声发射传感器原位计量校准方法研究

声发射检测系统是一种实时监测结构变化的无损检测设备,广泛应用于飞机结构强度试验,且粘贴于试验件表面。本文针对其不易拆卸的声发射传感器的计量校准需求,研究设计了一套适应的试验现场原位计量校准方法,确保该类传感器量值溯源的一致性,满足质量与适航要求。     

互易法校准压电型声发射传感器的研究与实现

声发射传感器的校准是实现声发射定量技术的前提,依据电声换能器互易原理,在计算互易常数的基础 上,建立了适用于压电型声发射传感器表面波和纵波互易的校准系统。通过设置特定的激励信号波形,依据接收 电压信号与激励电流信号之间的时间延迟,准确获取电流信号与电压信号对应的特征值,实现了声发射传感器的表面波和纵波互易校准。由于传感器的尺寸效应,传感器在高频时的表面波速度灵敏度低于纵波灵敏度,不确定度评定结果表明,声发射传感器速度灵敏度的互易法校准不确定度为1. 2 dB。     

比较法振动传感器自动校准系统的研究

振动传感器的校准工作在振动计量工作中占有较大比重,传统的校准方法有参考量控制不精确,参考量与传感器输出读数不同步导致的测量误差,校准工作效率低等问题。研制的闭环振动传感器校准系统实现自动控制激振器振动的频率和幅值,同步读取多通道数据,数据处理和导出等功能,在20~2 000 Hz的频率范围内完成了振动传感器的自动校准。     

互易法与表面脉冲法校准声发射传感器的一致性探讨

声发射传感器的校准是声发射定量检测技术的前提,互易法和表面脉冲法是目前通常采用的两种校准方法,为探讨其一致性,从互易常数入手,比较表面波互易常数和表面脉冲法中的等效互易常数。通过加载力的等效处理、利用激光测振仪测量质点振速,获得法向速度和所加力脉冲的时域和频域分量,计算得到等效互易常数。同时,建立互易法和表面脉冲法校准系统,对实验结果进行对比分析。互易常数与等效互易常数的计算结果和基于校准系统的实验结果表明,互易法和表面脉冲法之间具有较好的一致性,电信号激励声发射换能器所引起的径向谐振产生的影响,对于互易校准而言可以忽略。     

压电膜片传感器的声发射特性研究

现代自动化工业中,声发射传感器已被广泛应用于材料损伤监测,旧式商用声发射传感器因为结构脆弱,在实际应用中需直接粘于被测结构表面,导致二次利用率不高.为使所应用的监测系统效益比更高,本文提出一种采用压电隔膜作为敏感芯体的传感器结构.利用铅笔断裂法对其声学特性进行表征,测试结果显示,压电隔膜传感器和传统AE(声发射)商用传...     

新型声表面波气体传感器

介绍了声表面波（SAW）气体传感器的工作原理及器件制作，提出了1种表面波SO2传感器，它采用三乙醇胺（TEA）覆盖薄膜，分辨率可达70×10－9。还讨论了SAW气体传感器的稳定性、可靠性、灵敏度及选择性等问题，并给出了有关的实验结果。     

声发射测量系统的研制

介绍一种干涉式光纤声发射传感器,其分辨率高达１０＾－１０ｍ量级,频率范围为１００ｋＨｚ至１．４ＭＨｚ,响应时间小于１μｓ,具有很高的测量稳定性,且可用于状态监测和故障诊断。     

比较法真空标准漏孔校准方法研究

比较法校准真空标准漏孔是通过四极质谱计比较气体流量计提供的标准气体流量与被校真空标准漏孔产生的离子流获得校准值。主要介绍了比较法真空标准漏孔的校准方法、装置原理、校准过程及校准结果的处理等,并提出了减小测量不确定度的影响因素。     

声表面波压力遥测传感器的理论与设计

介绍了一种遥测声表面波压力传感器的原理与设计，其核心敏感部件是由声表面波谐振器组成的振荡器，文中给出了主要的测试结果。     

Some Applications of Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors

The paper describes the evaluation of thin amorphous magnetic film by using of surface acoustic waves on piezo electric substrate. The obtained experimental data show strong dependence of material parameters on the annealing temperature. The mixed ferromagnetic/SAW devices for electronic applications will be also discussed.     

Spatial Sensitivity Distribution of Surface Acoustic Wave Resonator Sensors

The sensitivity distribution of surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator sensors is investigated by theoretical and experimental means. It is shown that the sensitivity to mass loading varies strongly across the surface due to the confinement of acoustic energy toward the center of the device. A model is developed for this phenomenon based on the extraction of coupling of modes parameters from a rigorous boundary element method analysis based on a periodic Green's function. As SAW sensors for many applications include a layer covering the electrodes, a new technique is introduced to account for the mechanical interactions with buried electrodes. Using this technique, the sensitivity calculations are found to be in good agreement with measurements. It is also shown that while changes in other parameters influence sensitivity, it is velocity change that most strongly determines overall frequency change     

Temperature Measurements on Hot Spots of Power Substations Utilizing Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors

In several applications in the field of metrology, the direct connection of the sensor element with the respective signal-processing unit of the measurement system is not trivial. It can be mentioned, as an example, the measurement of hot points in electric power substations because of the high electrical potential. To solve that problem, two alternatives were studied, one using active surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors and other using passive SAW tags. For the passive sensor, a SAW radio-frequency identification (RFID) temperature detector was used. That technology is widely applied for typical transport identification (grain transportation, road traffic control), but its application in the field of metrology is innovative. The variation in temperature makes an alteration in the characteristics of the piezoelectric material of the SAW matrix, changing mostly the resonance frequency. Using SAW?CRFID, the problem of measuring temperature basically is directed to the identification of the frequency of resonance of the SAW. The use of active SAW sensors has been demonstrated to be much more satisfactory for the solution of such a problem because of the limitation in the range of the passive sensors.     

Application of Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors for Liquid Helium-4 and Helium-3

A surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor can be used to determine the acoustic properties of liquid He. We applied this sensor for liquid ³He and liquid ⁴He. Two kinds of SAW were used in this experiment, Rayleigh-SAW and shear horizontal SAW. The damping of Rayleigh-SAW was measured in liquid ⁴He. The results agreed well with the reported values of the acoustic impedance, and the superfluid transition was clearly seen. The damping and the phase shift of shear horizontal SAW were measured in the normal liquid ³He. Temperature dependence of the damping and the phase shift was analyzed by the viscoelastic model, and the results were compared with the transverse acoustic impedance in the normal ³He.     

Broadband Calibration of Acoustic Emission and Ultrasonic Sensors from Generalized Ray Theory and Finite Element Models

This paper describes a calibration method for acoustic emission and ultrasonic sensors that is effective from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. The method combines generalized ray theory and finite element analysis to model wave propagation at higher and lower frequencies, respectively. A ball impact is used as a calibration source, a thick aluminum plate is used as the test block, and hot glue is used as the couplant. We demonstrate this method on five commercial piezoelectric sensors: Physical Acoustics (PAC) R15a, PAC WSa, Panametrics V101, Panametrics V103, and Valpey-Fisher Pinducer. Our calibration results show that reflections and other wave phases can be more clearly identified with the less-resonant Panametrics sensors. The PAC sensors have the greatest sensitivity and are able to detect surface normal displacements at least down to 1 pm amplitude in the 100s of kHz frequency band. Aperture effect is minimized by the small size of the Pinducer. Our method focuses on the amplitude response of the sensors (phase is ignored) and extends the calibration to a frequency band that is lower than typical analyses. Low frequency information is useful for determining the seismic moment of a seismic source (analogous to the magnitude of an earthquake) and can increase the amount of information acquired in a single recording.     

Monitoring of Impacted Aramid-Reinforced Composites by Embedded PVDF Acoustic Emission Sensors

Abstract:  An embedded piezoelectric [poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)] thin film sensors system for acoustic emission (AE) was realized to investigate the possibility of monitoring, in real time, the post-impact damage in aramid woven fabric-reinforced epoxy. The same sensors have been used in a previous work on similar specimens tested in flexure but not previously impacted, with the aim of verifying the suitability of these sensors to be embedded and their ability to detect AE signals under loading. This work is a continuation of the previous one aiming at evaluating the ability of these embedded PVDF sensors to point out the presence of impact damage, issue widely studied in literature. Aramid fibre/epoxy composite specimens with embedded PVDFs, previously impacted at different energies, namely 5, 10 and 15 J, were tested using three-point bending tests. It appeared from mechanical tests that the flexural strength decreased passing from non-impacted specimens to those impacted with the highest energy and that the embedment of PVDFs in the laminates did not markedly affect the structural integrity of the impacted composites. The degree of impact damage, represented by the decrease in mechanical properties, has been correlated with the AE activity by means of a parametric analysis of the AE signals detected during post-impact mechanical tests.     

基于声表面波传感技术的微液滴检测方法

为了提高声表面波(SAW)技术用于微液滴体积测量的精度,提出了一种差分面积拟合法.根据声表面波信号的特点分析了差分面积拟合法的合理性,在自行研制的声表面波液滴体积检测系统上对该方法的应用进行了验证.采用两种黏性不同的微液滴,分别为5～9μL的微水滴和微油滴进行了测量.对测得的信号分别采用曲线峰值法和差分面积拟合法与微液滴大小进行回归.实验结果表明,采用差分面积拟合法进行回归得到的模型的相关系数相比采用峰值法提高了4%以上,同时对两种微液滴的预测均方根误差(RMSEP)减小了37%以上,从而证明了该方法的有效性.     

Calibration of Dynamic Force Sensors by the Deformation Method

Measurement Techniques - The deformation method of determining the metrological characteristics of variable-force measuring instruments is proposed and examined. The method consists in the...