辽宁工程技术大学，辽宁 阜新 123000

提出了利用梯度塑性理论计算Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带的局部剪切应变新方法.绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变依赖于临界塑性剪切应变、试样的标定长度、绝热剪切带总厚度、绝热剪切带的平均塑性剪切应变.计算表明,随着绝热剪切带总厚度的增加,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变以非线性方式下降.当绝热剪切带总厚度的取值接近1 mm时,尽管确定临界塑性剪切应变的方法不同,但是,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变的计算值差别很小.当绝热剪切带总厚度取值在0.335～1 mm之间时,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变的计算值位于Liao及Duffy(1998)实验结果的下限(75%)和上限(350%)之间.     

钛合金绝热剪切带宽度的演变规律研究

根据梯度增强的Johnson-Cook模型,对Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带中心区域的宽度(绝热剪切带宽度w5%)随平均塑性剪切应变的演变规律进行了预测。结果表明,随着平均塑性剪切应变的增加,w5%先是快速减小,然后趋于稳定。当绝热剪切带总宽度为0.3235mm时,w5%的稳定值接近Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带宽度的上限(55μm);当绝热剪切带总宽度为0.0705mm时,w5%的稳定值接近Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带宽度的下限(12μm)。绝热剪切带宽度受多种因素影响,例如,材料特性、加载速度、环境温度、应力及应变状态。本文的分析是在绝热条件下进行的,不存在塑性功率与热传导达到平衡(稳态)的假定。     

Ti-6Al-4V剪切带内部的应变、温度分布及演变研究

采用梯度塑性理论，考虑了峰值剪切应力之后的材料承载能力缓慢降低的过程及承载能力快速降低的过程，推导了剪切带内部的剪切变形、应变及温度分布的公式。计算了Ti-6Al-4V剪切带内部塑性剪切应变，温度的分布及演变。在剪切带内部，塑性剪切应变及温度分布是高度不均匀的，这种不均匀性随着施加的塑性剪切应变的增加而增加。随着流动剪切应力的降低，剪切带内部的最大塑性剪切应变线性增加，最高温度非线性增加。由于微结构效应，基于梯度塑性理论的剪切带内部的最大塑性剪切应变及最高温度的预测值高于经典理论的预测值。将Ti-6Al-4V剪切带内部的剪切变形及应变的理论结果与根据前人高速摄影实验图片的计算结果进行了对比，理论与实验结果的趋势非常吻合，在数值上，剪切带内部的最大剪切应变的理论值仍低于实测值。     

Quantitative calculation of local shear deformation in adiabatic shear band for Ti-6Al-4V

JOHNSON-COOK（J-C） model was used to calculate flow shear stress-shear strain curve for Ti-6Al-4V in dynamic torsion test. The predicted curve was compared with experimental result. Gradient-dependent plasticity（GDP） was introduced into J-C model and GDP was involved in the measured flow shear stress-shear strain curve, respectively, to calculate the distribution of local total shear deformation（LTSD） in adiabatic shear band（ASB）. The predicted LTSDs at different flow shear stresses were compared with experimental measurements. J-C model can well predict the flow shear stress-shear strain curve in strain-hardening stage and in strain-softening stage where flow shear stress slowly decreases. Beyond the occurrence of ASB, with a decrease of flow shear stress, the increase of local plastic shear deformation in ASB is faster than the decrease of elastic shear deformation, leading to more and more apparent shear localization. According to the measured flow shear stress-shear strain curve and GDP, the calculated LTSDs in ASB are lower than experimental results. At earlier stage of ASB, though J-C model overestimates the flow shear stress at the same shear strain, the model can reasonably assess the LTSDs in ASB. According to the measured flow shear stress-shear strain curve and GDP, the calculated local plastic shear strains in ASB agree with experimental results except for the vicinity of shear fracture surface. In the strain-softening stage where flow shear stress sharply decreases, J-C model cannot be used. When flow shear stress decreases to a certain value, shear fracture takes place so that GDP cannot be used.     

A method for calculating damage evolution in adiabatic shear band of titanium alloy

A method for calculating the evolution of the local damage variable at the adiabatic shear band (ASB) center was proposed. In the present method, the JOHNSON-COOK model and the nonlocal theory were adopted, and the damage variable formula applicable for the bilinear (linearly elastic and strain-softening) constitutive relation was further generalized to consider the plastic deformation occurring in the strain-hardening stage. Aiming at Ti-6Al-4V, the effect of strain rate on the evolution of the local damage variable at the ASB center was investigated. In addition, a parametric study was carried out, including the effects of strain-hardening exponent, strain rate sensitive coefficient, thermal-softening exponent, static shear strength, strain-hardening modulus, shear elastic modulus, work to heat conversion factor, melting temperature and initial temperature. The damage extent at the ASB center in the radial collapse experiment was assessed. It is found that at higher strain rates the damage in the ASB becomes more serious at the same average plastic shear strain of the ASB.     

Adiabatic Shear Bands in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with Lamellar Microstructure

Adiabatic shear band (ASB) is an important material’s phenomenon often observed in metals when processed at high strain rates. The microstructure and microtexture of ASBs in Ti-6Al-4V alloy with lamellar microstructure deformed by the dynamic loads were investigated by means of Light Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscopy/Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction, and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Close to the boundary of the shear band, highly elongated subgrains with thick cell walls were observed. The core of ASB consists of very fine equiaxed grains with low density of dislocations. New phases are generated in the core of shear band. According to the orientation distribution, the textures in the core of ASB peaked at (45°,5°, 0°), (89°,29°, 0°), (15°,10°, 30°), and (75°,5°, 30°); and the grain boundaries in ASB are geometrical necessary boundaries with high angles. Calculations of temperature rise suggest that the temperature in ASB is above the recrystallization point. Finally, the formation of an ASB in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy and its microstructure evolution are described as a consequence of the rotational dynamic recrystallization.     

Effects of constitutive parameters on adiabatic shear localization for ductile metal based on JOHNSON-COOK and gradient plasticity models

1Introduction Adiabatic shear band(ASB)is a very narrow zone with a high concentration of shear strain.It is believed that ASB is formed by a process of thermo-mechanical instability.ASB can be observed in the process of dynamic deformation of various fer…     

钛合金绝热剪切的敏感性分析及环境温度的影响

通过引入与Batra及Kim类似的观点,将绝热剪切带宽度定义为绝热剪切带的中心区域的宽度(W5%),在该区域上温度比其峰值小5%,利用Johnson-cook模型及梯度塑性理论分析Ti-6A1-4V绝热剪切带的厚度随环境温度的演变规律.计算表明,随着环境温度的升高,绝热剪切带宽度增加,这与许多实验观测结果一致.当绝热剪...     

基于梯度依赖的JOHNSON-COOK模型的韧性绝热剪切敏感性

以基于梯度塑性理论提出的绝热剪切带内部的局部塑性剪切变形分布的理论表达式为基础,研究10个参数对绝热剪切敏感性的影响。对LIAO及DUFFY给出的Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带内部的1条流线的实验结果进行最小二乘曲线拟合。估算绝热剪切带宽度取值不同时的临界塑性剪切应变。理论曲线很好地反映了绝热剪切带内部流线的非线性变形特征。利用不同的临界塑性剪切应变值反算了JOHNSON-COOK模型中的一些参数。研究发现,绝热剪切敏感性随着初始静态屈服应力、功热转化因子和应变率参数的降低而降低,这与密度、热容、环境温度及应变硬化指数的影响刚好相反。所提出的模型可以预测绝热剪切带的宽度由高至低的演变过程,直到达到一个稳定值,这一点DODD和BAI模型做不到。     

基于实测剪切应力及局部应变的Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带的峰值温度估算

认为试样表面的变形场出现不连续性不是绝热剪切带出现的标志,而是形变绝热剪切带进一步发展的结果;在计算绝热剪切带内部的峰值温度时应从局部剪切应变中扣除弹性应变,因为弹性应变不会对塑性功有所贡献。以动态扭转的Ti-6Al-4V试样（TA-50）为例,计算了绝热剪切带内部的峰值温度,其被划分为3部分：环境温度、均匀和非均匀变形引起的温度。在两种条件下（从局部剪切应变中扣除弹性应变与否）,计算出的峰值温度分别为669和665 ℃,其在热回复和再结晶的温度范围之内,未达到相变的温度,比Liao及Duffy的理论计算值（630 ℃）要高。如果剪切应力-局部塑性剪切应变的关系不能完全确定,适当的近似是必要的。     

Ti-6Al-4V热变形行为及利用多项耦合进行本构关系修正

采用热模拟试验机对钛合金Ti-6Al-4V进行高温压缩试验,研究其在850~1100 ℃温度下,0.001~0.1 s?1应变速率的流动应力行为。结果表明:钛合金Ti-6Al-4V具有应变速率、温度敏感性;随着温度的升高和应变速率的减小,流动应力逐渐降低,加工硬化速率与动态软化速率达到动态平衡。通过分析工艺参数对材料参数的影响,发现合金的材料参数(N、A、Q)随变形条件的变化而变化。在传统双曲正弦函数型Arrhenius方程的基础上提出一种考虑应变速率、温度和应变耦合修正的双曲正弦本构方程,并用相关系数R和平均相对误差(AARE)来评价所建立的本构模型的准确性,定量分析结果表明,修正的本构方程能够较准确地预测钛合金Ti-6Al-4V的流动应力。     

Hot deformation behaviors of Fe-microalloyed Ti-6Al-4V based on experiments and calculations

Our previous results have shown that comprehensive mechanical properties of titanium alloys can be effectively improved by addition of Fe[1]. We systematically investigate hot deformation behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V-0.35Fe in this study, which is significant to improve plastic deformation ability of titanium alloys. In experiment, we use a Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical simulator to obtain the relationship between thermomechanical parameters and flow stress in a range of temperatures (800-950 °C) and strain rates (0.001-10 s-1). The single-peak profiles of the flow curves indicate that dynamic recrystallization (DRX) mechanism dominates the deformation. TEM analysis indicate that the grain size in DRX changes under different deformation temperatures, and finer grains are formed at relatively lower temperature due to the dynamic globularization. The dislocation walls are formed in subgrain boundaries due to dislocation slipping-climbing. The Avrami-type DRX model and the strain compensated multivariable regression model have been applied to fit the experimental stress-strain data during hot deformation. A comparative study between these two types of constitutive models is conducted to represent the flow behavior. It is found that both models have good accuracy in predicting the flow stress of Ti-6Al-4V-0.35Fe alloy. A processing map based on dynamic material model (DMM) at the strain of 0.8 (steady-state flow stage) has been established to identify the flow instability regions and stability regions. The strain rate range of stability region is 0.001-0.6s-1 which has been expanded compared to the range of 0.0003-0.1s-1 of Ti-6Al-4V. Optimal hot working parameters are confirmed to be 920-950 °C and 0.001-0.005 s-1, and nearly complete DRX has taken place. Our results indicate that hot working property of Fe-microalloyed Ti-6Al-4V is better than that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in 800-950 °C temperature scale, and processing cost has been decreased.     

氢对Ti-6Al-4V合金组织及超塑变形行为的影响

应用光学显微镜研究氢对Ti-6Al-4V显微组织的影响,并在温度800℃～860℃和应变速率10-3s-1的变形条件下进行超塑拉伸实验。结果表明,随着氢含量的增加,β相的比例提高,且由等轴组织转变为双态组织,随着氢含量的进一步增加,在α相中形成了氢化物;同时,适量的氢可以显著降低Ti-6Al-4V合金峰值应力,置氢0.32wt%H,其峰值流动应力降低了约55%;此外,适量置氢可以显著降低Ti-6Al-4V合金的超塑性变形温度,较原始合金最佳超塑变形温度可降低60℃～100℃,置氢0.11wt%H,在840℃获得了1190%的延伸率,较相同条件下的原始合金延伸率提高75%。文章研究结果可为超塑成形、超塑成形/扩散连接工艺及生产提供优化参考。     

Thermomechanicai coupling simulation and experimental study in the isothermal ECAP processing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The thermomechanical coupling simulation of the isothermal equal channel angular pressing(ECAP)of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was conducted.The effect of processing parameters,ECAP pass number and the residual billet on the effective strain,stress and temperature distribution was investigated.Based on the coupling simulation results,it is found that the shear factor,ram speed,deformation temperature,channel intersection angle and residual billet significantly affect the ECAP deformation behaviors.Meanwhile,the experimental study of the isothermal ECAP process of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using route C,in which the repeated rotation angle around the longitudinal billet axis before reinsertion in channel intersection angle of 120°.Furthermore,a large amount of recrystallization occurs and some prior α phase grains grow in the post-ECAP process of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.The yield strength of post-ECAP Ti-6Al-4V alloy increases compared with that of as-received Ti-6Al-4V alloy.     

Research on elevated temperature deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V sheets

Hot deformation behaviors were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and uniaxial thermal tension. The effect of de-formation temperature and strain rate on flow stress was evaluated, and deformation mechanism was analyzed. The results show that the stress-strain curves of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloy sheet and TC4 alloy bar at elevated temperatures have different forms and rules. Flow stress of TCA is controlled by both strain rate and deformation temperature. The flow stress decreases with the increase of high temperature. Deforma-tion mechanisms exhibit dynamic recovery and recrystallization feature within high temperature region and grain boundary slip behaviors at low temperature.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Solid Formed Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Under Dynamic Shear Loading

To investigate the mechanical properties of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated by laser solid forming technology, both static and dynamic shear tests were conducted on hat-shaped specimens by a servohydraulic testing machine and an enhanced split Hopkinson pressure bar system, over a temperature range of 173-573 K. The microstructure of both the original and deformed specimens was characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that: (1) the anisotropy of shear properties is not significant regardless of the visible stratification and the prior-β grains that grow epitaxially along the depositing direction; (2) the ultimate shear strength of this material is lower than that of those Ti-6Al-4V alloys fabricated by forging and extrusion; (3) the adiabatic shear bands of approximately 25.6-36.4 μm in width can develop at all selected temperatures during the dynamic shear deformation; and (4) the observed microstructure and measured microhardness indicate that the grains become refined in adiabatic shear band. Estimation of the temperature rise shows that the temperature in shear band exceeds the recrystallization temperature. The process of rotational dynamic recrystallization is considered to be the cause of the grain refinement in shear band.     

Shear localization behavior in hat-shaped specimen of near-α Ti−6Al−2Zr−1Mo−1V titanium alloy loaded at high strain rate

The microstructure characteristics in early stage shear localization of near-α Ti?6Al?2Zr?1Mo?1V titanium alloy were investigated by split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests using hat-shaped specimens. The microstructural evolution and deformation mechanisms of hat-shaped specimens were revealed by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) method. It is found that the nucleation and expansion of adiabatic shear band (ASB) are affected by both geometric and structural factors. The increase of dislocation density, structure fragment and temperature rise in the deformation-affected regions provide basic microstructural conditions. In addition to the dislocation slips, the extension twins detected in shear region also play a critical role in microstructural fragmentation due to twin-boundaries effect. Interestingly, the sandwich structure imposes a crucial influence on ASB, which finally becomes a mature wide ASB in the dynamic deformation. However, due to much larger width, the sandwich structure in the middle of shear region is also possible to serve as favorable nucleation sites for crack initiation.     

氢对Ti-6Al-4V合金微观组织的影响

采用累计流量法对供应态Ti-6Al-4V合金进行了固态置氢,运用OM、XRD、TEM分析等方法研究了Ti-6Al-4V合金固态置氢后的微观组织状态及演变过程。结果表明:供应态Ti-6Al-4V合金的置氢量低于0.30%(质量分数,下同)时,置氢使得Ti-6Al-4V合金中的α相减少、β相增加;置氢量达到0.30%时,置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金中有δ氢化物(TiH2相)形成;β-Ti(H)共析转变生成α-Ti和δ氢化物时主要以切变方式进行;置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金的相变温度最多下降了180°C,与Ti-6Al-4V合金在置氢过程中的相体积比变化和共析转变有密切关系。     

Thermomechanical coupling simulation and experimental study in the isothermal ECAP processing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The thermomechanical coupling simulation of the isothermal equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was conducted.The effect of processing parameters,ECAP pass number and the residual billet on the effective strain,stress and temperature distribution was investigated.Based on the coupling simulation results,it is found that the shear factor,ram speed,deformation temperature,channel intersection angle and residual billet significantly affect the ECAP deformation behaviors.Meanwhile,the experimental study of the isothermal ECAP process of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using route C,in which the repeated rotation angle around the longitudinal billet axis before reinsertion in the die was 180°,were conducted at a deformation temperature of 750°C,a ram speed of 0.3 mm·s-1,an outer arc of curvature of 60° and a channel intersection angle of 120°.Furthermore,a large amount of recrystallization occurs and some prior α phase grains grow in the post-ECAP process of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.The yield strength of post-ECAP Ti-6Al-4V alloy increases compared with that of as-received Ti-6Al-4V alloy.     

TC4合金绝热剪切动态演变过程数值模拟研究

对TC4合金强迫剪切过程进行了数值模拟,获得了绝热剪切过程中变形局域化区域内的von-Mises应力、有效塑性应变以及温度的分布规律。通过分析发现：大量应变集中于帽形试样变形局域化区域内,且在试样两拐角处最大;变形局域化区域内温度明显高于基体温度,且在试样两拐角处最高。结果表明,绝热剪切带内温度达到了TC4合金的再结晶温度,这为TC4合金绝热剪切带内微观组织变形机制的研究提供了依据