Study on dislocation multiplication in the head of Germanium single crystal

The high strength, radiation hardness and cost-effectiveness make Germanium the substrate of choice for high-efficiency multi-junction solar cells for space applications.Numerical modeling and large-scale simulation are important and indispensable tools in the analysis and development of crystal growth process.In this study, germanium single crystals with low dislocation density were produced by Czochralski method by applying the necking technique.Chemical etching pits method was used to measure the dislocation density, and a professional modeling software CrysVUn was used to obtain the thermal-stress distribution.The results show that the thermal-stress of the sample with diameter of 15 mm is nearly equal to that of other samples, so the thermal-stress does not influence the dislocation multiplication.Based on the result, the dislocation density must be strangely increased caused by gravity.     

基于位错密度变化的动态再结晶动力学确定方法

文中将动态再结晶动力学方程看作是塑性应变的函数,给出了动态再结晶体积分数与平均位错密度之间的数学表达式,利用动态再结晶体积分数的增量形式,计算再结晶区域晶粒的位错密度,利用Gleeble热压缩实验得到的流变应力曲线,计算平均位错密度。得到一种有别于定量金相法的,快速估算金属材料动态再结晶动力学的方法,运用该方法于普碳钢热压缩实验中,在不同的变形条件下成功获得了其动态再结晶动力学方程,并将结果和先前有关学者所做的研究结果进行比较得出,本文方法用于模拟金属热变形过程中的微观组织演变,其在实验和计算上,可以花更少的时间,却能够获得准确的动态再结晶动力学模型。     

On the measure of dislocation densities from diffraction line profiles: A comparison with discrete dislocation methods

In this work the accuracy and range of applicability of peak broadening models, from which dislocation densities can be extracted, is studied. For that purpose dislocation microstructures are generated via a discrete dislocation dynamics method and the internal elastic strains within the simulated volume are calculated. Diffraction peaks are generated from the simulations and a whole pattern line profile analysis method based on the Wilkens model is used to quantify the dislocation densities associated with the simulated microstructures. The work is applied to the case of face-centered cubic crystals deforming in coplanar slip. The accuracy of the analytical models is quantified by considering realistic three-dimensional microstructures containing curved dislocations with a specified distribution. The dependence and sensitivity of the analytical models upon dislocation density and long-range order are investigated. It was found that, provided the distribution of dislocations is rather homogeneous, line profile analysis provides fairly accurate predictions of the dislocation density.     

X12合金钢高温流变应力行为及位错密度演变规律

为研究X12合金钢高温流变应力行为及其热变形过程中位错密度的演变规律,在温度为1050~1250℃、应变速率为0.005~5 s^-1、变形程度为50%的条件下,采用Gleeble-1500 D热模拟试验机对X12合金钢进行了热压缩实验,并采用XRD分析了该材料不同变形条件下位错密度。结果表明:X12合金钢在该实验温度及应变速率范围内有典型的动态再结晶特征。基于热压缩实验数据求出了X12合金钢的热变形激活能Qact为531.095 kJ/mol,并构建了X12合金钢的Arrhenius高温流变应力模型,模型计算值与试验值吻合情况良好,平均相对误差为2.52%。不同变形条件下的X12合金钢总位错密度均在1014 cm^-2以上,并且X12合金钢总的位错密度随应变速率增加而增加,随变形温度升高而减少。     

Scale dependence of dislocation patterns

Dislocation patterns result in the scale dependence in the plastic deformation of polycrystalline metals. The present work explores this issue from two aspects: (1) a configuration entropy model for two-level dislocation arrangements; and (2) a dislocation network model incorporating a cell size.     

Effect of Mn addition on one-dimensional migration of dislocation loops in body-centered cubic Fe

Elucidation of the one-dimensional (1-D) motion of dislocation loops is important for describing the microstructural development of materials under irradiation. In this study, the effect of Mn on radiation-induced microstructure evolution in body-centered cubic Fe was experimentally investigated by focusing on the migration of dislocation loops. Pure Fe and Fe–1.4Mn alloy were irradiated with Fe³⁺ ions to introduce dislocation loops. In pure Fe, inhomogeneous distribution of loops in the vicinity of the residual dislocation was observed. However, in Fe–1.4Mn, isolated dislocation loops were homogeneously distributed in a high number density. In situ transmission electron microscopy during annealing revealed that 1-D motion of dislocation loops occurred in pure Fe at 623 K, while 1-D motion of dislocation loops occurred minimally in Fe–1.4Mn annealed at temperatures below 773 K. These results indicate that 1-D motion of dislocation loops play a key role in producing the differences in the microstructures between pure Fe and Fe–1.4Mn. In pure Fe, dislocation loops were mobile and trapped in the strain field of a dislocation, leading to the formation of loop decoration of dislocations. However, in Fe–1.4Mn, dislocation loops were less mobile and dislocation loops were homogeneously formed in high density in the matrix. The migration of dislocation loops by Mn solute is strongly suggested as one of the key mechanisms of microstructure development in irradiated Fe–Mn alloy.     

基于位错密度的流动应力模型的研究

研究纯铜温镦粗试验,基于K—M—E模型建立了加工硬化率-位错密度和加工硬化率-应变模型。并把K—M—E模型嵌入有限元软件ABAQUS,通过试验检测和数值模拟,研究了显微硬度-流动应力、显微硬度-位错密度关系。结果表明,各个理论模型与试验结果较好吻合。显微硬度与流动应力成正比,与位错密度平方根成正比。     

脉冲电流处理对钛板位错可动性的影响(英文)

为了研究外场对钛板位错运动的影响,对冷轧纯态板试样进行高密度脉冲电流处理(最大电流密度7.22、7.64、7.96 kA/mm2,周期110μs)。应用动态机械分析仪(DMA)测量不同试样的内耗和弹性模量。结果表明:在变形的最初阶段,脉冲电流处理试样的内耗值低于冷轧试样的;但当应变幅值超过一定值后,脉冲电流处理试样的内耗值高于普通退火试样和冷轧试样的;并且在整个变形阶段,普通退火试样的内耗值总是低于冷轧试样和脉冲电流处理试样的。阻尼温度谱的研究结果表明:与普通退火试样相比,脉冲电流处理试样的阻尼峰值移向了低温区。试验结果证明了脉冲电流处理能够降低位错的缠结,提高位错的可动性。     

降低冷轧取向硅钢残余应力和位错密度的磁-热耦合工艺

为了得到一种高效去除冷轧取向硅钢残余应力的工艺,制定了低温、低强度脉冲磁场的短时磁-热耦合处理试验方案,分别利用X射线残余应力仪和XRD测定了不同工艺处理前后取向硅钢的残余应力和位错密度。结果表明,采用低温、低强度脉冲磁场的短时磁-热耦合处理可以有效降低冷轧取向硅钢的残余应力和位错密度,当采用处理时间为3 min、处理温度为400 ℃、峰值电流为180 A的磁-热耦合工艺时,可取得最佳处理效果,残余应力降幅为55.5%,比单纯只施加低温热场或低强度脉冲磁场的处理效果优异。宏观残余应力的降低与位错密度具有紧密的联系,两者变化规律基本一致。短时、低温、低脉冲磁场强度磁-热耦合处理去除残余应力的微观机制是脉冲磁场和温度场耦合作用下进一步提高材料内部位错运动,实现了局部回复,达到位错密度和残余应力减小的目的。     

Correlation between dislocation density and nanomechanical response during nanoindentation

The crucial role of dislocations in the nanomechanical response of high-purity aluminum was studied. The dislocation density in cold-worked aluminum is characterized by means of electron channeling contrast and post-image processing. Further in situ heat treatment inside the chamber of a scanning electron microscope was performed to reduce the dislocation density through controlled heat treatment while continuously observing the structure evolution. The effect of dislocation density on both the pure elastic regime before pop-in as well as elastoplastic deformation after the pop-in were examined. Increasing the dislocation density and tip radius, i.e. the region with maximum shear stress below the tip, resulted in a reduction in the pop-in probability. Since the oxide film does not change with dislocation density, it is therefore clear that pop-ins in aluminum are due to the onset of plasticity by homogeneous dislocation nucleation and not oxide film breakdown. Hertzian contact and the indentation size effect based on geometrically necessary dislocations are used to model the load-displacement curves of nanoindentation and to predict the behavior of the material as a function of the statistically stored and geometrically necessary dislocation density.     

基于非局部位错密度晶体塑性有限元模型的金属晶体薄膜微弯曲变形特点

采用考虑非均匀微观结构的非局部位错密度晶体塑性有限元模型,研究金属晶体薄膜材料微弯曲塑性变形的特点。该模型采用统计存储位错密度和几何必需位错密度作为其内部状态变量,通过几何必须位错密度的演化来预测单晶体金属薄膜材料微弯曲中的应变梯度效应。采用不同晶粒大小的CuZn37a一黄铜多晶体薄膜进行微弯曲实验,并测量试样微弯曲变形后的微硬度分布图。将模拟得到的位错密度分布与实验测得的微硬度分布进行对比,发现粗晶试样和细晶试样微硬度分布的不同主要是由统计存储位错密度和几何必须位错密度引起的。基于微观物理机理,研究微弯曲变形的特点和位错密度的演化。     

Rearrangement of dislocation structures in the aging of ice single crystals

Aging of ice single crystals subjected to creep exhibits peculiar behavior. If the sample is unloaded after sufficient strain, a forward jump in creep rate is observed at reloading. Sequences of loading periods alternated with either increasing or decreasing unloading intervals were performed to document this phenomenon. During the tests, acoustic emission was recorded in order to characterize dislocation activity and spatial distribution. Predictions obtained from a field dislocation theory coupling the evolution of statistical and polar dislocation densities compare fairly well with experimental results. Polar dislocation density reflects lattice incompatibility and long-range internal stresses. The associated back-stress and its relaxation during aging are seen as the origin of the acceleration effect. The interplay between dislocation velocity enhancement and polar dislocation annihilation during aging controls the phenomenon, whereas statistical dislocations only play a minor role. The reverse relaxation deformation observed during unloading periods is reproduced well by the model.     

From dislocation cores to strength and work-hardening: a study of binary Ni3Al

A quantitative model for the peak temperature in work-hardening in L1₂ intermetallics is proposed. It is based on the competition between the exhaustion of mobile dislocations by the Kear Wilsdorf mechanism and the yielding of incomplete locks at high stress. The model is assessed by a set of experimental data measured in binary Ni₃Al polycrystals of three different compositions. These include, in particular, the planar fault energies of the dislocation cores measured by weak-beam electron microscopy, combined with computer image simulations and macroscopic data about flow stress, work-hardening and mobile dislocation exhaustion rates. These parameters are measured as a function of alloy composition. The model also fits successfully data published for other L1₂ compounds.     

2024-T4铝合金搅拌摩擦焊搅拌区位错及组织性能

采用金相、显微硬度及透射分析方法对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头搅拌微区的组织性能和位错分布特征进行试验分析,基于位错分析深入了解各微区位错形成与接头组织结构与硬度变化之间的关系。研究表明,WNZ位错主要分布在晶粒内部,大部分是以位错缠结的形式存在,并伴随有大量的沉淀强化析出相Cu_2Mg;而在TMAZ区,大量的位错是以位错塞积的形式存在于晶界或晶粒内部;HAZ区域的位错多以位错塞积的形式存在于晶界附近,并伴随一些典型的Al Cu_3析出相。WNZ和TMAZ区中并未随晶粒细化而造成位错数量和类型的减少,这与FSW特殊的动态回复和动态再结晶过程有关,此外位错分布特征与接头微区硬度分布特征基本吻合。     

循环载荷下表面强化工业纯锆残余应力释放研究

对工业纯锆进行表面机械研磨处理(SMAT),实现其表面纳米化,并引入残余压应力场。采用偏光显微镜(PM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对SMAT处理试样显微组织进行表征,利用X射线应力仪测试不同循环加载周次下距试样表面不同深度处宏观残余应力。研究不同循环加载周次下距表层不同深度处X射线衍射峰半高宽的变化特征,并采用Voigt函数拟合X射线衍射峰,得到微观应变和位错密度的分布特征。结果表明:循环加载初期残余应力释放率最大,约为25%,随着循环加载周次增加残余应力释放率趋于稳定;不同循环加载周次下,随距表层深度增加,X射线衍射峰半高宽、微观应变和位错密度逐渐降低后趋于稳定;随着位错密度降低,残余压应力逐渐增加,位错密度值稳定于约2×1010cm-2时所对应的深度,和最大残余压应力对应的深度基本一致。循环载荷下残余应力释放是通过微观塑性变形过程中位错运动来实现。     

低频交变磁处理降低钢材内应力的微观机理

磁场处理被许多研究者用于提高材料的力学性能并取得了一定效果。作者首次运用磁处理方法进行降低材料内应力的研究。结果表明，不同的处理方法，如高强磁脉冲处理和低频交变磁场处理都能够不同程度地降低材料内部存在的残余应力，而且其降低残余应力的方式与常规的热处理有本质的不同。本文定量研究了低频交变磁处理方法降低残余应力的程度、特点和工艺参数。通过透射电镜分析，着重观察了对30CrMnSiA进行磁处理时处理前后材料内部的位错运动规律。在经过磁处理后的试样中，其明显的胞壁结构消失，位错分布均匀化；整体位错密度与处理前相比变化不大。根据上述观察和宏观试验结果，对磁处理降低残余应力的特点和微观结构进行了分析了讨论，认为磁场作用下的位错均匀化是磁处理降低残余应力的主要原因。     

冷加工变形Pb-Ca-Sn合金位错类型、密度和晶粒尺寸分布的X射线衍射峰形分析(英文)

利用X射线衍射峰形分析方法,研究冷加工变形Pb-Ca-Sn合金的位错类型、密度和晶粒尺寸分布。结果表明:该合金的位错密度在1010cm-2数量级。衍射谱峰形的应变宽化可用位错对比因子来解释。利用新开发的PM2K软件包计算了晶粒尺寸。通过假设晶粒尺寸呈对数正态分布,利用X射线峰形分析得到的晶粒尺寸参数可得到晶粒分布函数。     

基于分布位错法对涂层裂纹力学行为的研究

目的 在单轴拉伸载荷下,用理论方法求解弹性涂层中裂纹的力学性质和相互影响。方法 根据叠加原理,将问题分为2个子问题,使用分布位错原理求解裂纹问题,将裂纹建模为沿裂纹线分布的位错阵列,叠加后使用数值求解方法进行求解。结果 得到了不同涂层模量、不同裂纹长度下表面裂纹尖端的应力强度因子（SIF）和涂层界面应力。涂层与基底模量相差越大,表面裂纹越长,其界面应力越大。计算了不同方位下的微裂纹对表面裂纹的影响,给出了60°倾角微裂纹、2l/h=0.2和2l/h=0.04表面裂纹以及2a/h=0.01和2a/h=0.018表面裂纹的影响区域。分析了涂层内部倾斜裂纹对表面裂纹应力强度因子和扩展角的影响。内部倾斜裂纹尖端对表面裂纹尖端的等效应力强度因子（ESIF）有增强作用,两侧有减弱作用。结论 较硬涂层对表面裂纹的扩展有增强作用,裂纹越长,受涂层模量对其应力强度因子的影响越大。微裂纹对表面裂纹的影响跟微裂纹位置、方向、长度和表面裂纹长度有关。表面裂纹附近的倾斜裂纹对表面裂纹的扩展具有吸引作用。     

AN APPROACH TO THEORETICAL FUNCTION OF DISLOCATION LINK LENGTH DISTRIBUTION IN METAL

A statistical distribution function of the dislocation link length,in unit volume of thecrystalline materials has been derived theoretically after semi-infinite normalization by as-suming the distribution of actual links in all positions of crystalline materials with equal prob-ability,i.e.(l)dl=2ρl_γ~(-4)l~2exp(l~2/l_γ~2)dlwhere ρ is dislocation density,This assumption seems to be reasonable for polycrystalline fecmetallic materials,and confirmation has been found in pure Ni and stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9TiTEM experiments alresults.