高热安定性添加剂对3号喷气燃料使用性能影响研究

使用我国研制的高热安定性添加剂可以将现有3号喷气燃料使用温度提高55℃,并具有清洗沉积物和积炭的功能.通过研究,发现3号喷气燃料中加入高热安定性添加剂会对电导率和水分离指数带来影响,提出了解决这些影响的方案.     

橡胶材料对高密度喷气燃料化学安定性影响

橡胶是燃料在贮存和使用过程中会接触到的材料。高密度喷气燃料HDF 1是一种合成的燃料,使用时,涉及橡胶与燃料的相容性。采用升温加速氧化的方法,考察了常用橡胶材料与燃料HDF 1的相容性,结果表明燃料HDF 1使丁腈胶4170和5171的物理性能变差,对G402胶影响很小;使用丁腈胶对燃料HDF 1化学安定性负面影响较大。     

T1502对喷气燃料热氧化安定性的影响

利用JFTOT试验机及DR10沉积评定仪研究了T1502抗静电添加剂对喷气燃料热氧化安定性的影响。结果表明,T1502抗静电添加剂对喷气燃料热氧化安定性存在一定的影响,在正常添加的情况下,其影响基本可以忽略;在4倍剂量的极限条件下,仍然可以满足产品标准的要求。T1502对喷气燃料的破点存在一定的影响,会导致破点一定程度的降低,但破点仍然满足喷气燃料的需求。     

生物柴油调合燃料氧化安定性标准测试方法的现状和趋势

生物柴油调合燃料的氧化安定性是一个非常重要的指标。本文介绍了多种可用于测定生物柴油调合燃料氧化安定性的标准方法,比较了各种方法的差异及各自的优缺点,并且指出馏分燃料加速氧化法即石化行业标准 SH/T 0175(ASTM D 2274)以及油脂稳定指数法即 Rancimat 法(EN 14112)是可能被普遍采用,并作为生物柴油调合燃料产品标准中氧化安定性指标的指定分析方法。其它标准方法如馏分燃料 43℃ 贮存氧化法(SH/T 0690,ASTM D 4625)、高温稳定性评价法(ASTM D 6468)、 JFTOT法(GB/T 9169,ASTM D 3241)以及汽油诱导期法(GB/T 8018,ASTM D 525)可作为研究生物柴油调合燃料氧化安定性的辅助方法。同时对我国正在制定的生物柴油调合燃料B5和即将制定的B10、B20国家标准中氧化安定性指标和方法提出了建议。     

喷气燃料生产技术现状及发展趋势

综述了国内外喷气燃料生产精制工艺采用的方法,重点介绍了直馏一非加氢精制工艺和直馏一浅度加氢处理工艺.介绍了喷气燃料中抗氧添加剂、抗静电添加剂、防冰添加剂、抗磨添加剂和热安定性添加剂的应用.对纤维膜精制工艺和探索中的各种添加剂进行了展望.     

煤基喷气燃料发展动态

综述美国煤基喷气燃料的发展动态,包括煤基喷气燃料组成、生产工艺和性能等。阐述我国研究煤基喷气燃料的必要性、可行性及可能需要的研究手段。     

航煤精制工艺改造

引起石家庄炼油厂喷气燃料颜色安定性不稳定的主要原因是氮化物含量，特别是过高的碱性氮含量；银片腐蚀不合格原因主要是喷气燃料中硫化物在白土的作用下。产生硫化氢引起的。针对以上原因，对原非加氢航煤精制工艺流程进行调整，即采用石科院研制的RA-01型吸附剂取代BC复合剂、RB-01型特种吸附剂取代氧化锌脱硫剂，并解决颜色安定性和航煤的银片腐蚀问题。同时大大延长了白土的寿命。     

生物柴油抗氧剂的研究现状及趋势

作为石化柴油的替代燃料,生物柴油在世界范围内得到广泛应用。生物柴油的不饱和结构决定了生物柴油在存贮过程中的氧化安定性比石化柴油要差。在氧化降解过程中生成氢过氧化物,以及可溶性聚合物等二级氧化产物,并对发动机造成不同程度的损害。添加抗氧剂是一种提高生物柴油的氧化安定性的有效方法。本文对生物柴油抗氧剂的研究现状进行了综述,并对生物柴油抗氧剂的发展趋势作了展望。     

高压DSC对烃类燃料安定性的研究

热氧化和热裂解过程中沉积物的生成是影响燃料安定性的重要因素。燃料发生氧化反应的温度越高,其抗氧化性能越好;温度是影响裂解沉积量的主要因素,随着温度的升高沉积量迅速增加。本文利用高压DSC对各种燃料烃(正构烷烃、环烷烃、烷基芳烃和双环烃)的安定性进行了研究。结果表明,在氧化反应中,环己烷的抗氧化性能最好,抗氧化性能最差的是四氢萘和正丁苯;在裂解反应中,四氢萘发生裂解反应的温度最高,其次是环烷烃J、P-10、正构烷烃、十氢萘,裂解温度最低的为正丁苯。     

利用真空安定性试验研究发射药的安定性

提高发射药的能量及其利用率是未来发射药技术研究的主要发展趋势,为了了解提高发射药能量对其安定性产生的影响,采用真空安定性试验,对三种不同配方的高能发射药的试验获得的数据进行处理与分析,讨论其真空安定性。样品A1、A3真空安定性合格,而A2样品不合格;采用单一的实验方法评价发射药安定性比较局限,多种方法并用,综合分析才能使评价结果更加准确。     

喷气燃料热氧化机理及氧化稳定添加剂的研究进展

对喷气燃料热氧化沉积形成机理和为提高燃料氧化稳定性而加入的添加剂如硅烷基化试剂、氧清除剂、抗氧剂、金属钝化剂和清净分散剂的发展状况进行介绍,并指出今后燃料添加剂的发展方向。     

喷气燃料热氧化安定性的研究综述

复合锂基润滑脂具有良好的高温多效性能,自发明以来持续受到广泛研究和应用.同时复合锂皂良好的基础油稠化能力和添加剂感受性,使其可以制备满足各种工况要求的润滑脂.综述了复合锂基脂组成和制备工艺对其性能及结构的影响,探讨了复合锂基脂成脂机理,并对复合锂基润滑脂的未来发展进行了展望.     

A visual study on flame behavior in tone-excited non-premixed jet flames

A visualization study on the effect of forcing amplitude in tone-excited jet diffusion flames has been conducted. Visualization techniques are employed using optical schemes, which are a light scattering photography. Flame stability curve is attained according to Reynolds number and forcing amplitude at a fuel tube resonant frequency. Flame behavior is globally grouped into two from attached flame to blown-out flame according to forcing amplitude; one sticks the tradition flame behavior which has been observed in general jet diffusion flames and the other shows a variety of flame modes such as the flame of a feeble forcing amplitude where traditionally well-organized vortex motion evolves, a fat flame, an elongated flame, and an in-burning flame. Particular attention is focused on an elongation flame, which is associated with a turnabout phenomenon of vortex motion, and on a reversal of the direction of vortex roll-up. It is found that the flame length with forcing amplitude is the direct outcome of the evolution process of the formed inner flow structure. Especially the negative part of the acoustic cycle under the influence of a strong positive pressure gradient causes the shapes of the fuel stem and fuel branch part and even the direction of vortex roll-up to dramatically change.     

Hydroconversion of Waste Cooking Oil into Bio‐Jet Fuel over a Hierarchical NiMo/USY@Al‐SBA‐15 Zeolite

The direct conversion of waste cooking oil (WCO) into bio‐jet fuel was investigated over a core‐shell hierarchical USY@Al‐SBA‐15 zeolite‐supported NiMo catalyst. The core‐shell structure showed better acid and pore size distributions. The synergetic effect of the core‐shell micropore and mesopore structure significantly contributed to enhancing the selectivity for the jet fuel (C_9–15 hydrocarbons) from 9.3 % over NiMo/USY up to 35.7 % over NiMo/USY@Al‐SBA‐15, with high isomerization (iso‐/n‐paraffins ratio = 2.7) and moderate aromatic fraction (18.7 %). The decarboxylation reaction was selectively enhanced. Optimal selectivity for jet fuel (39.7 %) was obtained at 380 °C and a high H₂/oil ratio would decrease the yield of jet fuel. This catalyst showed excellent stability for the hydroconversion of WCO to hydrocarbons.     

气体射流不稳定性的建模和实验研究

基于图像处理技术和混沌理论,提出了一种气体射流图像的量化方法,用以反映气液混合性能。本文使用大津法来获得自适应阀值,并得到最佳的图像分割效果。混合性能（M）用以表征气体射流的空间分布,其定义为气体射流像素占比（W）与射流区域内的灰度标准差（N）之比。通过混合性能的非线性时间序列来表征射流喷射过程的不稳定变化,并得到了以下结果：在射流区制下,射流的稳定性随着修正弗鲁德数的增加而增加,证明了所提出方法的可靠性;其次,在同一工况中射流的稳定性与最大李雅普诺夫指数之间具有明显的线性关系,其线性相关系数为0.954,并构建了射流的稳定性与最大李雅普诺夫指数的线性关系模型。证明了最大李雅普诺夫指数不仅可以判断混合过程是否呈现混沌状态,而且其数值的大小反应了气体射流稳定性的强弱。     

SHALE OIL HYDROPROCESSING TO PRODUCE SYNTHETIC JET FUELS

The crude shale oil fractions below 343°C available in the United States, (a) Geokinetics, (b) Occidental, (c) Paraho, and (d) Tosco II, were catalytically hydroprocessed at low, medium and high severities. The hydroprocessed oils were fractionated to the jet fuel cuts range of 121-300°C. Shale-oil jet fuels were characterized and compared with petroleum jet fuels to evaluate their suitability as future jet fuel oil substitutes. Nitrogen content in shale-oil jet cuts was in the range of 0.03 to 1.15 wt%. The lowest nitrogen content, 0.03 wt% in high severity Occidental jet fuel, was considerably higher than that of the petroleum jet fuel cuts (1-5 ppm). The sulfur content and mercaptan sulfur content in shale-oil jet fuel was significantly lower than in petroleum jet fuel (total sulfur = 0.3 wt% maximum, mercaptan sulfur = 0.003 wt% maximum), the hydrogen content (13-14wt%) in the shale-oil jet fuel cut was lower than that of petroleum jet fuel (15-16 wt%). The jet fuel distillates, volume percent of the shale-oil and petroleum, that were operated at the same temperatures were comparable; with the exception of the freezing points of the shale-oil fuel cut which were much higher than those of the petroleum jet fuel.     

Deposit formation in liquid fuels. 1. Effect of coal-derived Lewis bases on storage stability of Jet A turbine fuel

The development of reasonably precise techniques for the measurement of storage stability of jet aviation fuel is described. Lewis bases, extracted by ligand-exchange from a coal-derived liquid, are shown to adversely affect storage stability (as determined by an accelerated storage test) when added to Jet A turbine fuel. JFTOT results suggesting slight decreases in thermal stability of fuel ‘spiked’ (i.e. contaminated with a measured quantity of reagent) with extract are reported. Addition to Jet A turbine fuel of individual heterocyclic nitrogen compounds is shown to produce comparable decreases in storage stability.     

Storage stability studies of fuels derived from shale and petroleum

Fuel storage degradation was monitored in the early stages by laser light scattering of developing particles at ambient temperature. Degradation products obtained by heat stressing (at 80–120 °C) of fuels enriched with specific heteroatomic compounds were analysed by n.m.r., FT-i.r. and e.s.c.a. It was found that 2,5-dimethylpyrrole (DMP) is especially deleterious to fuel stability, followed in effect by alkyl-substituted quinolines, pyridines and indoles. The oxygen and nitrogen contents of the sediments from shale-derived jet and diesel fuels which contain DMP are almost twice the corresponding values of petroleum-DMP sediment. Oxygen is incorporated in the sediments as carboxylate and carbonyl groups. P.m.r. spectra of several soluble sediments show a wide range of aromatic signals, indicating that the sediment contains much polycyclic material. Deposits formed in the presence of DMP and thiophenol contain significant amounts of nitrogen and sulphur.