Assumption-Simulation-Feedback-Adjustment (ASFA) Framework for Real-Time Correction of Water Resources Allocation: a Case Study of Longgang River Basin in Southern China

Water resources allocation is subject to uncertain future conditions and therefore needs real-time correction. This study develops a framework of “assumption-simulation-feedback-adjustment” (ASFA) for real-time correction of water resources allocation. The assumption component constructs a water resources allocation model and generates initial allocation solution (IAS); the simulation component applies IAS in a real-time hydrological scenario; the performance information is input into the feedback component. Three feedback functions, including gain function, correlation function, and least square function, are employed to deal with the information, and the value of output gain is determined for the adjustment component. The result then is a feedback allocation solution (FAS). This study applied ASFA to Longgang River basin, China, as a case study, compared FASs generated by three different feedback functions as well as IAS. Results showed that FAS generated by the gain function (FAS_GF) performed better with a higher assurance rate and less risk of continuous water shortage. Results also showed that to achieve the same management requirement, FAS_GF had a lower requirement of the amount of diverted water, indicating that the ASFA framework can make better use of water resources and reduce the pressure of diverted water. The ASFA framework builds a feedback mechanism for real-time correction of water resources allocation, provides a novel perspective for addressing the challenge of future uncertainty, which significantly improves the solutions of water allocation.     

Climate Change Adaptation in the U.K. Water Industry: Managers' Perceptions of Past Variability and Future Scenarios

In this article, the relationship between U.K. watercompanies' perceptions of past climatic extremes andtheir effect on resilience to future climatic changeis explored. Perceptions and activities related topast and future dry periods was investigated throughinterviews with managers at the ten major English andWelsh water supply/sewerage companies, and severalsmaller, water-only companies. Several of thecompanies report that they have observed a trendtowards drier summers in their regions, and a number of companies say that they have observed a changetowards more intensive rainfall of shorter duration. Recent supply measures in a number of regions havebeen aimed at improving storage and distributionrelated to the perceived change in rainfall intensity.A new requirement to incorporate regional climatechange scenarios in future supply assumptions appearsto have had little impact on planning in the region todate. Many water resource planners believe that thescenarios generated are too aggregated and do notencourage a precautionary approach to planning. Somemanagers believe that records of historical droughtconditions, such as experienced in 1933/1934 or 1995/1996,as worst-case scenarios provide a better basis for planning.     

南水北调东线工程水资源水质管理的道德风险

应用信息经济学中委托代理理论,指出由于存在人的有限理性、水资源的公共物品特性、市场竞争不充分、存在地方保护主义、信息不对称、违规成本过低等原因,在南水北调东线工程水资源水质管理中存在道德风险,主要表现在水用户减少污水处理投资。建立南水北调东线工程水资源水质管理道德风险基本模型,得出了在信息完全的情况下供水公司的水质检测水平、水价和水用户的污水治理水平解。建立在道德风险环境下的水用户的污水治理投资水平决策模型和供水公司的水质检测投资水平决策模型,得出了水用户的污水治理投资水平解和道德风险表示形式,以及供水公司的水质检测投资水平解。对两个模型进行分析,并提出了降低南水北调东线水资源水质管理道德风险的措施:加强水质检测投资,完善监督机制;完善水权市场;制定适当的惩罚条款;建立水用户的用水信用机制,降低信息不对称的程度;进行产业结构的调整,加强社会经济的发展;提高污水治理技术水平。     

液控蝶阀和超压泄压阀对水锤联合防护效果分析

以山西省长治市庄头泵站为例,针对供水工程倒虹吸管段出现的水锤压力过大的情况,采用数值模拟的方法,分别模拟了两阶段关闭液控蝶阀单独防护水锤、超压泄压阀单独防护水锤与液控蝶阀和超压泄压阀联合防护水锤的压力管路情况。对比分析了3种防护措施下的管路技术指标。分析结果表明:两阶段关闭液控蝶阀单独防护水锤与超压泄压阀单独防护水锤的效果均不明显,管路最大水锤压力仍不满足规范要求;而采取液控蝶阀和超压泄压阀的联合防护措施,能够有效地降低水锤压力,保证供水工程的安全运行。提出的液控蝶阀和超压泄压阀联合防护水锤的方法,可以为庄头泵站的安全运行提供技术支持,同时,也可为其他类似泵站的水锤防护提供参考。     

宝清朝阳露天采矿场疏干排水及综合利用分析

露天采矿场存在3个含水层和3个隔水层,主要进水水源为地下水。涌水量大且水质达不到饮用水水质的要求。疏干排水的方式为抽水井孔排水、坑内排水,对大索伦河改道,阻止地表水进入采矿场。排出的水经过处理后,用于包括绿化在内的各种用途,从而达到综合利用的目的。     

Applying Optimisation and Uncertainty Analysis to Help Develop an Integrated Water Resources Plan for South East England

The need to promote opportunities for integration between commercially independent water supply providers is becoming important as pressure on water resources increases in many parts of the world. Water stress in south eastern England is projected to increase over the next 25 years, influenced by factors such as: population growth; demographic change; changes in water use; water requirements for environmental protection; and, the potential effects of climate variability and change. Actions to avoid unacceptable deficits in the supply–demand balance are being planned, involving measures to reduce the demand for water and schemes to increase the sharing of water resources within the region. This paper outlines the application of a modelling framework incorporating optimisation modelling and stochastic simulation to help identify options to improve the integration of water resources systems across the region. The regional modelling framework has helped to identify integrated sets of schemes that can provide a cost-effective regional solution for securing the supply–demand balance at an acceptable level of security of supply. These integrated sets of schemes include shared water storage and transfer options that are broader in scope than those considered by individual water companies in drawing up their own water resources plans. Outcomes to-date have included: (a) the identification of cost-effective opportunities for shared resource development and new infrastructure to transfer water from areas of surplus to areas of deficit; (b) interest from the six commercially independent water companies across the region in looking beyond their own water resource zones to develop a better integrated and more sustainable water supply and distribution network across South East England; and (c) valuable insight which is being applied in further regional modelling work to inform the development of the next round of water resources plans due to be submitted by water companies in 2014.     

Outsourcing and Efficiency in the Management of Rural Water Services

Rural areas are finding it increasingly difficult to manage water services for household purposes. Local governments cannot afford the high investment and maintenance costs the service entails, leading many rural towns in Spain to outsource the service. Doing so enables local governments to balance their budgets and professionalise management in response to the more exacting requirements imposed by European water regulations. In Spain it is possible to outsource the management of the water service to a public, private or public-private company. This research applies Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to a sample of 80 rural water utilities in Southern Spain in order to compare the efficiency of these three forms of management. Despite initially finding that private companies and public-private partnerships are more efficient than public companies, no differences in efficiency can be observed between the three forms of management when environmental variables are taken into consideration. Results show that public-private partnerships are no less efficient than fully private or fully public companies.     

水利水电工程施工期监理服务要求与符合性评价

监理服务如何适应较快发展的水利水电工程建设所提出的要求,是监理单位面临的一个重要课题。监理服务管理的规范化、标准化、制度化、程序化,简而言之,就是指监理服务要满足有关要求。通过枚举与监理服务有关的要求,提出了满足业主要求、法律法规要求、监理自身要求的方法。改进监理服务质量,要循序渐进,通过改进监理服务单个过程、多个过程直至全部过程,使监理服务质量不断迈上新台阶。     

Meeting everyday water needs--a company's contribution.

As a packaged consumer goods company serving mass markets around the world for household and personal hygiene products, laundry detergents and foods, Unilever's business is inextricably linked with consumers' interest in meeting their everyday water needs. Once the basic need for drinking water is met, almost all other "everyday" water needs derive from consumption associated with the type of products Unilever sells. Use of some of these products, such as basic toilet soap, involve "actual" water consumption; others, such as margarine, concern "virtual" water consumption through agricultural production. Global scenarios for water and sanitation present a major challenge to long-term business strategies that assume sustained economic growth particularly in emerging and developing markets. Responsibility for finding and delivering solutions lies with all major actors in society. For companies such as Unilever, a priority is to help break the link between economic development on the one hand, and increased water use and water degradation on the other. Water catchment level perspectives are central to realising this vision. Unilever uses such a framework, building an experience-based model that demonstrates how a "consumer" company can engage in meeting everyday water needs with a sustained positive impact.     

雅砻江桐子林电站引水防沙试验研究

本文通过水工模型试验研究了雅砻江桐子林水电站在不同拦沙坎高程、不同运行方式和敞泄拉沙下的引水防沙问题,并提出满足水电站取水防沙要求的有效建议.试验表明,采取合理有效的水电站运行方式亦或敞泄拉沙可以达到良好的引水防沙效果,满足工程规划设计要求.     

青海水利信息资源整合与共享思路的探讨

随着青海水利信息化的发展,水利信息资源整合与共享的需求突出,结合青海水利信息资源整合与共享的要求,提出开展顶层设计,推进水利信息化基础设施、信息资源、业务应用系统、建管体系整合与共享的思路,实现青海水利信息资源整合与共享目标。     

Water requirement pattern for tobacco and its response to water deficit in Guizhou Province

The water requirement pattern for tobacco(Yun 85) was identified based on analysis of data obtained from pot experiments in a canopy at the Xiuwen Irrigation Test Central Station in Guizhou Province, China. The results showed that the tobacco water requirement and the tobacco water requirement intensity throughout the growth period in pot experiments were significantly lower than those in field production. In pot experiments, the tobacco water requirement throughout the growth period ranged from 159.00 to 278.90 mm, with a reduction in the range of241e441 mm, as compared with that in field production. Also, the average water requirement intensity at the vigorous growing stage was1.97 mm/d, and the water requirement and water requirement module were 33.80e72.60 mm and 16.39%e33.09%, respectively, at the group stage, almost equal to their values at the vigorous growing stage. The patterns of the tobacco water requirement and water requirement module in pot experiments were different from those in field production. In pot experiments, the tobacco water requirement and water requirement module ranked the highest at the mature stage, followed by those at the group/vigorous growing and rejuvenation stages, while the water requirement intensity ranked the highest at the vigorous growing stage, followed by those at the mature, group, and rejuvenation stages. The pattern of the water requirement intensity in pot experiments was consistent with that in field production. In addition, the response of the tobacco water requirement to water deficit was also analyzed. Serious water deficit at the vigorous growing stage and continuous water stress at the group,vigorous growing, and mature stages can greatly influence the tobacco water requirement. Water deficit led to reductions in the water requirement and water requirement intensity at each growth stage. The vigorous growing stage exhibited the highest sensitivity to water deficit.The lower limit of moderate soil water stress at the vigorous growing stage was 65% of the field capacity. Results of this study can help to establish a reasonable irrigation schedule for tobacco production in Guizhou Province, China.     

Mathematical Modelling for the Integrated Management of Water Resources in Hydrological Basins

Mathematical models are tools that can facilitate the instrumentation of the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). The first basin models to be developed were completely hydrological; today, due to the urgent need to plan the sustainable use of water resources, new models are needed that in addition to hydrology also incorporate social, economic, legal, environmental and other aspects. The objective of this work was to identify the characteristics that mathematical basin models must have in order to satisfy the requirements of IWRM. To achieve this, the conclusions of the main international conferences on water and the environment were analyzed; these were conferences in which IWRM was promoted as a strategy to face the challenges of both sectors. IWRM considers social participation as a key element in the decision-making process; consequently, the models must be accepted and applied, and their results interpreted, by those who participate in the process even if they are not modelling experts. This requires a change of perspective in the scientific community for the development of new IWRM models, in government institutions regarding their role as water administrators, and in water stakeholders regarding their role as decision-makers. The results of the analysis indicate that models for IWRM must be accessible to non-expert users, integrate different viewpoints, representing adequately the problem to be solved, in addition be flexible and have a structure focused on practical solutions.     

水价改革与水务企业发展刍议

根据水的多重属性理论，分析了正确执行水价策略的思路，并结合委托一代理理论等对水务企业的发展进行分析。得出结论是，水务企业的发展是必然趋势，但同时其行业的公共事业属性永远不会改变；应从部分市场开始培育水务企业，并强化对水务企业的政府监管，从而最大程度地规避水务产业化所带来的负面效应。允许多种经营模式共同存在。     

Beyond Megaprojects?. Water Alternatives for Mass Tourism in Coastal Mediterranean Spain

Water availability in adequate quantities and qualities is a fundamental requirement for tourism. In the Mediterranean, one of the world’s leading tourist destinations, water availability is subject to modest and erratic precipitation figures which may decline with climate change. The tourist industry therefore may have to assure future supplies by either recurring to new technologies such as desalination or increasing efficiency in water use. A third and yet little explored alternative would be to seek for complementary of uses with irrigation, the traditional user in many coastal Mediterranean areas and holder of substantial amounts of water. In this paper we present the example of the Consorcio de Aguas de la Marina Baja to show how Benidorm, in Mediterranean Spain and one of the most important tourist centers of the Mediterranean, obtains part of its water through agreements with farmers by which these trade their water with Benidorm and other towns’ treated wastewater of enough quality to be used for irrigation, and obtain several compensations in return. The advantages and disadvantages of the water trade between farmers and tourist interests in the Benidorm area are discussed and we argue that solutions to the pending water crisis of many coastal Mediterranean tourist areas may not need to rely uniquely on expensive technologies to generate new resources but may attempt other alternatives.     

Fighting over water values: diverse framings of flower and food production with communal irrigation in the Ecuadorian Andes

Water management studies often overlook community diversity, different stakeholders’ values, and frames to claim water rights. Using a political-ecology approach, this article examines an irrigation system in Ecuador’s highlands via Fraser’s principles of justice (recognition, representation, redistribution). Large flower companies and indigenous smallholders frame their arguments differently to legitimize water allocation claims. Framing is effective when it resonates with other stakeholders’ values. Some unexpected findings are explained: most of the water is still used by large companies since communities took control; rules regarding water use differ greatly among sectors in the system; and small flower producers have been appearing recently.     

A Numerical Simulation Model for Conjunctive Water Use in Basin Irrigated Canal Command Areas

Basin irrigation is a common practice for growing water intensive crops like paddy. Irrigation water, when supplied through a network of canal, is often found to be inadequate to meet the crop water requirement uniformly throughout the irrigated command area. The most deprived are the cultivators of the lower end of the command, who resort to supplementing the crop water requirement by extractions from the ground. This practice is noticeable in irrigation system without a proper canal water distribution schedule and often result in water logging in the upper command regions contrasted with excessively depleted groundwater table in the lower commands. The present contribution attempts to model the conjunctive water use of such a canal irrigated command using physically based numerical sub-models for simulating surface flow, groundwater flow and the interlinking process of moisture movement through the unsaturated zone for a given quantum of supplied water and crop water demand. Individual models are validated to demonstrate their applicability in an integrated framework. Various plausible conjunctive water use scenarios are tested on a hypothetical command area practising basin irrigation to identify the best possible water distribution strategy under given constraints.     

Model-Supported Impact Assessment for the Water Sector in Central Germany Under Climate Change—A Case Study

Climate change challenges water managers and researchers to find sustainable management solutions, in order to avoid undesirable impacts on water resources, environment and water-dependent sectors. Needed are projections into the future for the main driving forces, the resulting pressures on water resources, and quantification of the impacts. Modeling studies can play an important role in investigating, quantifying, and communicating possible impacts of climate change, with account of uncertainty of the results. However, climate change related impacts and a need for adaptation still play a minor role in current river basin management plans that have to comply e.g. with the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). One important reason is that climate impact assessment is generally done in research institutes, while management plans are designed by practitioners working in national and regional environmental agencies and water supply companies. Knowledge transfer from science to practice and visa versa is often missing. In the present study, we propose a methodology and a case study for model-supported decision making in the water sector applicable to a participatory water resources planning process. The methodology is applied in a case study investigating climate change impacts on water resources. The case study area is the German State of Saxony-Anhalt, where the task was to develop a climate change impact assessment including possible adaptation measures as basis for a federal adaptation directive.     

21世纪我国水利发展的生态观

我国的水利建设取得了举世瞩目的成就，但受生产力发展水平和认识水平的制约，在一定程度上忽视了生态环境的保护和发展对水资源的要求，以致于不少地方以牺牲环境，占用生态用水满足经济用水需要。进入２１世纪，在全国范围进行大规模的生态环境建设将成为当务之急，水利建设和发展必须立足于经济社会可持续发展的高度，确保生态环境用水，实现水资源的可持续利用。     

Development of a Management Model for a Surface Waterlogged and Drainage Congested Area

Inadequate drainage outlet causing surface waterlogging every year mainly during monsoon period (June through October) over a depressed land of 1062 km² in Mokama group of tals, India, led to a loss of one crop rotation. A management model aiming at minimization of the waterlogged area under constraints of control monsoon runoffs from tributaries discharge water to the depressed land has been developed. Magnitudes of regulated flows are guided by irrigation water requirement of crops grown in commands of different tributaries joined to the depressed land. A nonlinear optimization model has been envisaged and solved setting a total of 160 constraints satisfying conditions of water requirement for crops grown in two seasons and their time-dependent storage requirement. The optimization model has been solved using the Quantitative Systems for Business (QSB) software, which considers a line search methodology for unconstrained problems, and a sequential unconstrained minimization technique (SUMT) with penalty function methodology for constrained problems. The management model provides a solution for strategic water resources development and management in a basin having problems of scarcity, surplus and non-uniform distribution of surface water.