超高分子量聚乙烯摩擦学性能研究进展

综述了超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)在摩擦学领域的研究进展,着重评述了UHMWPE材料在人工关节方面的应用以及在减摩耐磨材料方面的研究,并提出了UHMWPE作为减摩耐磨材料在研究与应用方面几个亟待解决的问题.     

超高分子量聚乙烯人工关节研究进展

人工关节是替代病变或损伤关节的植入性假体,除了应满足生物相容性要求外,必须具有足够的耐磨损性能、力学性能和抗氧化性能等。超高分子量聚乙烯因其自身优良的理化性能而被广泛应用于人工关节置换用材料。但随着超高分子量聚乙烯人工植入体使用时间的延长会导致其不同形式的失效,如磨损引起的骨质溶解,给骨科患者生活带来不便。综述了国内外提高超高分子量聚乙烯人工关节植入体综合性能而对材料进行改性处理的各种方法,包括辐照交联、热处理、加入抗氧剂等。最后总结了通过调控流动场诱导形成自增强结构,来改善人工关节植入体力学性能的最新进展,并展望了超高分子量聚乙烯人工关节高性能化的未来研究方向。     

超高分子量聚乙烯的结晶形态

应用光学和电子显微镜等手段研究了四种超高分子量聚乙烯初生态聚合体和熔化结晶试样各自生成的结晶形态结构。结果表明,在初生态聚合体中生成纤维状晶体,而熔化结晶试样中只能生成由折迭链片晶组成的球晶结构,熔体拉伸取向结晶时则生成类似草席晶的结构。     

滑动方式下辐射交联超高分子量聚乙烯的生物摩擦学研究

采用热压固化成型法制得了尺寸范围在9～50μm、密度为0.9413g/cm3、相对分子量为6×106的粉末状超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)颗粒;并用γ射线平面静止辐照方法,分别用120kGy、250kGy和500kGy剂量辐照样品,辐照剂量率为5kGy/h.采用UMT-Ⅱ多功能摩擦试验机考察了不同辐射剂量下交联UHMWPE的生物摩擦学性能,采用电子扫描电镜(SEM)分析了磨损表面形貌并讨论了其磨损机理.结果表明,辐射剂量为120kGy的UHMWPE磨损率最小,随着辐射剂量的增加,摩擦系数逐渐增大,辐射交联后UHMWPE的摩擦磨损性能均优越于未辐射UHMWPE的摩擦磨损性能.     

超高分子量聚乙烯加工研究进展

本文详细介绍了超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)的模压成型、挤出成型、注塑成型、凝胶纺丝等加工方法,并指出了各种方法的优缺点。     

不锈钢表面粗糙度对超高分子量聚乙烯摩擦磨损性能的影响

以超高分子量聚乙烯软骨材料为销样,316不锈钢硬骨材料为盘样,在自制的销－盘式磨损试验机上考察了不锈钢盘样表面粗糙度对超高分子量聚乙烯摩擦磨损性能的影响,并利用光学显微镜观察了摩擦副表面的形貌,结果表明,在干摩擦条件下,表面粗糙度对超高分子量聚乙烯的摩擦磨损有较大影响,存在着适合的表面粗糙度范围,使超高分子量聚乙烯摩擦系数,磨损率最小。     

硅烷交联超高分子量聚乙烯

采用硅烷对超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)进行交联改性，系统地研究了交联UHMWPE的凝胶率、熔点、结晶度、力学性能与耐磨性。结果表明，硅烷偶联剂导致了UHMWPE的交联，使UHMWPE的凝胶率提高。当硅烷含量较低时，UHMWPE的熔点增高、结晶度增大；当硅烷含量较高时，UHMWPE的熔点、结晶度呈下降的趋势；硅烷交联导致了UHMWPE材料的模量和强度提高，磨耗率降低；当硅烷含量较高时，交联UHMWPE材料的力学性能和磨耗率均变差；当硅烷含量为0．2份～0．4份时，交联UHMWPE材料的综合性能最佳。     

超高分子量聚乙烯的剖蚀磨损

用气流喷砂型冲蚀试验装置测试了超高分子量聚乙烯（ＵｌｔｒａＨｉｇｈＭｏｌｅｃｕｌａｒＷｅｉｇｈｔＰｏｌｙｅｔｈｙｌｅｎｅ）的冲蚀磨损性能，考察了冲蚀粒子的入射角，速度，粒子的硬度对冲蚀磨损的影响，用扫描电子显微镜观察冲蚀磨损表面形貌，指出：在高角冲蚀时，磨损机理主要为塑性变形和显微裂纹；在低角冲蚀时，磨损机理主要为显微镜切削和显微犁耕冲蚀磨损机理与冲蚀粒子有关。     

超高分子量聚乙烯纤维现状的研究

介绍超高分子量聚乙烯纤维的结构特点,性能及加工方法。描述了纤维在各领域的应用,介绍了国内外生产厂家对超高分子量聚乙烯的改性方法和应用。并指出其今后的发展。     

自增强高密度聚乙烯/超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料制备与表征

用自制模具制备出自增强高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)棒材.通过SEM观察、X射线分析、DSC分析以及力学性能测试,研究了挤出自增强HDPE/UHMWPE棒材微观结构和力学性能.研究结果表明,在HDPE和UHMWPE最佳配比为8:2的情况下,自增强试样的拉伸强度、抗弯强度和弹性模量分别为168.5、164.8MPa和4.9GPa,比未增强试样分别提高了534.9%、261.2%和408.3%.与普通模压试样相比,自增强试样内部有大量的微纤结构和串晶互锁结构,结晶度获得提高,(110)面和(200)面的峰值均获得提高,并且熔点向高温区发生漂移.     

Temperature‐dependent uniaxial ratchetting of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene

Uniaxial stress‐controlled cyclic tests were performed on the ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) polymer at different temperatures. The effects of stress level, stress rate, peak/valley stress hold and loading history on the ratchetting of the UHMWPE were discussed at different temperatures, and the temperature‐dependence of ratchetting was addressed. It is concluded from the experimental observations that the ratchetting of the UHMWPE depends greatly on the test temperature, and the ratchetting strain increases with the increasing temperature from ?20 to 37 °C, but decreases when the temperature is equal to or higher than 60 °C in some cases. The ratchetting is also time‐dependent and increases with the increase of peak stress hold time and the decrease of stress rate. The ratchetting presents apparent loading history dependence, and previous cyclic history with higher stress level remarkably restrains the occurrence of ratchetting in the subsequent cyclic loading cases with lower stress levels, but previous cyclic history with lower stress level hardly influences the ratchetting in the subsequent cyclic loading cases with higher stress levels.     

三元层状陶瓷Ti_3AlC_2/超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料的制备及性能

为了增强超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)的性能,研究采用表面改性的Ti_3AlC_2填充UHMWPE,通过热压成型制备了Ti_3AlC_2/UHMWPE复合材料。采用SEM观察复合材料的微观结构,表明Ti_3AlC_2均匀分散在UHMWPE基体中,表面处理后的填料与基体界面熔合较好;热分析结果表明,Ti_3AlC_2的添加降低了UHMWPE的结晶度和结晶热焓,同时提高了聚合物的热传导性;DMA分析结果表明,添加Ti_3AlC_2有效地提高了Ti_3AlC_2/UHMWPE复合材料的抗蠕变性能,得益于无机粒子改善了复合材料的硬度和刚性,提高了复合材料抗外界应力变形能力;摩擦学性能分析表明,适量的Ti_3AlC_2(质量分数≤15wt%)填充UHMWPE能有效提高复合材料的减磨抗摩性能,同时磨痕表面形貌分析结果表明,Ti_3AlC_2/UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦磨损机制由粘着磨损向磨粒磨损转变。     

Sintering of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene

Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is a high performance polymer having low coefficient of friction, good abrasion resistance, good chemical resistance etc. It is used in shipbuilding, textile industries and also in biomedical applications. UHMWPE is processed by powder processing technique because of its high melt viscosity at the processing temperature. Powder processing technique involves compaction of polymeric powder under pressure and sintering of the preforms at temperature above its melting point. In this study, we report our results on compaction and sintering behaviour of two grades of UHMWPE with reference to the powder morphology, sintering temperatures and strength development.     

超高分子量聚乙烯/纳米TiO_2复合材料的摩擦磨损行为

用热压成型法制备了纳米TiO2填充超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)复合材料,采用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机考察了复合材料在干摩擦条件下与45#钢配副时的摩擦磨损行为,采用扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料磨损表面形貌。结果表明,填充质量分数为15%的纳米TiO2能显著改善UHMWPE的耐磨性能。纯UHMWPE的摩擦过程中呈现出一次磨合期、一次稳定期、二次磨合期和二次稳定期四个明显的特征。当填充质量分数为15%的纳米TiO2时,UHMWPE基复合材料的摩擦过程中二次磨合特征已基本消失,整个摩擦过程的基本特征主要表现为磨合期和稳定期两个阶段,且磨合时间明显缩短,同时复合材料的磨损表面出现了明显的贫Ti区和富Ti区,其磨损机制主要表现为粘着磨损,局部磨损表面呈现了轻微的塑性变形特征。     

超高分子量聚乙烯纤维的发展状况

介绍超高分子量聚乙烯纤维的结构性能,发展历程和现状.描述了纤维的生产工艺方法和用途,介绍了国内外主要生产厂商产品,以及国内外对超高分子量聚乙烯纤维的改性方法和应用.     

Crystal ageing in irradiated ultra high molecular weight polyethylene

Medical grade ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) of two molecular weights has been γ irradiated in air to give received doses of 3.5 and 10 Mrad and aged in air for 25 months. Differential scanning calorimetry and wide and small angle X-ray diffraction (WAX and SAX) techniques and transmission electron microscopy have been used to characterize the materials. Polymer from an orthopaedic component, retrieved 10 years after implantation, has been subjected to the same analytical programme. The X-ray diffraction data shows that following irradiation two events occur with time, first a crystal refinement process, indicated by pronounced sharpening of the SAX peak, and secondly growth of a new crystal population of reduced lamellae thickness compared to the original crystal structures, shown by the development of a bimodal SAX pattern. Following irradiation crystallinity increases with time and this second crystal population makes a significant contribution to that increase. The retrieved component shows full development of these processes. It is considered that these crystallographic changes with time are responsible for the observed time dependent changes in the mechanical properties of air irradiated UHMWPE.     

Tribological properties of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) filled with copper micro‐powder

This paper investigates the tribological properties of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) filled with copper micro‐powder (CMP). The fabrication and testing procedures implemented to characterize strength and wear properties of the composite are discussed. The effect of copper micro‐powder concentration on tensile strength, elongation at break, impact resistance, coefficient of friction, and wear resistance of the composite is investigated. Results show that copper micro‐powder concentration of 1 wt% yields the optimal combination of wear resistance and tensile strength of the composite. A morphological analysis based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the copper micro‐powder‐ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene specimens is also discussed. The presence of ridges and plaques on the specimens, analyzed after the sliding wear tests, is attributed to fatigue and adhesion mechanisms. Investigations performed by using an electron probe micro‐analyzer provide evidence that the detachment of copper micro‐powder particles from the matrix during sliding wear tests creates a lubricating layer that drastically decreases the coefficient of friction of the composite and improves its wear resistance properties.