软X射线绝对光强测量系统及其标定

详细介绍了软X射线绝对光强测量系统的设计和结构及其标定的情况和结果。测量系统包括电离室、监测（或待标定）探测器及其传动系统两部分，可作为50－2000eV软X射线绝对强度测量的一级标准探测器，并给出了系统的偏差。     

乳腺X射线基准装置能谱研究

介绍了乳腺X射线基准装置及其辐射野特性。根据钼靶X射线光机的各项参数,建立了蒙卡模拟的模型,使用蒙特卡罗软件模拟了光机的能谱。介绍了用于低能光子能谱测量的硅漂移探测器(SDD),并使用三种放射源对探测器进行了能量刻度,得到了能量与道址的线性关系。使用刻度好的硅漂移探测器进行了乳腺X射线基准能谱测量实验,测得了四个不同管电压下基准装置的能谱,实验结果与理论模拟结果吻合。     

用于X射线探测的CVD金刚石薄膜探测器

研制了用于X射线测量的化学气相沉积(CVD)金刚石薄膜探测器.该探测器灵敏区直径为15 mm、厚度300 μm,其暗电流在800 V偏压下小于50 pA,且暗电流-电压曲线线性较好.就CVD金刚石探测器对不同能量X射线的响应及脉冲X射线时间响应进行了理论和实验研究.结果表明:该探测器对6～22 keV X射线具有10-4～10-2A·W-1的灵敏度,假设电荷收集效率为39%时,灵敏度的理论值与实验测量值符合较好,探测器的RC时间常数约为1.5 ns;对亚纳秒脉冲X射线的响应上升时间为2～3 ns.     

钢的等效射线衰减系数的实验分析

利用X射线数字成像技术检测薄壁钢件时,需根据钢的等效射线衰减系数进行检测工艺参数优化。然而,多色、宽束条件下的等效射线衰减系数难于获得。为此,通过实验方法,对钢的等效射线衰减系数进行有效测量。首先,对等效射线衰减系数的测量方法及影响要素进行分析。然后采用面阵列射线探测器对0.05 mm厚的钢箔测量射线强度的变化量,得到了30～150 kVp射线管电压下的钢的等效射线衰减系数。实验结果表明:相较于单能、窄束射线条件下得到的衰减系数,实验得到的等效射线衰减系数明显偏大。假定射线探测器为理想探测器,结合不同管电压的射线能谱,经计算得到的等效射线衰减系数与实验结果趋于符合;借助于图像质量指标分析得到的等效射线衰减系数值,则与实验测量值完好符合。因此在射线成像检测实践中,有必要对等效射线衰减系数进行实际测量:此系数与通常单能、窄束射线条件下得到的衰减系数明显不同,它与图像质量指标存在直接的关联。     

ICI探测器的时间响应特性研究

基于集电型探测器的等效电路模型得到了ICI探测器的输入-输出等效电路,应用实际测量的分布电容和电感计算得到ICI探测器的时间响应.采用快脉冲X射线源实验获得ICI探测器时间响应为(0.677±0.144)ns.实验结果与理论计算结果的一致验证了理论模型的正确性.研究结果表明,ICI探测器具有亚纳秒时间特性,可以用于快脉冲γ射线强度的测量.     

离子注入型半导体γ辐射探测器

离子注入探测器在能量分辨率测量上虽然还赶不上面垒型探测器,但在位置灵敏探测上确大有作为,有人还用它做了P-I—N电流型探测器。国外在六十年代后期开始研制工作。国内于七十年代后期也开展了上面两种探测器的研制。八十年代美国ORTEC公司已有商品出售,本文介绍一种在野外较恶劣环境条件下用作剂量测量的(也可用于射线监测的)离子注入γ射线探测器。     

平面工艺Si电流型X射线探测器研制

该项目主要研究X射线能谱及时间谱测量、强流脉冲X射线束测量所需的平面工艺硅电流型探测器。主要工作在于模拟核爆中高功率Z-pinch等离子体辐射研究中测量等离子体产生的X射线能谱及时间谱和用于X光束诊断和高功率Z-pinch等离子体辐射研究。该型探测器用于探测极低能量     

北京同步辐射3B1束线软X射线光源及探测器灵敏度标定

本文简单介绍了北京同步辐射装置３Ｂ１束线软Ｘ测量装置的结构与概况，从单色器能量分辨，绝对光子能及出射光强线性三个方面对该装置光源特性进行了系统的研究，初步建立了标定用辐射场，并为用于惯性约束聚变的软Ｘ射线探测器进行了灵敏度标定，得到比较理想的结果。     

小型CZT探测器测量浓缩厂铀富集度的实验研究

CZT（CdTe或CdZnTe）是一种新型化合物半导体探测器，用于γ射线能谱测量时，其能量分辨率介于HPGe探测器和NaI（T1）探测器之间。由于这种探测器具有体积小、重量轻、能在室温下长时间工作，易做成小型便携式测量装置等优点，因此，在核保障现场核查中得到了广泛应用。     

NE230液体闪烁探测器对^24Naγ射线的响应

建立了NE230液体闪烁探测器γ射线谱仪,用该谱仪测量了^24Na源的γ射线,并将测量结果与NE213探测器的测量结果进行了比较。运用蒙特卡罗程序对实验所用探测器的γ射线进行了计算模拟,发现NE230实验结果与计算结果相差比较大。对探测效率及测量谱形的差异进行了探讨。     

Subcriticality Measurement by Neutron Source Multiplication Method with a Fundamental Mode Extraction

A new neutron multiplication method has been proposed for an accurate measurement of subcriticality. The proposed method consists of two correction processes for (1) extraction of the fundamental mode from measuring data of a neutron detector that contains higher modes as well as the fundamental mode feeding from an external neutron source and (2) spatial corrections for perturbations induced by a reactivity addition in the distributions of the fundamental mode and a neutron importance field. Feasibility of the proposed method has been verified from a numerical study, although under some limitations such that the neutron multiplying system to be analyzed is small-sized and a reactivity change takes place homogeneously in a fuel loaded region. With extraction of the fundamental mode and the spatial corrections, the subcriticality can be estimated accurately even with measuring data highly contaminated with higher modes due to a detector position near to an external point neutron source. For a future application to measurement of control rod bank worth of a nuclear power plant from measuring data during a reactor physical testing, some useful guidelines have been obtained.     

Diagnostics of core barrel vibrations by in-core and ex-core neutron noise

Diagnostics of core-barrel vibrations has traditionally been made by use of ex-vessel neutron detector signals. We suggest that in addition to the ex-core noise, also the in-core noise, induced by core barrel vibrations, be also used. This would enhance the possibilities of diagnostics where the number of the ex-core detectors is not sufficient or their positions are disadvantageous for effective diagnostics, especially for shell-mode vibrations.

To this order, the theory of in-core noise induced by a fluctuating core boundary has been elaborated and applied to the diagnostics of beam and shell mode vibrations. The formulas were tested on some measurements taken in the Ringhals PWRs. The results confirm the validity of the model itself, and the possibilities for enhanced diagnostics were demonstrated. A more effective use of these novel possibilities requires more in-core detectors and/or better detector positioning.     

The measurement of the absolute intensity of neutron sources by a comparison with the reaction T(d,n)He4

A method for the measurement of the absolute intensity of neutron sources by a comparison with the neutron intensity from the reaction T(d, n)He⁴ is described. For the comparison of the intensities a detector was used which has an almost constant sensititity for a wide range of neutron energies. The detector consisted of a graphite prism in which, at a definite distance from the source (“constant”-sensitivity distance), the density of thermal neutrons was measured. The sensitivity of such a detector is constant, to an accuracy of 1–2 %, in the interval of neutron energies 0.1–8 Mev and is 13% lower for neutrons of energy 14 Mev. In 1953 this method was used for the measurement of the absolute intensity of a Ra-α-Be source with an accuracy of 4%.     

基于数字多道NaI(Tl)探测器的死时间研究

在放射性测量中,有时候需要对计数率进行精确的测量,因此需要对探测器死时间效应进行修正处理。本文基于DMCA-iCore数字化多道模块,从理论出发分析了数字多道NaI(Tl)探测器产生死时间效应的原因,得出数字多道死时间也服从扩展型分布的结论;同时根据牛顿迭代法推导了死时间修正函数,在计数率较高、探测器死时间较大时该修正函数依然有较好的修正效果。基于双源法测试了系统的死时间,死时间t=20.6 μs,最后在¹³⁷Cs标准剂量场中对NaI(Tl)探测器进行了测试,进一步证明了修正方法的有效性。     

An online monitor ionization chamber used in particle therapy

The clinical trials of tumor therapy using heavy ions beam 12C are now in progress at Institute of Modern Physics in Lanzhou. In order to achieve the precise radiotherapy with the high energy 12C beam in active pencil beam scanning mode, we have developed an ionization chamber(IC) as an online monitor for beam intensity and also a do-simeter after calibration. Through the choosing of working gas and voltage, optimizing of the electrics and the read-out system, calibrating the linearity, the detector system provide us one of the simple and highly reliable way to monitoring the beam during the active pencil beam scanning treatments. The measurement results of this detector sys-tem show that it could work well under the condition of high energy 12C beam in active pencil beam scanning mode.     

Measurement of Electromagnetic Shower Position and Size with a Saturated Avalanche Tube Hodoscope and a Fine Grained Scintillation Hodoscope

A hodoscope has been constructed from 100 ?m diameter wires and brass tubes (1.2 × 0.7 cm2 cross section) filled with a mixture of argon, ethane and ethyl alchohol. It has been tested in the saturated avalanche mode in an SCG1-C electromagnetic shower detector to determine its properties for the measurement of the position and size of electromagnetic showers. Two of these tube hodoscopes were positioned 3.5 radiation lengths deep in the detector and the profiles of 1-25 GeV electromagnetic showers were measured. Simultaneous measurements were performed using a plane of twenty, 0.5 cm wide scintillation counters positioned immediately behind the gas tube hodoscope. In addition the transition between saturated avalanche and limited streamer modes has been measured for the tube hodoscopes.     

Design and test results of a low-noise readout integrated circuit for high-energy particle detectors

A low-noise readout integrated circuit for high-energy particle detector is presented.The noise of charge sensitive amplifier was suppressed by using single-side amplifier and resistors as source degeneration.Continuous-time semi-Gaussian filter is chosen to avoid switch noise.The peaking time of pulse shaper and the gain can be programmed to satisfy multi-application.The readout integrated circuit has been designed and fabricated using a 0.35 μm double-poly triple-metal CMOS technology.Test results show the functions of the readout integrated circuit are correct.The equivalent noise charge with no detector connected is 500–700 e in the typical mode,the gain is tunable within 13–130 mV/fC and the peaking time varies from 0.7 to 1.6 μs,in which the average gain is about 20.5 mV/fC,and the linearity reaches 99.2%.     

用于HL-2A装置的新型硬X射线探测器

介绍了一种应用于托卡马克等离子诊断领域的新型硬X射线探测器,该探测器主要由硅酸钇镥(Lutetium-yttrium Oxyorthosilicate,LYSO)闪烁体和硅光电倍增管(Silicon Photomultiplier,Si PM)组成。基于项目应用需求,对探测器的选型和基于粒子输运蒙特卡罗仿真软件GEANT4的探测器设计加以阐述,并搭建了前端的探测系统,在HL-2A托卡马克装置上进行了现场诊断实验。实现了硬X射线空间能谱和辐射强度分布的诊断测量。实验表明该探测器阵列具有10 ms的时间分辨率,同时具有结构紧凑、使用方便等特点,能够满足等离子体诊断中硬X射线动态能谱和强度分布测量的诊断需求。     

X-Ray Measurement and Enhancement of SBUPF1 Plasma Focus Device in Different Ar Pressures and Operating Voltages

In this paper, best condition of filling gas pressure and operating voltage for SBUPF1 plasma focus device to have maximum intensity of hard and soft X-ray emission has been reported. For time resolved X-ray detection, PIN detector and fast plastic Scintillator detector with appropriate filters have been used and for time integrated X-ray emission measurement, radiography films with appropriate filter masks have been used. Rogowski coil has been used for pinch detection. The highest hard X-ray emission has been observed at the pressure of 0.45 mbar of Argon and discharge voltage about 23.5 kV. The highest Soft X-ray emission has been observed at the pressure of 0.35 mbar of Argon and discharge voltage about 23.5 kV. For enhancement of hard X-ray emission intensity, lead disk was placed in copper anode tip and measurements were repeated. Results have shown that hard X-ray emission has been enhanced about 23% and soft X-ray emission has been enhanced about 33% with inserting a high atomic number metal disk like lead. Results from integral X-ray measurement have shown presence of dominant peaks in ranges 13.2–15, 21–21.9 and 23.4–24.3 keV with significant spectral components in the range of 0–50 keV. Pinch size has measured with pin hole camera and it is about 0.6 mm × 2.12 mm. Captured images with SBUPF1 have confirmed that it is a suitable source for introspective imaging with capability of showing very fine details.     

Calculation of the ex-core neutron noise induced by individual fuel assembly vibrations in two PWR cores

Calculation of the neutron noise induced by fuel assembly vibrations in two pressurized water reactor(PWR) cores has been conducted to investigate the effect of cycle burnup on the properties of the ex-core detector noise. An extension of the method and the computational models of a previous work have been applied to two different PWR cores to examine a hypothesis that fuel assembly vibrations cause the corresponding peak in the auto power spectral density(APSD) increase during the cycle. Stochastic vibrations along a random two-dimensional trajectory of individual fuel assemblies were assumed to occur at different locations in the cores. Two models regarding the displacement amplitude of the vibrating assembly have been considered to determine the noise source. Then, the APSD of the ex-core detector noise was evaluated at three burnup steps. The results show that there is no monotonic tendency of the change in the APSD of ex-core detector; however, the increase in APSD occurs predominantly for peripheral assemblies. When assuming simultaneous vibrations of a number of fuel assemblies uniformly distributed over the core, the effect of the peripheral assemblies dominates the ex-core neutron noise.This behaviour was found similar in both cores.