牡蛎酶解产物与还原糖美拉德反应工艺优化及挥发性风味物质分析

目的：对影响牡蛎酶解产物与还原糖美拉德反应产物（Maillard reaction products of oyster enzymatichydrolysates and reducing sugar,MRPs-OEH）风味的因素进行优化,得出最佳的美拉德反应条件,并对其风味进行评价。方法：以感官评分为指标,通过Box-Behnken响应面法优化牡蛎酶解产物与还原糖的美拉德反应条件,根据单因素试验结果,采用响应面分析法确定最优工艺参数,采用电子鼻和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对新鲜牡蛎（freshoyster,FO）、牡蛎酶解产物（oyster enzymatic hydrolysates,OEH）和最优工艺条件下制备的牡蛎美拉德反应产物（optimal Maillard reaction products of oyster enzymatic hydrolysates and reducing sugar,OMRPs-OEH）的风味物质进行比较分析。结果：牡蛎酶解产物与还原糖美拉德反应的最适条件为反应时间29.43 min、反应温度114.62 ℃、反应初始pH 6.97、OEH与还原糖（木糖-葡萄糖质量比2∶1）质量比1∶1,在此条件下MRPs-OEH的综合感官评分为20.88,和预测值20.25比,相对误差约为3.08%。进一步用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对FO、OEH和OMRPs-OEH的风味物质进行分析,分别检出30、36 种和45 种风味化合物。OEH中的主要挥发性成分如癸醛、壬醛、正辛醛、（Z）-2-癸烯醛等,使牡蛎酶解液呈现出腥味、哈喇味和油脂味,经过美拉德反应后,主要挥发性成分变成二甲基三硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、（Z）-4-庚烯醛等,它们综合体现了OMRPs-OEH的贝香味、肉香味和海鲜味,同时产生了一些吡嗪类物质,赋予了其一些坚果-肉香味。结论：美拉德反应不仅改善了牡蛎酶解产物的风味,也为新型牡蛎调味品的开发提供了依据,具有极大的经济和社会价值。     

美拉德反应产物对芝麻香典型风格形成的影响

论述了美拉德反应的机理及美拉德反应的影响因素,提出了芝麻香型白酒典型风格是由3-甲硫基丙醇等为特征成分的含硫化合物与美拉德反应产物的复合体;美拉德反应对芝麻香型典型风格的影响。讨论了美拉德反应对指导芝麻香型白酒生产与科研工作建议。     

白酒糟水解液的美拉德反应条件优化

以酒糟酸酶联合水解液为原料制备美拉德反应产物。采用单因素实验考察了反应温度、时间和pH3个因素对美拉德反应褐变程度的影响,并利用正交设计优化反应条件。结果表明,酒糟水解液进行美拉德反应的最佳条件为:温度110℃,时间100min和pH10,该条件下吸光度值为0.995,感官评价反应产物具有独特的酱香味。酒糟酸酶联合水解液进行美拉德反应具有可行性。     

葡萄糖-牡蛎酶解液美拉德反应体系的抗氧化活性

以牡蛎酶解液与葡萄糖建立美拉德反应体系,以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH）自由基清除率、金属离子螯合能力和还原能力为指标,通过葡萄糖质量分数、反应温度、pH值以及反应时 间4 个因素的单因素试验和正交试验优化得到具有强抗氧化活性的美拉德反应产物适宜反应条件。结果表明,葡萄 糖-牡蛎酶解液美拉德反应产物具有较强抗氧化活性的反应条件为葡萄糖质量分数4%、反应温度120 ℃、pH 7.0、 反应时间120 min。在此组合条件下,牡蛎酶解液美拉德反应得到的反应液的DPPH自由基清除率为93.2%,金属离 子螯合能力为22.5%,还原能力为1.436。     

美拉德反应产物的抗氧化性能研究

通过赖氨酸（甘氨酸）和木糖的美拉德反应可制备具有抗氧化活性的产物。研究了不同反应条件（如时间、pH和反应物摩尔比）对美拉德反应产物（Maillard Reaction Products，MRPs）的抗氧化性能的影响，并与常用食品抗氧化剂特丁基对苯二酚（TBHQ）进行了对比。     

干热条件下壳聚糖-木糖的美拉德反应

以木糖为模式还原糖,研究干热条件下壳聚糖与木糖发生美拉德反应的可能性,探讨反应温度、相对湿度、反应时间和壳聚糖/木糖配比4 个因素对美拉德反应的影响,并对在最适条件下获得的美拉德反应产物的热性能和流变学性质进行表征。结果表明,在干热条件下壳聚糖与木糖易于发生美拉德反应,且发生反应的最适条件为将两者按1∶1质量比例混合,在90 ℃及61.2%的相对湿度条件下反应4 h。在此条件下获得的壳聚糖-木糖美拉德反应产物的热分解温度与壳聚糖相比有所降低,流变学研究表明美拉德反应产物在溶液中的弹性明显增强。     

湿热条件下大豆分离蛋白与葡萄糖、麦芽糖的美拉德反应

研究湿热条件下反应温度、反应时间及混合质量比对大豆分离蛋白（soybean protein isolate,SPI）与葡萄糖、麦芽糖之间美拉德反应的影响,并对所得美拉德反应产物的溶解性、乳化性、溶液pH值、电势、热性能、结构和分子质量的变化进行表征。结果表明,SPI与2?种还原糖发生美拉德反应的最适条件为按质量比4∶1混合后在80?℃条件下反应6?h。美拉德反应明显改善了SPI的溶解度,并且麦芽糖比葡萄糖对SPI的改性效果更佳;美拉德反应降低了SPI的乳化性,并对其ζ电势有一定影响,随着美拉德反应程度的增加,SPI的负电荷明显减少;美拉德反应会使SPI溶液的pH值降低;热稳定性分析表明美拉德反应降低了SPI的热稳定性;傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明美拉德反应在SPI中引入了新的化学键;荧光分析表明美拉德反应增强了SPI的荧光强度;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定表明美拉德反应导致了大分子物质的形成。     

浅析绍兴黄酒生产中的美拉德反应

针对绍兴黄酒中的美拉德反应,介绍了美拉德反应的机理和影响因素,认为黄酒生产中发生美拉德反应的反应底物有还原糖和氨基酸,在黄酒生产中发生美拉德反应的条件是水分、温度和pH值,在黄酒制曲过程、发酵过程、煎酒过程和贮存过程中都会产生美拉德反应,同时讨论了黄酒中美拉德反应的利与弊.     

美拉德反应制备美味牛肝菌风味基料的工艺研究

以美味牛肝菌酶解液为原料,以美拉德反应产物的褐变指数（A420nm）和感官评分为试验指标,在单因素试验结果的基础上采用正交试验设计优化美拉德反应参数,制备出美味牛肝菌风味调味料基料。结果表明：在反应时间2.0 h、反应温度95℃、葡萄糖添加量3%,L-谷氨酸添加量0.5%及初始pH3条件下,美拉德反应产物呈棕色、有浓郁的美味牛肝菌香气、海鲜及烧烤风味。     

嗜热芽孢杆菌对美拉德反应的作用初探

从白云边高温大曲中筛选到一株嗜热芽孢杆菌BG05,通过美拉德模式反应和除菌灭酶实验发现,BG05对美拉德反应有一定的促进作用,存在某种酶能够催化美拉德反应的进行。以麸皮为固体发酵培养基,研究外界条件对BG05促进美拉德反应的影响因素,结果表明：55℃高温发酵、8d的发酵时间、初始pH7.0、料液比1：0.7、接种量10%的外界条件能够更好的促进美拉德反应的进行,Fe3＋对美拉德反应的发生有较明显的促进作用。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press