Changes in flavour release from rehydrated: Diced bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) by artificial saliva components in three mouth model systems

The effect of artificial saliva components on flavour release from dehydrated diced red bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) was studied in a mouth model system. This measured the dynamic headspace under oral conditions, such as temperature, volume of the mouth, salivation, and mastication (DHM). The results were compared with a dynamic headspace (DH) and a purge-and-trap (PT) model system. Volatile compounds were analysed by gas chromatography, using flame ionisation detection (FID), mass spectrometry (MS), and sniffing port detection (SPD). SPD revealed that only 12 of the 47 compounds identified by MS and FID possessed odour activity. For all saliva compositions FID peak areas of volatile compounds were largest in the PT system, followed by DHM and DH, respectively. In the PT system the less volatile compounds were relatively better released than other volatile compounds in comparison with the DHM and DH system, for all salivas. The saliva components mucin and α-amylase caused a relative decrease in release of the less volatile compounds in all model systems. An overall decrease in FID peak areas of volatile compounds by the latter components was observed in model system DH only.     

Comparison of extraction methods for the isolation of volatile compounds from distilled alcoholic beverages

Batch and continuous solvent extraction methods were evaluated, using an alcoholic model system, to select the best alternative for the isolation of volatile aroma compounds from distilled alcoholic beverages. Recoveries using pentane, pentane-diethyl ether (2:1) and dichloromethane were compared. Pentane extraction produced the best results, particularly by a continuous procedure for 6 h.     

液液微萃取结合气相色谱-串联质谱测定饮料酒中挥发性酚类化合物

挥发性酚类化合物对饮料酒的风味具有重要影响,同时还具有一定的生理活性。将液液微萃取法与气相色谱-串联质谱联用技术相结合,建立饮料酒中挥发性酚类化合物的测定方法。将酒样稀释至体积分数为10%,再用乙酸乙酯对目标化合物进行萃取,采用气相色谱-串联质谱在动态多反应监测模式下测定挥发性酚类化合物。该方法可准确测定饮料酒中10种挥发性酚类化合物,且线性关系良好(r²≥0.998),检出限及定量限分别为1.0～10.0μg/L和3.5～35.0μg/L;在高、中、低3个浓度水平下的加标回收率为92.3%～100.7%,相对标准偏差为0.3%～3.7%,通过对比试验发现,该方法的准确度与重复性高于顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法。该方法具有准确、重复性好、有机溶剂用量少等优点,适用于测定不同类型饮料酒中挥发性酚类化合物,研究同时发现挥发性酚类化合物在不同类型饮料酒中的分布存在显著差异。     

The comparison of physico-chemical and textural properties, as well as volatile compounds, from low-fat and regular-fat sausages

In order to determine the optimum method for extraction of the entire flavour profile of sausages, three extraction techniques, solvent extraction (SE), purge and trap (PT), and simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), were compared. Similarly, to effectively analyse the volatile compounds of low‐fat (<3%) and regular‐fat (approximately 15%) sausages, three isolation techniques were investigated and gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used for final identification of compounds. A total of thirty‐three volatile compounds were identified in the sausages by SDE, twelve by SE, and nine by PT. In the SE method, fats interfered in the extraction of some volatile components, resulting in lower recovery and longer isolation time when compared with the other two methods. The PT method might not be a good extraction method because of the loss of heterocyclic compounds. However, the SDE method showed greater yields and recognized more volatiles when compared with SE. Furfural, trans‐caryophyllene, and myristicine were the predominant volatile compounds extracted by SDE. These results suggest that the SDE method is the most efficient method in isolating volatile compounds in both regular‐ and low‐fat sausages. The amounts of volatile compounds, such as, 4‐acethyl‐3‐methyl pyrazole, 1,4‐dimethyl benzene, p‐ethylguaiacol and β‐caryophyllene were higher in regular‐fat sausages; however, the amounts of myristicine and hexadecanoic acid were higher in low‐fat sausages.     

Characterization of the volatility of flavor compounds in alcoholic beverages through headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and mathematical modeling

The volatility of flavor compounds (10 distinctive esters commonly found in alcoholic beverages) was characterized using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) analysis combined with mathematical modeling. The impacts of extrinsic factors (extraction time and temperature) and intrinsic parameters (ethanol content and concentration of these flavor compounds) were evaluated on their influences. From extraction profiles, different kinetic behaviors of flavor compounds revealed that volatility is influenced by chemical natures (that is, molecular weight and physicochemical properties). Moreover, volatility was also found to be interrelated with extraction temperature and absorption/adsorption on the fiber's surface. Through mathematical modeling, the kinetic constants of these volatile compounds were computed, and their release profiles were determined. Finally, it was observed that an increase of ethanol (a competitive interference compound to flavor compounds) could decrease the extraction efficiency. Our studies indicated that this approach might be a rapid and practical method that would provide a better understanding of flavor release behavior from alcoholic beverages. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The proposed approach may provide a simple and fast method in predicting the performance of key aroma esters in different alcoholic beverages. It could also be a practical way in quality control during the production of alcoholic beverage by monitoring key aroma esters.     

Flavour release from rehydrated French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) influenced by composition and volume of artificial saliva

Influence of saliva composition and volume on flavour release from rehydrated French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) was studied in three types of mouth model systems; dynamic headspace (DH), dynamic headspace and mastication (DHM) and a purge-and-trap (PT) model system. Volatile compounds were analysed by gas chromatography, using flame ionization detection (FID), mass spectrometry and sniffing port detection. Areas of FID peaks were largest in the PT system, followed by those of the DHM and DH systems, respectively. Saliva composition as well as volume influenced the release of volatile compounds from rehydrated French beans. Generally, FID data showed a decrease in release by the saliva component mucin, because of interactions between volatile compounds and protein, and an increase in release by its α-amylase, probably due to degradation of inclusion complexes of starch. The decrease in flavour release by the enlarged saliva volume was evaluated by a model study. Sniffing patterns of odour active compounds were barely influenced by either saliva composition or volume.     

Direct Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Fusel Alcohols, Fatty Acids and Esters of Distilled Alcoholic Beverages

A gas chromatographic method is proposed for the quantitative determination of the main volatile components of distilled alcoholic beverages such as whisky, brandy and rum. This gas chromatographic method enables direct analysis of 23 volatile components, 5 alcohols, 4 acids, 11 esters and 3 aldehydes by simply mixing a beverage sample with internal standards. A fused silica crosslinked 5% phenymethyl silicone capillary column (50 m × 0.31 mm i.d.) is used. The accuracy of the analysis is satisfactory, with the within-day and day-to-day coefficients of variation for most compounds being less than 10%, and the entire procedure can be completed in 40 min.     

基于SPME-GC-MS和电子鼻分析方法分析薏仁饮料贮藏过程风味化合物变化

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱和电子鼻分析技术,通过相对气味活度值（relative odor activity value,ROAV）、主成分分析和聚类分析方法,对薏仁饮料保温贮藏过程中风味化合物、风味变化特征进行研究。结果表明：37?℃贮藏35?d,样品共检测出39?种主要的挥发性化合物,醛、醇、酮、烃、酯类化合物相对含量随贮藏时间延长而增加;贮藏期间ROAV不小于1的关键风味化合物有9?种,按贡献度大小依次为1-辛烯-3-醇、壬醛、3-甲基丁醛、己醛、辛醛、2-甲基丁醛、1-戊醇、辛醇、1-己醇;薏仁油脂氧化产生的醛、酮、酸和醇等挥发性化合物是薏仁饮料风味的主要成分;采用主成分分析及聚类分析能有效区分不同贮藏时间薏仁饮料,主成分分析显示样品贮藏初期和贮藏中后期的数据无重叠,其挥发性化合物存在差异,聚类分析结果将不同贮藏时间样品分为6?类,区分效果较好;通过主成分分析、ROAV和挥发性化合物相对含量变化,由此判定薏仁饮料贮藏期间品质劣变的特征性化合物为壬醛、己醛、辛醛、1-辛烯-3-醇。     

不同品种荔枝发酵饮料挥发性香气成分对比研究

以黑叶、禾荔、妃子笑3个广西大宗品种荔枝果肉为原料,经乳酸菌复合菌种发酵得到荔枝发酵饮料。 在此基础上,以发酵饮 料为研究对象,采用气质联用（GC-MS）法对比分析了3个品种荔枝发酵饮料的挥发性香气成分及含量。 研究结果表明,黑叶、禾荔、妃 子笑3个品种荔枝发酵饮料中共检出香气成分72、48、52种,主要以烯类和醇类为主。 黑叶、禾荔、妃子笑品种荔枝发酵饮料中含量最 高的挥发性香气物质分别为香茅醇（16.63%）、乙醇（17.62%）、顺式玫瑰醚（11.33%）。 三种荔枝发酵饮料的挥发性香气成分差异较 大,其中黑叶品种荔枝发酵饮料中致香成分最丰富,明显多于另外两种。     

Flavour release from rehydrated French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) influenced by composition and volume of artificial saliva

Influence of saliva composition and volume on flavour release from rehydrated French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) was studied in three types of mouth model systems; dynamic headspace (DH), dynamic headspace and mastication (DHM) and a purge-and-trap (PT) model system. Volatile compounds were analysed by gas chromatography, using flame ionization detection (FID), mass spectrometry and sniffing port detection. Areas of FID peaks were largest in the PT system, followed by those of the DHM and DH systems, respectively. Saliva composition as well as volume influenced the release of volatile compounds from rehydrated French beans. Generally, FID data showed a decrease in release by the saliva component mucin, because of interactions between volatile compounds and protein, and an increase in release by its -amylase, probably due to degradation of inclusion complexes of starch. The decrease in flavour release by the enlarged saliva volume was evaluated by a model study. Sniffing patterns of odour active compounds were barely influenced by either saliva composition or volume.     

THE AROMA COMPONENTS PRODUCED BY YEAST IN NITROGEN-FREE SUGAR SOLUTION

In nitrogen-free sugar fermentation yeast produces several other volatile compounds in addition to ethanol. Most of these compounds are distilled over with the ethanol. When the aroma components obtained from the ethanol fraction of a nitrogen-free sugar fermentation were compared with the aroma components of whisky, they showed a qualitatively striking similarity. There was a clear difference in the proportions of the components, however, a fact for which the distillation procedure might be at least partly responsible. The distillate obtained from the fermented sugar solution contained iso-amyl alcohol and β-phenethyl alcohol as well as the ethyl esters of caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric and palmitic acids in considerable amounts. The same acids also appeared as main components among the free acids and, further, isobutyric and isovaleric acid were found quite abundantly. The similarity between the aroma compounds formed in nitrogen-free sugar fermentation and the aroma fraction of alcoholic beverages indicates that the yeast is responsible for the bulk of the aroma compounds produced.     

Volatile profile of Arbutus unedo L. fruits through ripening stage

Arbutus unedo L. is a Mediterranean shrub used in the production of jams, marmalades and beverages, as well as in traditional medicine. In this work, the effect of ripening on the volatile compounds of the fruits of A. unedo was evaluated, using headspace-solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography/ion trap-mass spectrometry. Alcohols are the main component of the volatile fraction of A. unedo fruits, followed by aldehydes and esters. The main volatile compounds identified were (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal and hexyl acetate, all formed through the lipoxygenase pathway (LOX). The green odours are progressively replaced during ripening by floral and sweet sensations, due to the decrease in alcohols, aldehydes and esters, resulting in the unmasking of the aromas associated with the minor compounds (mainly monoterpenes and norisoprenoid compounds) that compose A. unedo fruits.     

采用GC-IMS对4个薄荷品种不同组织部位挥发性物质的研究

为了提高不同薄荷品种的不同组织部位的高值化利用,以留兰香、椒样、香槟和葡萄柚为样品,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱（GC-IMS）技术,分别对4种薄荷的不同组织部位进行挥发性成分的定性分析。从4种薄荷不同部位中共检测出433种挥发性物质,定性出34种挥发性物质,以醇类、酮类、酯类、醛类、烯烃类和杂环类化合物为主。各个品种的薄荷均有其特有的挥发性成分,其中,留兰香薄荷中独有的挥发性成分是1-戊醇和4-羟基-2,5-二甲基-3（2H）呋喃酮,均在SPR（留兰香部位4）含量较高;椒样薄荷中独有的挥发性成分是乙酸异戊酯和正己醇,其都在PPLS-3（椒样部位3）含量较高;葡萄柚薄荷中独有的挥发性成分是2,3-丁二酮和己醛,在GPR（葡萄柚部位4）和GPLS-3（葡萄柚部位3）含量较高。部位PLS-1是薄荷挥发性成分的主要部位,醇类和酮类化合物是组成薄荷挥发性成分的关键化合物,决定了不同薄荷各自的风味。该研究为薄荷在医药、香精香料、染料、抗氧化剂、调味品、茶饮料等领域的开发利用以及药效各异性提供理论依据,为鉴定薄荷的品种提供有效方法。     

Headspace volatiles contributing to flavour and consumer liking of wellness beverages

The relationships between volatile composition, sensory profile and liking of four Finnish wellness beverages were determined. Wellness beverages are finely carbonated nutritionally fortified functional drinks and are a fast growing product category in many countries. The aroma compounds of wellness beverages were extracted by solid phase microextraction and analysed by a gas chromatography–mass spectrometer. The purpose of this experiment was to identify the sensory and chemical quality characters required for a positive hedonic response. The effect of consumers’ health concerns on liking was also studied. This paper demonstrates that ethyl hexanoate, α-pinene, 3-hexenol, and hexyl acetate contribute to citrus-like and fresh odours and increase the liking of wellness beverages. On the other hand, 2-heptanone, which correlated with the calcium content, creates an off-flavour that is not pleasant for the consumer. Consumers who were more concerned about their health rated the wellness beverages as more pleasant.     

HS-SPME-GC-MS联用及电子鼻分析不同提取方法油莎豆油香气特征

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用对不同提取方法（超临界CO2萃取法、压榨法、浸出法、水酶法）获取的油莎豆油挥发性化合物的组成及相对含量进行分析，结合主成分分析（principal component analysis，PCA）及电子鼻进行比较，并以相对气味活度值（relative odor activity value，ROAV）确定关键风味化合物。结果表明：不同提取方法油莎豆油挥发性化合物的组成及相对含量存在明显差别，4 个样品共鉴定出101 种挥发性化合物，共有组分为22 种，主要为醛类、酮类、酯类及烷烃类，超临界CO2萃取法及压榨法样品中醛类物质相对含量最大分别为36.71%和25.64%，浸出法样品中烷烃类物质相对含量最大为31.07%，水酶法样品中酯类物质相对含量最大为45.66%；挥发性化合物的PCA及电子鼻分析可以将4 种方法很好区分；根据ROAV得出4 个样品的关键风味化合物，其中壬醛、柏木脑及D-柠檬烯为共有成分。     

Physical and sensory properties of lemon-flavored acidic beverages formulated with nonfat dry milk during storage

Sensory and physical properties of 2 lemon-flavored beverages with 5% and 7.5% wt/wt nonfat dry milk (NFDM) at pH 2.5 were studied during storage. The 2 beverages had similar volatile compounds, but the 5% NFDM had higher aroma and lemon flavor, with a preferred appearance by consumers due to the lower turbidity and viscosity. After 28 d of storage at 4°C, lemon flavor decreased in the 5% NFDM beverage but was still more intense than the 7.5% one. During 70 d of storage, no microorganisms were detected, and the beverages were more stable when stored at 4°C than at room temperature according to changes of physical properties measured for appearance, turbidity, color, particle size, zeta potential, rheological properties, and transmission electron microscopy morphology. Findings of the present study suggest that NFDM may be used at 5% wt/wt to produce stable acidic dairy beverages with low turbidity when stored at 4°C.     

Mouthfeel and flavour of fermented whey with added hydrocolloids

High-methoxy pectin (HMP), propylene glycol alginate (PGA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and xanthan gum (XG) were added separately to whey fermented by a yoghurt starter culture at concentrations that yielded a viscosity similar to that of commercial fermented milk beverages. Mouthfeel and flavour of the samples were assessed by a highly trained panel, and volatile analysis was performed by proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry to determine the effect of hydrocolloids on the partition of flavour compounds in the headspace. CMC and HMP produced significantly higher thickness than PGA and XG; PGA caused a ‘gritty’ mouthfeel. The yoghurt aroma of the samples containing CMC and PGA was perceived as less intense compared with the control, consistent with a reduced concentration of key volatile compounds in the headspace of these samples.     

Volatiles from interactions of Maillard reactions and lipids.

This article provides current information on the production of volatile compounds from interactions of Maillard reactions and lipids. It includes a brief introduction outlining the Maillard reactions, the Strecker degradation of amino acids, and the oxidation of lipids. It highlights those compounds derived from these reactions that could interact to form volatile flavor components during the processing or cooking of food. The article discusses results obtained from model systems involving interactions between (1) Maillard reaction products and carbonyl compounds, (2) amino acids and carbonyl compounds, (3) amino acids and derivatives of fatty acids, and (4) Maillard reaction products, triglycerides and phospholipids. The qualitative and quantitative effects that triglycerides and phospholipids have on the formation of volatile Maillard products are also discussed. Particular attention is given to those long-chain alkyl heterocyclic compounds formed during these reactions, proposed methods for their formation, and their aromas. The role that such compounds play in food flavors is discussed with reference to those volatile compounds identified in certain cooked foods, such as meat (beef, lamb, and pork), chicken, potatoes (baked, French-fried, and crisps), and beverages (coffee, tea, and cocoa).     

Functional milk beverage fortified with phenolic compounds extracted from olive vegetation water, and fermented with functional lactic acid bacteria

Functional milk beverages (FMB100 and FMB200) fortified with phenolic compounds (100 and 200 mg/l) extracted from olive vegetable water, and fermented with γ-amino butyric acid (GABA)-producing (Lactobacillus plantarum C48) and autochthonous human gastro-intestinal (Lactobacillus paracasei 15N) lactic acid bacteria were manufactured. A milk beverage (MB), without addition of phenolic compounds, was used as the control. Except for a longer latency phase of FMB200, the three beverages showed an almost similar kinetic of acidification, consumption of lactose and synthesis of lactic acid. Apart from the beverage, Lb. plantarum C48 showed a decrease of ca. Log 2.52-2.24 cfu/ml during storage. The cell density of functional Lb. paracasei 15N remained always above the value of Log 8.0 cfu/ml. During fermentation, the total concentration of free amino acids markedly increased without significant (P > 0.05) differences between beverages. The concentration of GABA increased during fermentation and further storage (63.0 ± 0.6-67.0 ± 2.1 mg/l) without significant (P > 0.05) differences between beverages. After fermentation, FMB100 and FMB200 showed the same phenolic composition of the phenol extract from olive vegetable water but a different ratio between 3,4-DHPEA and 3,4-DHPEA-EDA. During storage, the concentrations of 3,4-DHPEA-EDA, p-HPEA and verbascoside of both FMB100 and FMB200 decreased. Only the concentration of 3,4-DHPEA increased. As shown by SPME-GC-MS analysis, diactetyl, acetoin and, especially, acetaldehyde were the main volatile compounds found. The concentration of phenolic compounds does not interfere with the volatile composition. Sensory analyses based on triangle and paired comparison tests showed that phenolic compounds at the concentrations of 100 or 200 mg/l were suitable for addition to functional milk beverages.