饮用水深度处理技术研究进展

由于饮用水水源污染的加剧和常规净水工艺的局限性,饮用水的安全性受到了威胁。在常规水处理的基础上进行深度处理是目前的热点。文章分析了深度处理工艺的现状、各种工艺去除微污染物的机理及在应用中存在的问题。     

去除饮用水中高氯酸盐的研究新进展

高氯酸盐在水溶液中呈化学动力学惰性,对人体是非常有害的一种物质.化学还原法、吸附法和生物法是现阶段去除饮用水中高氯酸盐常采用的方法,各有其优缺点.其中吸附法是一种经济高效的方法,但只改变高氯酸盐的位置,仍对环境造成危害.吸附法和生物法协同降解水中的高氯酸盐将是未来的一个研究方向,而且是一种经济高效而又环保的方法.     

氧化及其联用技术去除水中腐殖酸研究进展

水体中的腐殖酸类天然有机物是影响水质重要因素之一,仅靠常规工艺难以去除水中腐殖质。氧化及其联用技术因效率高、能耗低、适用范围广,逐步成为去除此类污染物的预处理技术,臭氧、高锰酸钾等氧化剂具有较强氧化性的特点,已取代传统氧化剂-氯气,能有效将水中天然有机物（natural organic matter,NOM）分解为无毒小分子物质,且降低了饮用水水质致突变风险,其中,臭氧在安全性和副作用方面更具优势,但单一氧化技术存在不同程度的局限性。针对国内外不同水体状况,本文详细比较了氧化-混凝等联用技术去除水中腐殖酸的氧化机理、协同作用、去除效果和应用状况,探讨了不同的氧化及其联用技术去除水中NOM的研究进展情况,分析表明氧化技术组合工艺已成为去除水中腐殖酸的主流工艺,并指出预氧化-膜联用技术因其良好的协同性而具有广泛的应用前景。     

Antimicrobial Contamination Removal from Environmentally Relevant Matrices: A Literature Review and a Comparison of Three Processes for Drinking Water Treatment

The effectiveness of conventional water treatment technology in preventing the dissemination of antimicrobial contamination has been questioned due to significant rates of antibiotic resistance elements found both in solid wastes and in effluents. This implies that preventive efforts must cover both solid waste quality and effluent quality monitoring. This article presents a review of the occurrence data for a number of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance carriers along with the effectiveness of conventional and advanced technologies in the removal of antimicrobial contamination from various matrices. Although the current literature suggests that the advanced oxidation processes are more promising, cost viable oxidant doses may not be sufficient to reach targeted removal efficiencies especially in biosolids and manure. As a result, antimicrobial contamination can inevitably reach natural waters and contaminate drinking water sources. In this context, a comparison of the effectiveness of three oxidation processes on the removal of a resistance carrier bacterial plasmid DNA was studied. The relative effectiveness of ozonation or heterogeneous photocatalysis over conventional chlorination was demonstrated.     

饮用水中高氯酸盐的研究进展

高氯酸盐是一种新型的持久性污染物质,其摄入人体后影响甲状腺功能,降低甲状腺荷尔蒙的合成和分泌能力,从而抑制人体正常的新陈代谢和生长发育。但我国关于高氯酸盐污染的研究基本没有开展,这里介绍了高氯酸盐的污染特点、毒理效应等,并且讨论了几种饮用水中高氯酸盐的脱除方法。     

膜技术与新型水社会循环系统构建

针对由西方发达国家发明的、沿用至今的水处理工艺与水社会循环系统存在的问题进行了分析,指出,当前的水循环系统已经不适应人们对饮用水安全、水环境保护等的要求,开发新的水处理技术,构建新型水社会循环系统已迫在眉睫;强调了膜分离技术在新型水社会循环中的重要作用;介绍了纳米改性膜的优良性能。     

船舶尾气脱硫脱硝技术研究进展

远洋船舶燃烧低品质重油所释放的尾气中,NO_x与SO_x等有害成分比例高,严重威胁海洋的生态环境和沿海居民健康。本文介绍了现有国内外船舶尾气后处理技术的分类、原理及优缺点,综述了船舶尾气脱硫、脱硝和脱硫脱硝一体化处理技术的研究进展,认为现有的大部分船舶尾气后处理技术去除污染物成分单一,不能高效地实现船舶尾气污染物的减排,研究脱硫脱硝一体化处理技术是实现船舶尾气高效治理的发展方向,但是高效低能耗的一体化处理技术目前仍然处于探索与实验阶段。通过分析脱硫脱硝一体化技术面临的瓶颈问题,指出光催化技术和低温等离子体技术近年来虽得到了巨大的发展,但因成本高且安全问题难以保证尚无法在实船应用;改性海水法则凭借处理效率高、占用船舱面积小,成本较低等优势,未来在船舶尾气综合治理方面具有良好的发展前景。     

二氧化氯预氧化除藻的研究进展

微污染水源水中藻类大量繁殖问题日益突出,许多水厂面临着高藻期水处理困难。二氧化氯作为环境友好型消毒剂,用于饮用水净化预氧化除藻,是一种具有应用前景的技术。该文综述了目前国内外二氧化氯预氧化除藻和藻毒素的效果、副产物的产生和除藻机理等各个方面的研究成果和进展,并对使副产物不超标的二氧化氯的投加量进行了讨论,对二氧化氯预氧化除藻技术在未来的发展进行了展望,提出了现场制取二氧化氯的生产成本是二氧化氯预氧化除藻技术应用尚需进一步探讨的问题。     

我国地下饮用水除铁除锰技术研究及应用进展

分析了当前我国现有或有待进一步研究的几种除铁除锰技术的研究及应用情况,并对其技术原理、优缺点等进行了论述与比较,阐明了我国地下饮用水除铁除锰技术的发展前景。     

Applications of biofiltration in drinking water treatment – a review

Biofiltration is a process in which an otherwise conventional granular filter is designed to remove not only fine particulates but also dissolved organic compounds through microbial degradation. Biofiltration can reduce the need for chemicals in drinking water treatment and thus improved applications of biofiltration in drinking water treatment can be viewed as green or sustainable engineering technology. Recent trends in biofiltration technology for drinking water treatment have or have attempted to extend the performance of biofilters through gaining a better understanding of operational constraints. This review articles summarizes important operational parameters influencing biofiltration performance such as hydraulic loading, empty bed contact time (EBCT), temperature, media type, and backwashing conditions. In addition, recent advancements in biofiltration operations including, ozonation, ammonia removal and the influence of nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorous) supplementation to facilitate carbon removal are explored. ? 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

饮用水源腐殖酸高级氧化去除技术研究进展

自然水体中腐殖酸类天然有机物(NOM)在水厂氯化消毒过程中会生成卤代消毒副产物,因此腐殖酸的有效去除对于消减消毒副产物、提升饮用水水质具有重要的意义。高级氧化技术因其独特的除污染效能受到研究者们的广泛关注,本文综述了基于臭氧和紫外的两种高级氧化技术进展,介绍了高级氧化与其他水处理技术联用工艺,比较了各种工艺技术的优缺点,提出了该技术拟解决的主要技术问题及未来研究发展方向。     

电吸附用于微污染水处理：技术选择、工艺原理、未来发展

我国是工业用水大户,微污染水作为工业用水的主要组成部分,对其回收再利用对于水资源节约具有深远意义。本文详细介绍了微污染水的概念、微污染水传统水处理方法以及电吸附在微污染水中处理中的应用,对比了电吸附水处理技术的优缺点,结合微污染水处理特点分析了电吸附技术发展趋势。指出电吸附技术作为一种新型的水处理技术,具有能耗低、操作方便、维护简单、去除效果良好等优点,在微污染水脱盐领域具有较大的发展空间,特别是在水资源回用方面具有广阔的应用前景。虽然,电吸附技术在微污染水处理领域已经有了部分应用,但仍旧存在着一些不可忽视的问题。为此,本文指出研发抗污染、高通量的膜材料,利用绿色高效的电吸附技术实现不同水处理技术的集成优化,是微污染水处理的技术方向。     

全氟或多氟烷基物质水处理技术研究进展

自然界废水和饮用水中发现了大量的全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFASs）,因此全氟或多氟烷基物质已成为有机污染物类的全球问题。常规的水处理技术包括混凝、絮凝、过滤、沉淀与生物处理过程都不能完全地去除PFASs。而特定的先进处理技术包括吸附、膜处理与光催化可以有效地去除PFASs,故需要了解深度处理过程中各种PFASs的去除机制,各种PFASs的不同物理化学特性使研究化合物在水溶液中迁移较为困难。在现有研究中关于水质条件对去除PFASs的影响的信息很少,本文全面总结了在不同水质条件下（如pH、温度、溶液中离子、天然有机物和溶质浓度）对去除PFASs的影响,以及先进水处理技术如吸附、膜处理和光催化技术的最新知识。     

藻类去除技术及其运用

饮用水水源富营养化导致水体中藻类大量繁殖,利用常规处理工艺难以有效去除藻类。文章介绍水源水质处理技术和强化的饮用水处理技术,比较生物法、物理法、化学法几种处理手段工艺特点和效果差异,并评价了各种除藻方法的优缺点和适用范围,单一的方法是很难达到饮用水目标。因此,生物法是与常规法结合是藻类水的一个重要发展方向。     

饮用水处理工艺中摇蚊幼虫污染防治技术的研究进展

摇蚊幼虫（红虫）难以被常规的水处理工艺有效地去除,成为困扰水厂正常生产运行的问题。通过介绍摇蚊生物学特性和水处理工艺中的污染途径,将国内外的防治技术进行了较为详尽的归纳总结,展望了摇蚊幼虫污染防治技术的研究进展。     

An overview of arsenic removal by pressure-drivenmembrane processes

Management of hazardous wastes, such as arsenic, is one of major public concern. Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid, which is widely distributed in nature. Recently, arsenic in drinking water attracted attention because some of the drinking water resources contain considerable concentrations of arsenic which cause acute; and chronic symptoms in many countries, especially in Bangladesh, China, Mongolia, and Taiwan. In 2001, the USEPA promulgated a rule lowering the arsenic MCL from 5 μgL⁻¹ to 10 μgL⁻¹. This paper offers an overview of geochemistry, distribution, sources, regulations, acute and chronic symptoms, and applications of membrane technologies in the water treatment research that have already been realized or that are suggested on the basis of bench or lab scale research. These membrane technologies include RO, NF, UF, and MF. Most of theses applications have proven to be reliable in removing arsenic from water. The possible influence of some source water parameters, membrane material, membrane types, membrane processes on arsenic removal efficiency by membrane technologies are also explored. This review paper also offers data relating to regulations of arsenic standard, acute and chronic symptoms that are caused by the exposure of arsenic to explain why water treatments need to use the membrane technology to meet the MCL standard.     

水体中残余铝的含量、组分、危害及控制研究进展

饮用水及水分配系统中的残余铝问题已引起人们的广泛关注。该文在介绍饮用水中残余铝浓度的增加对人体健康、生态系统、水处理工艺和水分配系统可能造成的危害的基础上,列举了国内外饮用水中铝含量的限制标准,分析了影响残余铝浓度及其组分分布的因素,同时详细论述了给水处理中残余铝的组分分离方法以及降低饮用水中残余铝浓度的有效途径,并提出了今后残余铝方向研究工作的建议,以期为在实际饮用水处理中有效控制残留铝含量提供一定的理论指导。     

Biological treatment of ion-exchange brine regenerant for re-use: A review

Ion-exchange resins are typically selected to target anionic pollutants in drinking water treatment, however, the production of concentrated brine is a significant disadvantage as regulation of its disposal is becoming increasingly strict. Various destructive technologies have been trialled as a replacement for ion exchange, the most notable being biological reduction. Although several full-scale biological processes have been developed for drinking water treatment, regulators remain cautious about the introduction of microbes into the treatment process. Alternatively the bioprocess can be reconfigured to destruct the target anion in the concentrated waste brine, eliminating the bioprocess from direct treatment and reducing the waste volume and salt consumption associated with ion exchange. This paper reviews the difficulties faced when bio-processing complex, highly concentrated brine, evaluates the various process configurations trialled and presents an argument for the integration of membrane technology whilst also providing a précis of the literature available to date on membrane fouling for this application.     

微藻处理工业排放硝酸废水技术研究进展

水处理是环境保护与绿色化工生产的重要方面,其中含硝酸废水的处理已经成为工业水处理领域的研究热点。本文首先介绍了生物反硝化法、化学还原法与中和法等对含硝酸废水进行脱硝处理的方法,针对这些方法成本高、形成二次污染和氮元素资源化利用程度低等问题,指出目前仍然缺乏对高含量硝酸废水进行处理的理想技术。随后重点介绍了使用微藻对废水中的硝酸进行脱除的理论基础与技术路线,并对藻种、硝酸废水特征与处理工艺等因素的影响进行了阐述。根据对微藻处理方法进行的初步技术经济性分析,提出了废水处理与微藻生物产品生产相结合这一环保新模式,为降低环保装置的运行成本提供了新的思路。指出微藻应用于废水处理是一种非常有前景的工业废水处理技术,需要进一步加以研究和完善,从而在破解环境保护与经济发展的矛盾中发挥更为重要的作用。     

Impact of Acetate in Reduction of Perchlorate by Mixed Microbial Culture under the Influence of Nitrate and Sulfate

The biological reduction of slow degradation contaminants such as perchlorate (ClO₄⁻) is considered to be a promising water treatment technology. The process is based on the ability of a specific mixed microbial culture to use perchlorate as an electron acceptor in the absence of oxygen. In this study, batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of nitrate on perchlorate reduction, the kinetic parameters of the Monod equation and the optimal ratio of acetate to perchlorate for the perchlorate reducing bacterial consortium. The results of this study suggest that acclimated microbial cultures can be applied to treat wastewater containing high concentrations of perchlorate. Reactor experiments were carried out with different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) to determine the optimal operating conditions. A fixed optimal HRT and the effect of nitrate on perchlorate reduction were investigated with various concentrations of the electron donor. The results showed that perchlorate reduction occurred after nitrate removal. Moreover, the presence of sulfate in wastewater had no effect on the perchlorate reduction. However, it had little effect on biomass concentration in the presence of nitrate during exposure to a mixed microbial culture, considering the nitrate as the inhibitor of perchlorate reduction by reducing the degradation rate. The batch scale experiment results illustrated that for efficient operation of perchlorate reduction, the optimal acetate to perchlorate ratio of 1.4:1.0 would be enough. Moreover, these experiments found the following results: the kinetic parameters equivalent to Y = 0.281 mg biomass/mg perchlorate, K_s = 37.619 mg/L and q_max = 0.042 mg perchlorate/mg biomass/h. In addition, anoxic–aerobic experimental reactor results verify the optimal HRT of 6 h for continuous application. Furthermore, it also illustrated that using 600 mg/L of acetate as a carbon source is responsible for 100% of nitrate reduction with less than 50% of the perchlorate reduction, whereas at 1000 mg/L acetate, approximately 100% reduction was recorded.