NiAl/Cr(Mo)-Hf 合金的高温变形行为

研究了铸造及热等静压 (HIP)处理后的两种NiAl/Cr(Mo) Hf合金的微观组织 ,分析发现合金主要由NiAl相和Cr(Mo)相以及铪固溶体和Heusler相组成。对合金的高温变形行为和断裂特征进行研究 ,结果表明该合金具有良好的高温压缩性能 ,并运用线性回归方法计算了应力指数n和变形激活能Q。     

Mechanical alloying and field assisted hot pressing of nanocrystalline B2-NiAl intermetallic compound

Abstract

Ordered B2-NiAl intermetallic compound powder was successfully synthesised by mechanical alloying after 20 h in an attritor mill, starting from elemental Ni and Al powders and without subsequent heat treatment. NiAl powder obtained was homogenous and had a nanocrystalline microstructure. It was consolidated by field assisted hot pressing (FAHP), in a novel configuration with a Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator. The powder was also processed by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) in order to compare both methods. The consolidation was successful by both methods obtaining above 98% of NiAl theoretical density (5·86 g cm^?3). The results showed that the consolidation process by FAHP technique is effective and uniform throughout the sample as indicated by homogenous hardness values, obtaining microstructure and properties similar to those obtained with HIP technique, with certain advantages over it. The achieved room temperature yield strength of 850 MPa and fracture strain 26–28% corresponds to the bulk values of NiAl intermetallic.     

Layered Coating of Zn–Co Alloys on Mild Steel using Triangular Current Pulses for Better Corrosion Protection

Cyclic multilayer alloy (CMA) coatings of Zn–Co were electrodeposited on to mild steel (MS) from acid sulphate bath having thiamine hydrochloride and citric acid as additives. Depositions were carried out galvanostatically from a single bath containing Zn⁺² and Co⁺² ions. The triangular current pulses cycling between two cathode current densities were used for gradual change in composition in each layer. CMA coatings were developed under different sets of cathode current densities and number of layers, and their corrosion resistances were evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy method, and results were compared with that of monolayer Zn–Co alloy coatings. At optimal configuration, CMA coating represented as (Zn–Co)_3.0/5.0/300 was found to exhibit ~11 times better corrosion resistance compared to monolayer, (Zn–Co)_4.0, deposited for same length of time from same bath. The formation of layered and corrosion mechanism was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The corrosion protection of layered coatings of Zn–Co alloy was attributed to the different phase structure of the alloys in alternate layers, evidenced by XRD analysis.     

Influence of La2O3 addition on microstructure and wear resistance of Fe-Cr-C cladding formed by arc surface welding

The Fe-Cr-C claddings formed by arc surface welding with different La2O3 additions were investigated. The microstructures were observed by optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The phase structures were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The wear resistances of the claddings were tested by friction and wear experiment. On this basis, the carbide refinement mechanism by inclusion enriched with La was discussed theoretically. The results showed that, the microstructure of the Fe-Cr-C cladding consisted of primary (Cr,Fe)7C3 carbides and eutectic (γ-Fe+(Cr,Fe)7C3 ) structure. With La2O3 addition increasing, the primary carbides were refined, and the mass loss of the cladding decreased gradually. The Fe-Cr-C cladding with 4wt.% La2O3 addition had a best wear resistance behaviour. The RE inclusion LaAlO3 as heterogeneous nuclei of the primary M7C3 was medium effective, and could refine the M7C3 carbides. Besides, the wear resistance could be improved by adding La2O3 in the claddings.     

Ni–Fe–Mn–(nano)Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Coating with Modulated Composition and Grain Size

Composition modulated nanocomposite of Ni–Fe–Mn–Al₂O₃ coatings were fabricated on mild steel using single bath technique through alternative variation of duty cycle at constant frequency (VD) and repeated alteration of frequency at constant duty cycle (VF). The number of layers was 32 and thickness of each layer was 2.5 µm. The results of microstructure examination by SEM and EDS for VD coatings exhibited that Fe/Al₂O₃-rich layers adjacent to Mn rich ones were deposited in a frequent manner. In the case of VF coatings, alternative variation of frequency did not affect the chemical composition of matrix and only changed the content of embedded nanoparticles. The microhardness of Ni–Fe–Mn–Al₂O₃ multilayers compared to monolithic and multilayer Ni–Fe–Al₂O₃ of the same thickness was significantly increased because of Mn incorporation into the matrix. The corrosion resistance was found to be better for VD coating in comparison to the VF ones.     

Manufacture of NiAl-based rods for plasma centrifugal spraying using mechanochemical synthesis

An alternative technology is proposed for the production of NiAl–Co–Cr–Hf–Al₂O₃ alloy rods. It includes the fabrication of a powder by mechanochemical synthesis (MCS) followed by hot isostatic pressing in forming tool. The processes of MCS of the intermetallic alloy in a planetary mill and an attritor are studied. The products of synthesis in various mixers are compared. The microstructure and the properties of compacted samples are studied: their ultimate compressive strength is 1390–1480 MPa at a plasticity of 8.5–8.8%. Spherical granules with a target size of 20–200 μm are fabricated by plasma centrifugal spraying of the rod workpiece formed by the proposed technology.     

Microstructure evolution and nonequilibrium phase diagram for Ni-Hf binary alloy produced by laser cladding

Synthesis of nonequilibrium Ni-Hf binary alloys were carried out using laser cladding technique. In this process mixed powder in the ratio of Ni-26 wt% Hf was delivered using a screw feeder into a melt pool of the substrate, generated by a high power continuous wave CO₂ laser beam. The microstructure of the claddings thus produced were investigated using optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis techniques. Due to the inherent rapid cooling rate associated with the process of laser cladding process, some nonequilibrium hereto unreported phases formed in the claddings. There is also an extension in the solid solubility of Hf in the terminal α phase as compared to the equilibrium Ni-Hf binary phase diagram. This paper investigates this solid solubility extension, the evolution of the microstructure in the claddings in the system and also characterizes the metastable phases formed in terms of crystal structure and microchemistry. A nonequilibrium phase diagram for Ni-Hf binary alloy is recommended based on the micro-chemistry and differential thermal analysis data.     

Characterization and In Vitro Corrosion Investigations of Thermal Sprayed Hydroxyapatite and Hydroxyapatite-Titania Coatings on Ti Alloy

In the current investigation, hydroxyapatite (HA) powder was mixed with titania (TiO₂) in 50:50?wt?pct for depositing composite coatings on a Ti-alloy substrate using a thermal-spray coating technique. The coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was studied by electrochemical corrosion testing in simulated human body fluid. After the corrosion testing, the samples were analyzed by XRD and SEM/EDS analyses. HA and TiO₂ (rutile) were the main phases observed in the developed coatings. Bulk HA coating was amorphous; however, the addition of TiO₂ effectively improved the crystallinity of HA in HA-TiO₂ coating. The SEM analysis confirmed the formation of a well-formed HA-TiO₂ composite coating. HA coating exhibited higher bond strength (67.8?MPa) compared with HA-TiO₂ composite coating (37.6?MPa). The electrochemical study showed a significant improvement in the corrosion resistance of the Ti alloy after the deposition of the coatings.     

Effect of Yttrium on Microstructure and Hot Corrosion Preformance of Laser Clad Co-Based Alloy

The structure of the yttrium modified Co-base alloy layers formed by laser cladding on 2Cr13 and1Cr18Ni9Ti steel surfaces and its hot corrosion performance have been investigated systematically.The re-sults show that the Y-containing cobalt base clad alloy has a finer microstructure and higher corrosion re-sistance to the salt mixture of 75% Na_2SO_4+25%NaCl at high temperature.The unique properties are ob-tained with addition of 0.875% Y for the formation of a continuous and compact oxide scale.The compactscale may act as a barrier for the inward diffusion of oxygen and sulphur and also for the outward diffusionof alloying elements.     

Optimising number of layers of pulse electrodeposited Ni–Al2O3 multilayer nanocomposite coatings for corrosion and wear resistance

Ni–Al₂O₃ multilayer nanocomposite coatings were pulse electroplated on mild steel at a constant frequency of 500 Hz and alternative duty cycles of 20 and 80%, assisted with ultrasound agitation. The etched cross section of coatings was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy. The equal thickness of the two alternative layers decreased linearly from 15 μm to 300 nm by increasing the number of layers from 16 to 512. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) method was applied in characterising the grain size and crystallographic structure of the layers. The results showed that (111) peak is the preferred orientation in two layer and the grain size decreased from 92 to 34 nm by decreasing the duty cycle from 80 to 20%. The electrochemical behaviour of the coatings was evaluated by conducting cyclic polarisation test in 1M H₂SO₄ solution. The results showed that increase in the number of layers from 16 to 128 had a negative effect on corrosion resistance, while a further increase in the number of layers to 256 and 512 had a significant positive effect on. The tribological properties of the coatings were evaluated by the ball-on-disc test. The coating with 64 layers had an optimum wear resistance.     

Comparison in the Oxidation and Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum and Alumina-Reinforced Ni/Ni-Co Alloy Coatings

In this study, a comparison in the oxidation and corrosion behavior of Ni/Ni-Co aluminum and alumina-reinforced electrodeposited composites has been made. The developed coatings were characterized for the morphology, structure, microhardness, oxidation, and corrosion resistance. It was found that the incorporation of Al particles in NiCo matrix is higher (9 wt pct) compared to Ni matrix (1 wt pct). In the case of aluminum oxide particles, about 5 and 7 wt pct had been obtained in Ni and NiCo matrices respectively. The difference in the surface morphology was observed with respect to metallic (Al) and inert ceramic (Al₂O₃) particle incorporation. X-ray diffraction studies showed the presence of predominant Ni (200) reflection in the coatings. Also, peaks corresponding to Al and Al₂O₃ particles were present. The Ni/NiCo-Al coatings exhibited higher microhardness values at 1273 K (1000 °C) compared to alumina-reinforced coatings, indicating better thermal stability of the former coatings. The NiAl coating showed one and two orders of magnitude improved oxidation resistance compared to NiCoAl and Ni/NiCo-Al₂O₃ coatings, respectively. It was observed that the Ni-Al composite coating exhibited poor corrosion resistance in 3.5 pct NaCl solution compared to the other coatings studied.     

Oxidation Behavior of NiAl-30.75Cr-3Mo-0.25Ho Alloy at High Temperatures

The oxidation behavior of NiAl-30.75Cr-3Mo-0.25Ho alloy from 1300 to 1500 K in air atmosphere was investigated. The results reveal that oxidation resistance of the alloy is improved by the addition of Ho. At 1500 K, the oxidation kinetic curve obeys the parabolic law (n≈0.5), whereas the oxidation kinetic curve of the tested alloy follows the cubic relations (n≈0.3～0.4) from 1300 to 1450 K. An activation energy of about 261 kJ·mol-1 was determined for the tested alloy. It is found that a continuous and compact Al2O3 layer has formed on the surface of NiAl-30.75Cr-3Mo-0.25Ho alloy after oxidation 100 h at various tested temperatures. A rich-Ho solution formed on the boundaries of Cr(Mo) phase. Doped little amount of Ho in NiAl-31Cr-3Mo alloy promotes the transformation from θ-Al2O3 phase to α-Al2O3 phase, and decreases the size of Al2O3 and the crack forming in the oxidation scale prolongs the spalling time of the film at high temperature. The volatilizing oxides of Cr, Mo and the reactive element effects (REEs) make the mass gain lower than that of pure NiAl.     

Influence of LaCl3 addition on microstructure and properties of nickel-electroplating coating

The influence of rare earth chloride LaCl3 ·7H2O addition on the microstructural features, phase structure, corrosion resistance and microhardness of nickel-electroplating was investigated. The Watts-type with different additive amounts of LaCl3·7H2O(0-1.2g/L) were used in the experiment. Surface morphologies of coatings were examined by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) was used to measure the coatings’ grain size and the microstructure of coatings was detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Corrosive investigation was carried out in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The microhardness values of the coatings with different amounts of LaCl 3·7H2O were measured, and the mechanism of the variation in microhardness was studied. Results showed that the addition of rare earth lanthanum refined the grain size and improved the surface consistency of the coatings, meanwhile the microhardness and corrosion property of coatings were improved and achieved a maximum with arround 1.0g/L LaCl 3·7H2O addition in electrolyte. The preferred growth orientation of lanthanum doped coating was crystal face (200), meanwhile the La2 Ni7 phase was detected in the nickel coating by XRD and this was due to the induced co-deposition of elements La and Ni. The reason maybe was that the special out-layer electronic structure of element La raised the polarization of Ni cathode deposition, accelerated the nucleation of Ni and reduced hydrogen evolution from cathode surface.     

Deposition,Characterization and Evaluation of Monolayer and Multilayer Ni,Ni–P and Ni–P–Nano ZnO<Subscript>p</Subscript> Coatings

Ni, Ni–P and Ni–P–ZnO_p monolayer films along with multilayer coatings containing different arrangements of these layers were produced on steel substrates by electrodeposition and electroless deposition techniques. Co-deposition of ZnO nano-particles, as well as morphology, cross-section, microstructure and microhardness of coatings were investigated. Corrosion behaviors of monolayer coatings were studied by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques, and the results were compared to multilayer films. Results revealed that, Ni–P–1.5 vol% ZnO_p monolayer film obtained from a bath with 4 g L^?1 of these particles had the highest hardness between all samples. Further addition of nano-particles to the bath lead to the formation of discontinuous films. Most of the multilayer coatings with different arrangements exhibited higher corrosion resistance as compared to monolayer films. Corrosion current density of three-layer Ni–P–ZnO_p/Ni/Ni–P coating, considered as the most corrosion resistant film, was about 538 times lower than monolayer Ni–P coating.     

Corrosion behavior of plasma-sprayed coatings on a Ni-base superalloy in Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>SO<Subscript>4</Subscript>-60 Pct V<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>5</Subscript> environment at 900 °C

The shrouded plasma spray process was used to deposit NiCrAlY, Ni-20Cr, Ni₃Al, and Stellite-6 metallic coatings on a Ni-based superalloy (62Ni-23Cr-1.48Al-0.80Mn-0.37Si-0.10Cu-0.025C-bal Fe). NiCrAlY was used as a bond coat in all cases. Hot corrosion studies were conducted on uncoated as well as plasma-spray-coated superalloy specimens after exposure to molten salt at 900 °C under cyclic conditions. The thermogravimetric technique was used to establish the kinetics of corrosion. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDAX) and electron-probe microanalysis techniques were used to analyze the corrosion products. The uncoated superalloy suffered accelerated corrosion in the form of intense spalling of the scale. The NiCrAlY coated specimen showed a minimum weight gain, whereas the Stellite-6 indicated a maximum weight gain among the coatings studied. All the coatings were found to be successful in developing resistance against hot corrosion, which may be attributed to the formation of oxides, and spinels of nickel, aluminum, chromium, or cobalt.     

Ductility enhancement in NiAl (B2)-base alloys by microstructural control

An attempt to improve ductility of NiAl (B2)-base alloys has been made by the addition of alloying elements and the control of microstructure. It has been found that a small amount of fccγ phase formed by the addition of Fe, Co, and Cr has a drastic effect not only on the hot workability but also on the tensile ductility at room temperature. The enhancement in ductility is mainly due to the modification of Β-phase grains by the coexistence ofγ phase. The effect of alloying elements on the hot forming ability is strongly related to the phase equilibria and partition behavior amongγ,γ′ (L1₂ structure), and Β phases in the Ni-Al-X alloy systems. The ductility-enhancement method shows promise for expanding the practical application of nickel aluminide.     

Microstructure and thermal stability of coated Si3N4 and SiC

Microstructure of coatings obtained by treating Si₃N₄ and SiC in Cr powders at 1273–1623 K has been studied employing XRD, SEM, AES and TEM. In accordance with thermodynamic calculations and kinetic consideration, the coatings have layered structures and contain metal-rich silicides and metal-rich nitrides or carbides. The microstructure of the coatings has been found to depend on the treatment conditions. The kinetics of the coatings growth obeys a parabolic growth law, the activation energies being close to the activation energies for self-diffusion of the corresponding metals. Thermal stability of the coated and uncoated Si₃N₄ and SiC in Fe-, Ni- and Co-based matrices has been studied and the coatings have been found to considerably improve the stability of Si₃N₄- and SiC-metal interfaces.     

物相组成对硅酸镱涂层显微结构和耐蚀性能的影响研究

陶瓷基复合材料(Ceramic matrix composites CMCs)被视为新一代航空发动机热端部件的主要候选材料。然而,陶瓷基复合材料在服役过程中会受到高温水蒸气腐蚀,从而导致材料性能急剧下降。在CMCs表面制备环境障碍涂层(Environmental barrier coating,EBC)可有效解决这一难题。稀土硅酸盐具有高熔点、与CMCs匹配的热膨胀系数和良好的耐蚀性能等特点,是最具应用潜力的环境障碍涂层材料。大气等离子体喷涂技术是制备稀土硅酸盐环境障碍涂层的常见方法。本文通过固相反应法制备了不同物相组成的硅酸镱粉体,并采用大气等离子体喷涂方法制备了富Yb_2O_3(YS0.75)和富Yb_2Si_2O_7(YS1.25)两种涂层,比较研究了涂层的相组成、微观结构和耐高温水蒸气腐蚀性能。研究发现,YS0.75涂层主要由Yb_2O_3和Yb_2SiO_5相组成,结晶度较高,层状结构明显,涂层内有较多裂纹。YS1.25涂层主要由Yb_2SiO_5和Yb2Si2O7相组成,结晶度较低,片层间结合紧密,涂层含有较多球型气孔。不同物相组成的硅酸镱涂层经1400oC高温水蒸气腐蚀后表面均生成Yb_2SiO_5层。富Yb_2O_3涂层具有更好的耐水蒸气耐蚀性能。     

基于正交试验的等离子喷涂 NiAl 和 NiCrAl 涂层工艺研究

基于正交试验研究了等离子喷涂 NiAl 和 NiCrAl 涂层过程中结合强度与等离子喷涂参数之间的响应关系, 分析了涂层显微特征的影响因素并据此优化了工艺参数。结果表明,影响 NiAl 涂层结合强度的因素主次顺序为 氢气流量、氩气流量、电流、喷涂距离,影响 NiCrAl 涂层结合强度的因素主次顺序为喷涂距离、氩气流量、电 流、氢气流量,工艺优化能够显著改善 NiAl 和 NiCrAl 涂层的显微特征和性能。NiAl 涂层的工艺范围为氩气流 量 110~120 SCFH,氢气流量 20~25 SCFH,电流 600~610 A,喷涂距离 130~140 mm,结合强度均在 30 MPa 以上, 最大值为 33 MPa。NiCrAl 涂层的工艺范围为氩气流量 120~130 SCFH,氢气流量 25~30 SCFH,电流 610~620 A, 喷涂距离 130~140 mm,最大结合强度为 43.6 MPa。