一种基于反向CDS树的异构WSNs拓扑构建方法

在无线传感器网络中,拓扑控制是节约能源、延长生命周期的一项关键技术。现有拓扑控制方法的研究主要集中在同构网络,对此,面向异构网络提出了一种低信息复杂度的基于反向连通支配集树的分布式拓扑构建算法。基于最小连通支配集构建虚拟骨干树,改进了A3G算法中节点的适应度函数和算法流程,优化了产生的连通支配集的规模和通信开销,进一步降低信息复杂度,在保证连通性的同时关闭网络冗余节点以降低能耗。理论分析和仿真实验证明,算法能够以较小的时间和通信代价构建拓扑,延长网络生命周期。     

WSN中一种基于能量的层次型拓扑生成算法

通过考虑无线传感器网络节点的能量问题确定了单层拓扑结构中簇头节点的最优个数,结合WCA算法提出了一种基于能量的无线传感器网络的层次型拓扑结构生成算法,并评估了该算法的各项性能指标。经过算法复杂度分析得出该算法的时间复杂度和网络节点的个数相关,适合生成中小型规模的网络。仿真结果表明,使用该算法可以生成具有最优簇头个数的网络拓扑结构,能大大节省网络节点能量的消耗,且延长了网络的生存周期。     

基于(ε,ζ)-近似融合的无线传感网拓扑控制算法

对无线传感器网络的拓扑控制问题进行研究。为了节约网络能量,最大化网络生命周期,提出一种基于(ε,ζ)-近似数据融合的拓扑结构控制算法QGA-UQ(Quantum Genetic Algorithm-Unique Q)。QGA-UQ引入了节点调度的思想。它首先根据用户的数据精度要求,确定网络中工作节点的比例,接着再使用量子遗传算法,从网络中选取合适的节点,并形成合理的拓扑结构。网络在此基础之上进行数据的传输和融合处理。仿真试验表明,QGA-UQ算法可以在保证融合结果精度的前提下,显著延长了网络生存时间,提高了网络能量利用率。     

基于智能算法的层次型多链WSN路由协议

路由协议设计是无线传感器网络的一个重要领域,可靠性、低开销、易于维护是无线传感器网络路由协议的设计目标。本文基于层次型拓扑控制思想,并在成链算法PEGASIS基础上引入智能成链策略,提出新的路由协议——HMCRP（Hierarchical Multi-Chain Routing Protocol）。HMCRP基于虚拟网格方式将网络划分为两层自治区域,简化拓扑复杂度;区域内节点按照蚁群算法成链,保证形成全局最优或较优的传输路径;提出链头选取公式,综合考虑节点性能、区域链的数据传输代价。通过matlab与omnet++相结合的仿真实验,与PEGASIS协议及其改进协议相比较,验证了HMCRP在延长网络生命周期、降低数据传输平均能耗以及提高数据接收率等方面的优势。     

基于路径损耗的WSN能量意识拓扑控制算法

为延长无线传感器网络(WSN)中节点的生命周期及均衡节点负载,在PLBD算法的基础上提出一种基于路径损耗的能量意识拓扑控制算法PLEATC。该算法使用损耗链路作为度量标准,同时考虑转发节点的剩余能量状况,避免网络中部分节点因负载过重而导致能量提前耗尽。仿真结果表明,用PLEATC算法构建的拓扑能够保证网络的连通性和健壮性,并延长网络寿命。     

一种能耗均衡的WSN分布式拓扑博弈算法

无线传感器网络（wireless sensor network,WSN）中通常节点能量受限,节点间能耗不均衡会导致网络生命周期缩短.针对该问题,综合考虑节点的能量效率和能耗均衡,通过引入阿特金森指数设计了一种改进优化的综合效用函数;基于此,建立了一种能耗均衡的拓扑博弈模型,并证明了该拓扑博弈模型是序数势博弈且存在帕累托最优;提出了一种能耗均衡的WSN分布式拓扑博弈算法（DTCG）.通过仿真实验及对比分析表明,相较于其它基于博弈理论的拓扑控制算法,DTCG算法能在保证网络连通性和鲁棒性的前提下,降低节点发射功率,拥有更好的能量均衡性和能量效率,可以有效延长网络生命周期.     

基于节点度估计的三维WSN拓扑控制算法

为提高无线传感器网络性能均衡性,延长网络生命周期,对其三维拓扑控制进行研究。定义判断拓扑变化程度的节点度因数,构建评价网络综合性能的节点度估计模型,并提出基于该模型的拓扑控制算法,通过布置传感器节点、创建网络拓扑结构、生成数据传输链路和修正节点发射功率实现拓扑创建与优化。仿真实验和节点度因数、网络能量衰减、网络能效均衡性等对比结果表明,与LEBTC算法相比,该算法性能均衡性强,拓扑综合性能较好。     

无线传感器网络层次型拓扑结构控制

无线传感器网络拓扑控制是在满足网络覆盖和连通度的前提下,通过骨干网节点选择,剔除节点之间不必要的无线通信链路,生成一个高效的数据转发网络拓扑结构。层次型的拓扑结构控制利用分簇机制,让一些节点作为簇头节点,由簇头节点形成一个处理并转发数据的骨干网,其他非骨干网节点可以暂时关闭通信模块,进入休眠状态以节省能量。研究了改进的GAF虚拟地理网格分簇算法和TopD isc成簇算法。     

无线传感器网络不依赖位置信息的能耗均衡拓扑控制

针对无线传感器网络(WSN)稠密部署的特点,首先提出一种不依赖位置信息的拓扑构建(LTC)算法用于构造连通支配树型结构的虚拟骨干网。在此基础上,深入分析骨干节点的能量消耗以及数据传输时延,引入密度控制与数据传输率控制因子以均衡虚拟骨干网能耗,提出了不依赖位置信息的能耗均衡拓扑控制(LETC)算法。LETC算法依据各个区域不同的数据传输量,调整该区域虚拟骨干节点的布置密度,同时增加低能耗节点的传输速率以减少网络时延。理论分析与仿真表明,经过优化的LETC算法相比LTC能够更有效地均衡能耗,延长网络寿命241%,减少时延28.1%。     

基于反向生成CDS树的无线传感器网络拓扑控制算法研究

拓扑控制是无线传感器网络中一种有利于节约能量、延长网络生命周期的策略。作为一种著名的基于CDS树的拓扑控制机制,A3算法的目标是在保证网络连通和通信覆盖的前提下,通过关闭一些非必要节点来获得一个次优连通支配集(CDS)。针对A3算法在构建连通支配集时通信开销较大的问题,提出了一种基于叶节点反向生成CDS树的改进型算法A3G。该算法利用反向拓扑方法来寻找连通支配集,减少了节点间的信息交换。仿真结果显示,相对于A3算法和一些其他著名的拓扑控制算法,A3G算法在活动节点数和能效方面具有明显的优越性。     

A1: An energy efficient topology control algorithm for connected area coverage in wireless sensor networks

Energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is of paramount importance, which is demonstrated by the large number of algorithms, techniques, and protocols that have been developed to save energy, and thereby extend the lifetime of the network. However, in the context of WSNs routing and dissemination, Connected Dominating Set (CDS) principle has emerged as the most popular method for energy-efficient topology control (TC) in WSNs. In a CDS-based topology control technique, a virtual backbone is formed, which allows communication between any arbitrary pair of nodes in the network. In this paper, we present a CDS based topology control algorithm, A1, which forms an energy efficient virtual backbone. In our simulations, we compare the performance of A1 with three prominent CDS-based algorithms namely energy-efficient CDS (EECDS), CDS Rule K and A3. The results demonstrate that A1 performs better in terms of message overhead and other selected metrics. Moreover, the A1 not only achieves better connectivity under topology maintenance but also provides better sensing coverage when compared with other algorithms.     

一种基于区域分裂与合并的势博弈网络拓扑控制算法

现有无线传感器网络拓扑控制算法在传感器节点部署密集或稀疏区域存在网络拓扑链路冗余、个别节点负载过重、瓶颈节点和网络生命周期短等问题。针对这些问题,提出一种基于区域分裂与合并的势博弈网络拓扑控制算法,该算法首先划分目标区域并随机抛洒传感器节点,在每个子区域内进行博弈并选出簇首节点,利用区域分裂与合并思想,在节点密集区域进行分割再博弈,防止部分节点负载过大,在节点稀疏区域利用权重链路进行合并,防止出现瓶颈节点以保障网络连通;然后对所有簇首节点实施二次势博弈生成簇首拓扑结构连接各子区域。仿真结果表明,该算法能够有效缓解节点负载,均衡节点能耗,延长网络生命周期。     

一种无线传感器网络能耗均衡的自适应拓扑博弈算法

针对无线传感器网络节点能量有限与能耗不均衡导致网络生命周期提前结束的问题,运用势博弈理论将节点的平均寿命、节点最短寿命、网络的连通性以及覆盖性应用到效益函数的设计中,建立一种基于序数势博弈的能耗均衡的拓扑控制模型,以证明博弈模型是序数势博弈.基于该势博弈模型,提出一种能耗均衡的自适应拓扑博弈算法.该算法根据节点平均寿命调整自身的功率,帮助最短寿命节点降低功率,延长整个网络的生存时间.仿真实验及对比分析表明,所提出的算法相比于其他基于博弈论的拓扑控制算法,能够改善网络能量的均衡性,提高网络能量效率,保证网络拓扑的健壮性,增强网络拓扑的自适应性.     

An Adaptive Partitioning Scheme for Sleep Scheduling and Topology Control in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents an adaptive partitioning scheme of sensor networks for node scheduling and topology control with the aim of reducing energy consumption. Our scheme partitions sensors into groups such that a connected backbone network can be maintained by keeping only one arbitrary node from each group in active status while putting others to sleep. Unlike previous approaches that partition nodes geographically, our scheme is based on the measured connectivity between pairwise nodes and does not depend on nodes' locations. In this paper, we formulate node scheduling with topology control as a constrained optimal graph partition problem, which is NP-hard, and propose a Connectivity-based Partition Approach (CPA), which is a distributed heuristic algorithm, to approximate a good solution. We also propose a probability-based CPA algorithm to further save energy. CPA can ensure K-vertex connectivity of the backbone network, which achieves the trade-off between saving energy and preserving network quality. Moreover, simulation results show that CPA outperforms other approaches in complex environments where the ideal radio propagation model does not hold.     

Broadcast routing in wireless sensor networks with dynamic power management and multi-coverage backbones

In a wireless sensor network (WSN), nodes are power constrained. As a consequence, protocols must be energy efficient to prolong the network lifetime while keeping some quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. In WSNs, most protocols resort to the broadcast of control messages like, for example, for the topology control (TC) of the network. On its turn, TC itself can be applied to improve the broadcast of data packets in the network, and because only a subset of nodes need to be active at any time, it is possible to extend the network lifetime. We investigate some alternatives to improve broadcasting in WSN for an extended network lifetime. This is accomplished in two ways. First, we adapt the dynamic power management with scheduled switching modes (DPM-SSM) technique to a blind flooding protocol (i.e., FLOOD). To capture the battery capacity recovery effect as a result of applying DPM, we consider a more realistic battery model (i.e., Rakhmatov-Vrudhula battery model). Second, we implement a multi-coverage TC solution for computing an energy efficient broadcast backbone. Extensive simulation results using the NS2 network simulator show that it is possible to extend the network lifetime while keeping good broadcasting performance.     

无线传感网络中能量均衡的连通支配集算法

连通支配集是无线传感器网络中构建虚拟骨干网络的重要手段.由于支配集中节点的能耗相对其他节点要多,支配集中剩余能量较小的节点决定了虚拟骨干网的生命周期.现有算法或者只是关注构造较小的支配集,或者没有考虑调整能耗极快的支配节点.提出了一种能量均衡的连通支配集算法,基于节点剩余能量和连通度构造支配集,在网络运行过程中根据耗能速度,提前选择候选支配节点,分流负载过重的支配节点.仿真结果表明,新算法能以较小消息开销,有效延长网络寿命.     

AdHoc网络基于能量均衡的拓扑控制算法研究

为了延长无线AdHoe网络的生存期,降低节点传输过程中的功率消耗,该文提出了一种基于能量均衡的分布式拓扑控制算法,通过引人综合反映能量消耗及剩余能量两方面因素的路径权值函数,根据节点剩余能量的实时变化动态优化网络的拓扑结构。仿真结果表明,算法可以构建具有连通性的网络拓扑结构,与其它算法相比,能够均衡整个AdHoc网络节点的能量,显著地延长网络的寿命,从而保证网络长时间的可靠运行。     

Energy-efficient topology control in wireless ad hoc networks with selfish nodes

In wireless ad hoc networks there is no fixed infrastructure or centralized controller to enforce cooperation between nodes. Therefore, nodes may act selfishly in running network protocols for conserving their own energy resources. In this paper, we consider the “topology control (TC) game” as the problem of creating an energy-efficient topology in wireless ad hoc networks in the presence of selfish nodes. We define a new TC game in which nodes are able to dynamically adjust their transmission power in a per-packet manner, and try to minimize their energy usage through considering both traffic load and transmission power parameters. After analyzing the problem, we propose several algorithms to find stable topologies in an environment composed of selfish nodes, using two types of global and local connectivity information. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms by simulations. Our simulation results show that using appropriate local information can interestingly result in more efficient topologies than global information.     

一种保持Ad hoc网络拓扑特性的拓扑维护策略

无线Ad hoc网络中在结点发生异动的情况下,通常采用局部网络的重构来维持网络的连通性。提出了一个能保证网络连通,维持拓扑结构性能的拓扑维护策略,该策略能够为基于位置信息的拓扑控制算法增加自维护功能。理论分析和实验表明,新的策略只需增加一定维护开销,即可保持拓扑结构在结点度、功率有效性、能耗扩展因子等方面的最佳性能。