Investigation on mechanism of reducing diffusible hydrogen in weld using microelements

0IlltroductionRareearthshavethefunctionofreducinghydrogenduringweldingmetallurgy,andhavenotableeflbctonimprovingthecrackingresistanceinweldedjoint.RareelementTealsocangreatlydecreasetheditTusiblehydrogeninweldbead,andimprovethecoldcrackingresistancepropertyinweldedjoint.Inthisthesis,theinfluenceofmicroelementsyttrium(Y)andtclluriunl(Te)ontheditTusiblehydrogeninweldbeadandonthecoldcracldngsusceptibilityofxveldedjointhasbeeninvestigated,andthemechanismofmicroelementshasbeenanalyzed.lTestmethod…     

微量元素对焊缝扩散氢含量的影响

本文首次采用熔池添加合金过渡法（简称熔池法）系统地研究了微量元素钇（Ｙ）和碲（Ｔｅ）对焊缝扩散氢含量的影响，研究表明：与通常的药皮过渡法比较，熔池法降氢效果显著，可减少烧损昂贵的微量元素。改善焊接工艺性能，因此，对于微量元素在焊接材料中的应用与提高焊接工程质量都具有重要的意义，本文还探讨了微量元素钇和碲的降氢机理。     

外加横向磁场对高速GMAW焊缝成形的影响

对于高速熔化极气体保护焊接（GMAW）过程,当焊接速度超过临界值后,会出现驼峰焊道,焊缝成形变差.研究证明,熔池中动量很大的后向液体流是产生驼峰焊道的主要原因.研发了外加横向磁场发生装置,通过产生的电磁力来抑制后向液体流的动量,从而抑制驼峰焊道的形成.应用特斯拉计测试和考察了工件上磁感应强度大小及分布的影响因素.通过开展焊接工艺试验分析了不同强度的外加磁场作用下的焊缝成形规律.结果表明,外加横向磁场能明显调控熔池流态,有效抑制驼峰焊道和咬边等缺陷,显著改善焊缝成形,提高临界焊接速度.     

激光焊熔池图像三维形态恢复算法分析

利用熔池图像表面的明暗变化恢复熔池表面三维形态,分析熔高和熔宽等特征与焊接质量的关系.试验装置采用红外激光辅助光源和带有近红外窄带滤波组合系统的高速影像设备实时捕捉熔池动态图像,并根据统计学估计光源位置参数,采用基于单幅熔池灰度图像的明暗恢复形状技术(shape from shading,SFS)中的局部分析算法来恢复熔池三维表面形态,并通过中值滤波和三次样条插值对三维重建后熔池形状进行去噪和平滑处理.结果表明,所采用的方法能有效地恢复熔池表面信息,为大功率盘形激光焊接过程中根据熔池二维图像预测焊缝成形提供了一种方法.     

High speed fusion weld bead defects

Abstract

A comprehensive survey of high speed weld bead defects is presented with strong emphasis on the formation of humping and undercutting in autogenous and non-autogenous fusion welding processes. Blowhole and overlap weld defects are also discussed. Although experimental results from previous studies are informative, they do not always reveal the physical mechanisms responsible for the formation of these high speed weld bead defects. In addition, these experimental results do not reveal the complex relationships between welding process parameters and the onset of high speed weld bead defects. Various phenomenological models of humping and undercutting have been proposed that were based on observations of events in different regions within the weld pool or the final weld bead profile. The ability of these models to predict the onset of humping or undercutting has not been satisfactorily demonstrated. Furthermore, the proposed formation mechanisms of these high speed weld bead defects are still being questioned. Recent welding techniques and processes have, however, been shown to be very effective in suppressing humping and undercutting by slowing the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool. This backward flow of molten weld metal may be the principal physical phenomenon responsible for the formation of humping and undercutting during high speed fusion welding.     

Effect of welding current and speed on occurrence of humping bead in high-speed GMAW

The developed mathematical model of humping formation mechanism in high-speed gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is used to analyze the effects of welding current and welding speed on the occurrence of humping bead. It considers both the momentum and heat content of backward flowing molten jet inside weld pool. Three-dimensional geometry of weld pool, the spacing between two adjacent humps and hump height along humping weld bead are calculated under different levels of welding current and welding speed. It shows that wire feeding rate, power intensity and the moment of backward flowing molten jet are the major factors on humping bead formation.     

The humping phenomenon during high speed gas metal arc welding

Abstract

A commonly observed welding defect that characteristically occurs at high welding speeds is the periodic undulation of the weld bead profile, also known as humping. The occurrence of humping limits the range of usable welding speeds in most fusion welding processes and prevents further increases in productivity in a welding operation. At the present time, the physical mechanisms responsible for humping are not well understood. Thus, it is difficult to know how to suppress humping in order to achieve higher welding speeds. The objectives of this study were to identify and experimentally validate the physical mechanisms responsible for the humping phenomenon during high speed gas metal arc (GMA) welding of plain carbon steel. A LaserStrobe video imaging system was used to obtain video images of typical sequences of events during the formation of a hump. Based on these recorded video images, the strong momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool that typically occurred during high speed welding was identified as the major factor responsible for the initiation of humping. Experiments with different process variables affecting the backward flow of molten weld metal were used to validate this hypothesis. These process variables included welding speed, welding position and shielding gas composition. The use of downhill welding positions and reactive shielding gases was found to suppress humping and to allow higher welding speeds by reducing the momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool. This would suggest that any process variables or welding techniques that can dissipate or reduce the momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool will facilitate higher welding speeds and productivity.     

T91钢管TIG焊碱性渣系药芯焊丝的研制

研究了用于T91钢管打底焊的碱性渣系药芯焊丝。通过各种试验表明所研制焊丝的焊接工艺性能、熔敷金属化学成分、扩散氢含量以及力学性能均达到了技术指标规定的要求和国外进口791钢焊材的水平。且与进口的实心焊丝相比,所研制的焊丝成本低,可以实现熔池背面的熔渣保护,从而替代管内充氩工艺。     

Determining penetration from topside weld bead and weld pool geometry in PGMAW

Abstract

Finding suitable characteristic parameters of topside weld pool to reflect the penetration is a key work in weld shape control. In this paper, by analysing the molten metal volume, the relationship between topside weld bead shape and penetration in pulsed gas metal arc welding (PGMAW) is revealed, and then several weld bead characteristic parameters (WBCPs) are proposed to determine the penetration. However, these WBCPs are difficult to be obtained in real time, because continuous solidifying of weld pool forms the weld bead, and the WBCPs can be reflected by the weld pool geometry. Therefore, some weld pool characteristic parameters (WPCPs) are proposed to replace the WBCPs. Furthermore, a visual system is established and a series of image processing arithmetics are developed to extract the WPCPs.     

Study on the application for electromagnetic controlled molten pool welding process in overhead and flat position welding

Abstract

In fusion welding, gravity makes a molten metal flow downward and it sometimes causes an irregular shaped weld bead and weld defects such as an undercut. To solve this problem, the authors propose a new electromagnetic controlled molten pool welding process method which controls the molten metal flow by using upward electromagnetic forces, and the applicability of this method to industry is examined. In flat position welding with excessive heat input, the molten metal tends to sag down and an undercut defect is likely to occur. It is found that the upward electromagnetic force given by adjusting the conditions of magnetic field can lift the molten metal up, resulting in the remarkably improved shape of a penetration bead. It is further found that, even in overhead position welding, a well shaped penetration bead without undercuts is obtained by adjusting the welding touch angle as well as magnetic field conditions.     

焊丝自转式MAG焊焊接过程与接头组织分析

提出了通过焊丝自转搅动熔池进而细化焊缝组织的MAG焊接新方法.试验中采集了焊接过程电信号和熔池形态,分析了焊丝转速对低碳钢表面堆焊接头组织特征的影响.结果表明,焊丝自转可以增加短路过渡的频率,使焊接过程更稳定,熔滴过渡近似熵的计算也证明焊接过程的稳定性可以明显地提高.利用钨颗粒示踪技术可以发现焊丝自转能够显著增加熔池金属流动性,熔池宽度随着焊丝自转速度的改变先变大后变小,焊缝金相组织分析也证明熔池流动性的改变可以有效细化焊缝金属晶粒,减少联生结晶的生成.     

脉冲MAG-TIG双电弧打底单面焊双面成形机制分析

基于中厚板打底焊接存在着自动化程度及效率低的问题,采用脉冲熔化极气体保护焊-钨极氩弧焊(MAG-TIG)双电弧热源焊接对板厚为24 mm的Q235-B进行打底焊接单面焊双面成形工艺研究及机制分析. 结果表明,脉冲MAG-TIG双电弧热源打底焊接时,利用TIG电弧与MAG电弧间的电磁力来调节MAG电弧在熔池前端的加热位置,使得一部分电弧热量直接作用于钝边上;结合焊接电弧放电行为与熔池流动分析发现,打底成形稳定性最佳时,利用TIG电弧与熔池的剪切力使得液态金属向后方流动,熔池前端底部液态金属减少,易于平衡稳定,可获得熔透均匀、连续、稳定的打底焊缝背面成形.     

Effects of torch configuration and welding current on weld bead formation in high speed tandem pulsed gas metal arc welding of steel sheets

Abstract

Undercut and humping bead are the common defects that limit the maximum welding speed of tandem pulsed gas metal arc (GMA) welding. In order to increase the maximum welding speed, effects of the inclination angle, interwire distance and welding current ratio between the leading wire and trailing wire on bead formation in high speed welding are investigated. The undercut and humping bead is attributed to the irregular flow of molten metal towards the rear part of the weld pool. This irregular flow can be prevented by the trailing wire with a push angle from 5° to 13° , which provides an appropriate component of arc force in the welding direction. The irregular flow is also related to the distance between the leading wire and the trailing wire, and the flow becomes regular when the distance is in the range 9–12 mm. Moreover, the stabilisation of the bulge of the weld pool between the two wires, the presence of enough molten metal below the trailing arc, and the reduced velocity of molten metal flow towards the rear part of the weld pool, are essential to increase the maximum welding speed. These conditions can be obtained by adjusting the ratio of the leading arc current to the trailing arc current. A maximum welding speed as high as 4–4·5 m min^?1 is achieved by setting the current ratio to a value ranging from 0·31 to 0·5.     

渣金间辅助外电场提高焊接工艺稳定性分析

为探索焊接过程实现高稳定性工艺的潜在途径,最大限度地减少重要钢结构制造中焊缝咬边及成形缺陷带来的焊后返修工作,提出并试验了一种利用埋弧焊渣金间随焊施加辅助外电场对渣金电导载流进行导流,进而提高焊接工艺稳定性的方法,并应用焊接电信号分析仪对弧压信号进行了采集统计分析.结果表明,以钨电极作阴极利用电场在渣金熔体内部形成稳定的电导载流,可使熔渣电导性能得以改善,并引导电子进入电弧阴极中心以增强电弧的集聚程度.同时外电场作用也使渣金内部的带电粒子形成有序运动并在界面结合成低表面能的活性氧化物,又可改善液态熔渣在焊缝金属表面的润湿铺展性能.实施辅助电场引入的这些有益作用使焊缝形状、表面光洁度、尤其是焊缝边缘平直均匀性得到较好地改观,焊接过程工艺稳定性得以进一步提高.     

直流叠加脉冲型TIG焊电弧─熔池特性分析

针对乏燃料后处理溶解器腐蚀裂纹等缺陷的快速、一次性、可靠焊接修复工程技术需求,提出一种直流叠加脉冲型TIG深熔焊接方法,在10和16 mm厚304不锈钢板上进行了系列平板堆焊工艺试验.以电弧-熔池特性变化为研究对象,对比分析脉冲电流作用和直流叠加脉冲型电流作用的电弧行为、熔池流动行为及温度场的变化规律,探讨了直流叠加至...     

A study on keyhole evolution and weld ripple formation in dissimilar welding under pulsed laser

A three-transient multiphase model is developed to study the dissimilar metal welding of pure niobium plate to titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V sheet under pulsed laser. The physical process of dissimilar metal welding involves melting, resolidification, mass transfer, self-consistent keyhole, and weld bead formation. The major physical factors, such as recoil pressure induced by vapourisation, surface tension, heat transfer, fluid flow, Marangoni shear stress, buoyancy force, and their coupling are considered. The results show that the keyhole mainly occurs on the Ti–6Al–4V side due to the differences in physical properties of the materials. The effects of pulse overlapping factor on the weld bead are studied. It is found that the pulsed laser has a significant influence on the weld bead formation. The mixing of materials mostly occurred in the upper part of the molten pool. The simulated weld bead profile and the phase distribution agree well with the experimental results.     

局部干法环境下GMAW横向焊接熔滴过渡特性

提出了一种水下结构件局部干法横向焊接方法,该方法通过对排水罩结构进行设计,使高压气体在排水的同时在排水罩内部形成向上流动的风场,利用风场对熔池的吹袭作用来抑制熔池下淌. 采用高速摄像技术研究了在侧向风场作用下GMAW焊的熔滴过渡特性. 结果表明,在短路过渡状态下,由于受到侧向风场的影响,更容易发生B型短路过渡. 在滴状过渡时,由于熔滴体积较大,侧向风场的支托作用不明显,熔滴沿焊丝倾斜向下过渡到熔池中. 在射流过渡时,侧向风场对电弧的影响较小,使熔滴略微向上偏斜,有助于减小熔池下淌程度,获得较好的焊缝成形质量. 研究结果对于水下结构件横向焊接质量控制有一定的参考价值.     

A study on V-groove GMAW for various welding positions

This study performed three-dimensional transient numerical simulations using the volume of fluid method in a gas metal arc V-groove welding process with and without root gap for flat, overhead, and vertical welding positions. The elliptically symmetric arc models for arc heat flux, electromagnetic force and arc pressure were used to describe the more accurate molten pool behaviors. The numerical models not only formed a stable weld bead but also simulated the dynamic molten pool behaviors such as overflow which was not described before. This study analyzed these molten pool flow patterns for various welding positions and validated the numerical models used by comparing the simulation results with experimental ones.     

9%Cr-1%Mo耐热钢焊缝金属显微组织特征解析

提出了“焊道热影响区”的概念。通过对多层多道焊缝中焊道热影响区特征区域的划分,不同区域中各特征点所经历的焊接热循环曲线的绘制,解析了9％Cr-1％Mo耐热钢焊缝金属显微组织特征。焊缝金属中各点距其后续焊道熔池的距离,决定了其所经历的焊接热循环的峰值温度、焊接热循环次数;不同的峰值温度决定了各点所处的相变区域不同、所发生的组织转变不同;不同的焊接热循环次数也决定了发生的组织转变不同;各点所经历的焊接热循环可分为不同类型,根据焊接热循环的类型可全面完整解析焊缝金属组织。文中方法为针对9％Cr-1％Mo耐热钢提出的,但它同样适用于其它Cr-Mo高合金钢焊缝金属的组织分析,     

X90高强度管线钢预精焊冷裂纹形貌及成因

采用力学测试、组织分析、扫描电镜和能谱分析的方法,研究了X90高强度管线钢预精焊的焊接裂纹形貌,并分析了裂纹形成原因.结果表明,X90螺旋焊钢管内焊缝上的横向裂纹为冷裂纹,裂纹在焊缝组织中呈穿晶扩展或沿晶界扩展.X90含有较多的Mn,Cr,Mo,Ni,Cu等合金元素,强度高,导致内焊缝的焊接残余应力高于裂纹的临界应力.内焊道维氏硬度比外焊道的高,且焊缝两侧的硬度分布极不对称,造成了内焊道附近的应力集中和分布不平衡.内外焊缝重合区域的扩散氢不易逸出,其含量较高,在气孔、夹渣等“陷阱”处聚集,导致裂纹产生和断口上大量氢白点形成.焊缝一次结晶所形成的连续细长的树枝晶晶界为裂纹扩展提供了“通道”.