横流均匀环境中三维线源型正负浮力射流特性研究

本文利用混合有限分析法及交错网格。对横流均匀环境中三维线源型正负浮力射流及负浮力射流的特性进行研究，分析了不同工况下流速，温度和湍动能在断面上的分布及影响射流轨迹线的因素，讨论了轨迹线上温度的变化及浮力射流的贴壁现象。对三维长线源型负浮力射流，分析了流速比，喷口弗汝德数对负浮力射流的影响。     

同流中三孔热水浮射流流速场特性的数值模拟

采用FLUENT软件中的Reynolds应力模型对同流中三孔热水浮射流在不同孔间距,不同射流温度,不同流速比情况下的速度场进行了数值模拟,得到了各种工况下速度的分布情况及衰减情况,并对数值模拟结果进行了对比分析,得到了一些有益的规律.     

水平附壁射流破异重流试验研究

本文提出了利用水平附壁射流破除异重流的新方法。通过水槽试验，对水平附壁射流破异重流的现象、拦沙及冲沙效果进行了详细研究，得出了不同水沙条件下附壁射流破异重流所需喷口流速表达式。     

动水环境中有限宽窄缝湍射流的水力特性研究

本文采用粒子图像测速(PIV)系统，在分析了水中粒子跟随性的基础上，对动水环境中多种喷口长度和流速比情况下的有限宽窄缝湍射流近区流场进行测试，并结合数值模拟结果分析讨论了动水环境中有限宽窄缝湍射流的近场三维流动特性。在实验观测的流速比范围内，射流势流核长度随着流速比的增加而增大并逐渐趋近于平面自由湍射流的势流核长度，雷诺数对射流的发展轨迹影响很小，射流发展主要由流速比控制。同时，给出了射流背流面逆流区长度与流速比、喷口形状因子之间的关系。     

跌坎式底流消能工水流特性分析

现对跌坎式底流消能工消力池内水流流态的演变进行了初步分析,随着入池能量的变化,消力池中会产生混合流、淹没混合流、淹没底流以及远驱底流流态.并对淹没底流流态下,消力池内的淹没射流区、附壁射流区内的流速分布采用射流力学理论进行了分析,得出了其流速分布公式.     

静水环境中径向紊动射流数值模拟

为了对径向射流的流速场进行分析研究,进行了静水环境中径向射流的实验。基于PIV测速仪得到了多种工况射流中线流速分布资料。进而分别采用Realizable k-ε模型和RNG k-ε模型对径向射流进行了数值计算,计算结果与实验资料的对比表明,Realizable k-ε模型比较适合径向射流的数值模拟,然后利用Realizable k-ε模型对6种不同工况下静止环境中径向射流进行了数值模拟。数值模拟的结果分析表明,径向射流横截面上流速分布为高斯分布、射流速度半宽沿程增大且与距射流出口的距离成正比以及中线流速沿程衰减与距射流出口的距离成反比,通过引入特征长度的概念,使射流的无量纲中线流速衰减和无量纲速度半宽沿程变化呈现出较强的规律性。     

多层多股跌扩型底流消能的数值模拟研究

基于RNG k-ε紊流模型和VOF自由表面追踪法,采用非均匀结构网格技术,建立了三维紊流数学模型,对跌扩型底流消能工进行高精度数值计算。讨论了不同泄流方案下游消力池内水力特性的变化,得出如下结论:(1)不同工况下,下游消力池内水流紊动剧烈,其临底流速较大值相对集中在消力池前段;(2)当高低坎联合泄流时,可形成多层多股射流,流速梯度改变差异较大,各股主流掺混合并速度更快;(3)就消能率而言,高低坎联合泄流紊动能消逝比单独泄流更迅速,消能效果明显。     

射流冲刷作用及分散搀气影响的研究

在实验室二元水槽中进行了入射角为90°及45°的纯水射流及人工分散搀气射流对砂卵石床料冲刷的系统试验。根据试验成果,提出区分浅水型冲刷与深水型冲刷的概念,前者在冲刷平衡时坑中水深与下游水深无关,后者则有较大关系;冲刷坑平衡时坑底水股的断面平均流速比等流量下均匀流的不冲流速为小,两者存在一定的函数关系,根据这一关系及射流在水垫中扩散的规律,可根据均匀流的不冲流速估算纯水射流对河床的冲刷深度;对于射流在分散搀气情形下对减弱冲刷的作用进行了初步的研究,在-15°的人工分散射流,浅水型冲坑平衡水深的减低约为分散度1/9次方的关系,在深水型则减弱冲刷的作用较大,得出在一定范围内初步估算冲坑平衡水深的关系式。文中曾将若干实际工程鼻坎挑流的模型冲刷试验成果与用所得公式计算的结果进行比较,说明尚能符合。     

船闸闸墙廊道侧支孔射流研究

建立侧支孔射流水力学物理模型,使用PIV测速仪测量了多组流量条件下侧支孔射流无槛工况和设槛工况孔前垂向中轴面的流速分布,通过划分流场结构和提取流场断面等方法,归纳和总结了侧支孔射流的流速分布规律.根据试验结果得出了无槛工况断面最大流速和断面最大流速点相对高度的沿程变化曲线,绘制了设槛工况槛后射流中心线,拟合得出了沿射流中心线的速度计算公式.     

粒子图像测速技术应用于热射流流场的测定

应用粒子图像测速技术对热射流喷嘴附近的流场进行测定,观测到其流场起始段的特点,并对射流轴线流速沿程分布、射流垂向剖面上的流速分布,以及射流的扩展半宽度进行了研究分析。实验结果表明,射流的扩展半宽度和喷嘴下游的距离呈线性关系,并且由于受到排放形式的影响,底部贴壁的射流的扩展半宽度沿程增加比自由射流缓慢。     

淹没紊动射流三维流场特性的数值模拟

采用RNGk-ε紊流模型对有限空间的单孔、双孔紊动射流的流场进行了三维数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:无论入流条件如何变化,经无量纲处理后的轴线流速分布曲线几乎都落在同一条无量纲速度分布曲线上,说明流动存在相似性。双孔射流时,流场存在分区结构,在不同的喷嘴间距下,射流的卷吸程度不同,S/D越大,射流之间的卷吸掺混作用越弱。     

Velocity and concentration measurements in initial region of submerged round jets in stagnant environment and in coflow

Velocity and concentration fields are measured in submerged round jets in a stagnant environment and in coflow using laser Doppler anemometry and laser-induced fluorescence. Measurements are made in the initial region within distances of 40 jet exit diameter at jet Reynolds number between 1000 and 5000 and coflow-to-jet velocity ratio from 0 to 0.43. Different behaviors of jet spreading and dilution are found in jets at three different ranges of Reynolds number in which the jets are classified as initially laminar, transitional or turbulent. In the zone of established flow, the jet centerline velocity and concentration decay with downstream distance at different rates in the three groups of jets. For jets in coflow, axial development of normalized forms of centerline mean excess velocity and mean concentration at different velocity ratios can be reasonably well collapsed onto universal trends through the use of momentum length scale. Turbulence properties inside a jet are increased by the presence of a strong coflow. Inside the zone of flow establishment, some strange features are observed on jet turbulence properties. The length of zone of flow establishment increases from the turbulent jets, to the transition jets and to the laminar jets. The zone lengths for concentration are shorter than those for velocity by one to two jet exit diameters. Both lengths are shortened further in the presence of a coflow. For jets a stagnant environment and in the strong jet flow region of jets in coflow, jet widths increase linearly with downstream distance in transitional and turbulent jets. Self-similarity of radial profiles of mean velocity or excess velocity, mean concentration, turbulence intensities and concentration fluctuation level is explored in the zone of established flow.     

Dilution characteristics of dual buoyant jets in wavy cross-flow environment

Due to the difference in density between the discharge effluent and coastal water, partially treated wastewater is often discharged into the marine environment as a buoyant jet via submarine outfalls with multiport diffusers. The dilution characteristics of effluent discharge (dual buoyant jets) in a wavy cross-flow environment were studied in a laboratory. The planar laser-induced fluorescence technique was used to obtain the concentration data of the jets. The effects of different environmental variables on the diffusion and dilution characteristics of the jets were examined through physical experiments, dimensional analysis, and empirical formulations. It was found that the dilution process of the dual jets could be divided into two components: the original jet component and the effluent cloud component. The jet-to-current velocity ratio was the main parameter affecting the concentration levels of the effluent cloud. The merging of the two jets increased the jet concentration in the flow field. When the jets traveled further downstream, the axial dilution increased gradually and then increased significantly along the axis. Under the effects of strong waves, the concentration contours branched into two peaks, and the mean dilution became more significant than under the effects of weak waves. Therefore, the dilution of the effluent discharge was expected to be significant under strong wave effects because the hydrodynamic force increased. A dilution equation was derived to improve our understanding of the dilution process of buoyant jets in a wavy cross-flow environment. This equation was used to determine the influences of the jet-to-current velocity ratio, wave-to-current velocity ratio, and Strouhal number on the minimum jet dilution. It revealed that the wave and buoyancy effects in effluent discharges were significant.     

THE MERGING OF TWO UNEQUAL AXISYMMETRIC PARALLEL TURBULENT JETS

Results of an experimental study of the merging of unequal parallel round turbulent jets are presented.Experiments were conducted for a jet axial separation to nozzle diameter ratio of 3.0 and the Reynolds numbers ranging from 8 000 to 15 000.The distance to the point where the jets are merged was measured for a range of jet source momentum flux ratios.Three different merger criteria were used based on the mean velocity profile,mean passive tracer concentration profile,and Reynolds stress profile.The results show that the concentration profile merges closest to the jet sources followed by the velocity profile with the Reynolds stress profile merging furthest from the nozzles.For all three profiles the merge distance is relatively insensitive to the momentum flux ratio,consistent with previous findings for slot jets and buoyant round jets.The measured merge distances are consistent with previously published results for equal round jets,though the poor spatial resolution of data in the literature means that limited comparison is possible.There are no studies of unequal jet merger currently in the literature that could be used for comparison.     

基于环形旋转射流的预掺混扩散器水力特性试验研究

预掺混扩散器在污水出流前掺入其周围的水进行预先稀释,可增强初始稀释度,减小混合区范围。为进一步提高扩散器的稀释水平,本文提出了一种基于环形旋转射流的新型预掺混扩散器,在进流方式以及排放形式方面另辟蹊径,并系统地研究了该扩散器射流的温度场、流场和内部压力分布。研究结果表明:该预掺混扩散器稀释性能稳定,流量放大倍比约为2.5,排口处温升极值可降低约50%,1.2倍排口直径处可降低约80%;排口后环形旋转射流无速度核心区,存在内掺混机制,极值温升及流速沿喷距呈幂函数衰减规律,具有更短的射程和更强的掺混稀释能力,对迅速缩减污染带十分有利;水头损失系数较小,约为2.4。采用该预掺混扩散器,可在离岸较近的浅水区域获得较常规扩散器深排的稀释效果,进而缩短排污输水管道、降低工程投资。     

An Investigation of Turbulent Rectangular Jet Discharged Into A Narrow Channel Weak Crossflow

A computational investigation of the mean flow field of turbulent rectangular jets issuing into a narrow channel crossflow is presented. The length of the jet slot spans more than 55% of the crossflow channel bed, leaving a small clearance between the jet edge and sidewalls. A finite volume code employing the standard k-εmodel is used to predict the mean, three-dimensional flow field. The mean flow field is investigated for two velocity ratios （6 and 9）. Important flow features, such as the formation of different vortical structures and their characteristics owing to different values of the velocity ratio, are discussed. Some predicted results are compared with the experimental data reported in the literature. The predicted mean and turbulent flow properties are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data.     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MUL-TIPLE JETS IN SHALLOW FLOWING RECEIVING WATERS

NOTATIONSA,B,C　　 coefficients in Eq.8b jet radiusCN,CSCW,CECB,CFCPhybrid finite analytic coefficientsD discharge portdiameterFr densimetric Froude numberg gravitational accelerationG production term for turbulent energyH ambient flow depthh height of portcenter line above bedk turbulentkinetic energyK =uj/ ua,velocity ratioL discharge portspacing distanceRm =V 1 ,mixing ratioqa average ambientdischarge perunitwidth in cross-sectional region assignedto single diffuser portqj di…     

A HYBRID MODEL FOR SIMULATING VELOCITY FIELD OF A RIVER WITH COMPLEX GEOMETRY PLUNGED BY MULTIPLE JETS

1. INTRODUCTION Currently, when complicated movements of flow and sediment are simulated, physical models are usually used. Physical models must have a sound theoretical foundation, and much experience is needed on the use of rigid bed river models in riv…