in space. The amplitude and phase ripples across a desired test aperture are optimized to be much less than that of a uniform array with the same number of elements. Results are presented for a nine-element array with optimized amplitude and phase weights, with optimized weights and spacing in the x-direction, and with optimized weights and spacing in the x and z directions. The optimized approximate plane wave is a significant improvement over a uniform array or a single line source.     

大型宽带相控阵天线子阵级延时器误差分析及补偿

子阵级使用延时器是改善宽带相控阵天线波束性能常用的技术途径。在对延时器电性能误差特性分析的基础上,提出采用次级子阵延时器联合TR通道移相器和衰减器分级补偿天线系统内部射频链路的时延、幅度和相位误差的方法。通过采用两级子阵延时架构的一维大型天线阵列模型的仿真验证,表明该方法不仅可实现大带宽大扫描角大型相控阵天线的方向图高精度控制,同时降低了大时延量延时器的研制难度。     

计入阵元间互耦影响的阵列方向性图综合

基于自适应天线理论，在考虑了天线阵中阵元间互耦影响的情况下，对均匀和非均匀直线阵列的方向性图进行了综合，并讨论了加权值幅度和相位误差对天线阵列方向性图的影响。     

PN code acquisition using smart antenna for spread-spectrum wireless communications. I

The smart antenna (a blind adaptive antenna array) has brought much attention to its ability to improve the future code-division multiple-access (CDMA) wireless communications systems. However, Adachi et al. (1998), employed only one out of M elements that are in a smart antenna array during the pseudonoise (PN) code acquisition process due to the difficulty in obtaining the weight coefficients of the smart antenna and PN code acquisition jointly and adaptively. Yet, as the PN code is acquired, all M elements are used by Adachi et al. to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at a reverse link. We propose an efficient PN code acquisition scheme where all elements are employed during PN code acquisition. Also, we show that by using all elements, the PN code acquisition time can be shortened by at least 40% for a given signal-to-noise ratio and M=5, compared to the single element case. Furthermore, the power of a random access user signal in the reverse link can be lowered at least 3 dB. The additional computational load and complexity to use the proposed PN code acquisition are insignificant.     

基于逆QR分解的机载雷达空时二维自适应处理算法

对于各列先微波合成为列子阵的矩形正侧面相控阵机载预警的雷达的空时二维自适应处理,由于不可避免的阵元随机幅相误差导致各列子阵的仰角方向图（特别在副瓣区）有罗大差异,其杂波谱沿斜距呈非平稳性,要求空时二维自适应处理的权值能适应这种非平稳性,本文基于逆ＱＲ分解技术提出了一种求解空时二维自适应处理权值的快速递推算法,实验结果表明,用该算法获得的权值有效地民晨平稳环境下杂波抑制性能。     

Evaluation of adaptive phased array antenna, far-field nullingperformance in the near-field region

A theory for analyzing the behavior of adaptive phased array antennas illuminated by a near-field interference test source is presented. Conventional phased array near-field focusing is used to produce an equivalent far-field antenna pattern at a range distance of one to two aperture diameters from the adaptive antenna under test. The antenna is assumed to be a linear array of isotropic receive elements. The interferer is assumed to be a bandlimited noise source radiating from an isotropic antenna. The theory is developed for both partially and fully adaptive arrays. Results are presented for the fully adaptive array case with single and multiple interferers. The results indicate that near-field and far-field adaptive nulling can be equivalent. The adaptive nulling characteristics studied in detail are the array radiation patterns, adaptive cancellation, covariance matrix eigenvalues, and adaptive array weights     

Joint transmitter receiver diversity for efficient space divisionmultiaccess

The beamforming problem is studied in wireless networks where both the transmitters and receivers have linear adaptive antenna arrays. Algorithms are proposed that find the antenna array weight vectors at both the transmitters and receivers as well as the transmitter powers with one of the following two objectives: (1) to maximize the minimum signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) over all receivers and (2) to minimize the sum of the total transmitted power satisfying the SINR requirements at all links. A numerical study is performed to compare the network capacity and the power consumption among systems having a different number of antenna array elements in a code division multiple access network     

一种稳健的自适应波束形成器

当信号噪声比超过一定的门限时,线性约束自适应波束形成器对天线的幅相误差有很高的敏感度,即使在误差很小的情况下,期望信号也会如同干扰一样被抑制掉。该文通过对广义旁瓣相消器的阻塞矩阵加以改进,提出了一种对阵列天线误差有良好稳健性的自适应波束形成器。该方法基于广义旁瓣相消器结构,可方便地进行部分自适应,降低运算量。     

有限测试距离对GNSS抗干扰天线阵远场测试的影响

文章分析了暗室测试中有限测试距离对GNSS抗干扰天线阵测量结果的影响.在固定波束情况下,远场测试条件遵循经典结论,即在待测天线与探头天线距离大于2D²/λ（D为待测天线有效孔径）时,有限测试距离对方向图主瓣影响很小,但会掩盖方向图波瓣零点;在自适应处理情况下,由于自适应权会自动补偿干扰导向矢量误差,所以有限距离误差并不会对零点的位置和深度造成影响,对方向图除零点之外部分的增益造成一定偏差,但是这些增益偏差不会对抗干扰天线阵的平均阵列增益覆盖率造成显著影响.所以,在满足经典远场条件的暗室内进行抗干扰测试,接收机的干扰抑制能力和可用性能均不会受到影响.     

基于DDS的有源相控阵天线

有源相控阵天线不仅能提高通信系统的性能,而且还能扩充其功能,所以在通信领域的应用越来越广泛.本文介绍一种没有高频移相器的8单元有源相控阵天线系统,它由平面天线阵、数字T/R组件、接收DBF和系统控制分析软件等组成.其基本原理是在发射模式下,利用直接数字合成(DDS)代替传统的高频移相器和衰减器.由于DDS的工作频率比较低,需要通过上变频到系统所需要的工作频率(2.0GHz).在发射模式下,通过控制DDS完成发射波束形成所必需的幅度、相位加权和上变频所必需的本振信号;在接收模式下,则利用DDS技术产生接收信号下变频所必需的本振信号,然后采用DBF技术形成接收波束.文中详细介绍了基于DDS的有源相控阵天线的实现方法和实验结果.通过8单元基于DDS的有源相控阵天线系统的研究,证实了DDS技术在相控阵天线中应用的显著优点和相控阵天线在通信领域具有潜在应用市场.