液体聚硫橡胶/双酚A型环氧树脂/棕刚玉复合材料性能的研究

探讨双酚A型环氧树脂（简称环氧树脂）、棕刚玉和分散剂（硬脂酸锌和硅油混合制成）对液体聚硫橡胶（LPSR）/环氧树脂/棕刚玉复合材料性能的影响.结果表明,环氧树脂用量为8～10份、棕刚玉（80目）用量为100～120份、分散剂用量为0.5～0.6份时,LPSR/环氧树脂/棕刚玉复合材料的硬度较高,磨砺性能较好,其弹性砂轮打磨的异型金属件表面粗糙度可达Ra1.0 μm以下.     

高密度聚乙烯／废橡胶胶粉共混物的改性研究

采用新的改性体系三元乙丙橡胶（EPDM）、硅油、过氧化二异丙苯（DCP）对高密度聚乙烯／胶粉（HDPE／SRP）共混物进行了研究，探讨了各改性剂用量对共混物力学性能的影响。结果表明：EPDM用量为10－15份，硅油用量为4份，DCP用量为0.2份，共混物具有较好的力学性能。与未改性HDPE／SRP共混物相比，改性后共混物（EPDM为10份，硅油为4份，DCP为0.2份）的冲击强度和断裂伸长率分别可以大幅度提高，并且胶粉含量越少，提高的幅度越明显。扫描电镜观察结果表明：改性共混物中弹性体的分散和包覆结构是韧性提高的主要原因。     

磷酸酯功能单体的缓释法合成研究

采用溶剂分散P2O5投料方式,缓释法合成了丙烯酸羟丙基磷酸酯的功能单体,研究了分散剂及其用量、反应物料比、反应时间及有无水解反应对磷酸酯中单、双酯含量的影响。结果表明,当分散剂选用正己烷且m（正己烷）：m（P2O5）=4：1,原料配比n（HPA）In（P2O5）=2．4：1,酯化反应温度为70℃,反应时间4h,酯化反应后,达到水解温度再保温10min时,磷酸酯中单、双酯物质的量比值最高。与传统的P2O5粉末直接投料法相比,该方法合成的丙烯酸羟丙基磷酸酯中单酯、双酯的物质的量比值由3．85提高到10．36。     

高固含量无机颜填料水分散浆黏度影响因素的研究

以聚羧酸钠（铵）盐为分散剂、烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚为润湿剂，分别进行了锐钛型钛白粉、重钙、滑石粉、高岭土在水中的分散试验，改变分散剂的种类和用量，测定了质量分数为60％～70％的4种颜填料水分散浆的黏度。聚羧酸钠盐分散剂加入量分别为0．20％、0．10％、0．15％、0．05％（颜料百分数）时，锐钛型钛白粉、重钙、滑石粉、高岭土水分散浆达到最低黏度；润湿剂加入量大于0．15％时，滑石粉分散浆黏度显著降低。     

分散剂对亚微米氮化硅粉体分散性能的影响

本文利用研磨机将氮化硅（Si3N4）粉体研磨至亚微米级，并分析分散剂对Si3N4颗粒粒度的影响。从四甲基氢氧化铵（TMAH）、六偏磷酸钠（SHMP）和Darvan—C这三种分散剂对亚微米SbN4分散性能的曲线图中可以看出．TMAH、SHMP和Darvan—c都有很强的抑制沉淀的作用，对亚微米Si3N4的分散效果较好。SHMP的加入量在1％时出现最佳值，随着加入量的逐渐增加，亚微米Si3N。的分散效果也逐渐变差。比较这三种分散剂，0．4％的Oarvan—C对亚微米Si3N4的分散效果优于1％的SHMP和0．8％的TMAH对Si3N4的分散效果。     

沉淀法白炭黑粉体的疏水改性研究

以甲基含氢硅油为改性剂、二氯甲烷为硅油分散剂,采用干法对沉淀法白炭黑粉体进行表面改性,考察了改性剂用量和分散剂用量对改性效果的影响,并通过正交试验优化了工艺条件。试验结果表明,改性后沉淀法生产的白炭黑疏水性明显提高。其最佳工艺条件为:取8 g未改性的沉淀法白炭黑、甲基含氢硅油用量0.6 g、硅油分散剂用量2.4 g、恒温温度120℃、恒温成膜时间30 min,改性产物活化度达到96%以上。由红外光谱分析可知甲基含氢硅油成功键合到白炭黑表面,通过白炭黑疏水性试验及白炭黑粉体在水—油体系中的分散试验,结果证实改性后的白炭黑具有良好的疏水亲油性。     

超细二氧化锆注凝成形料浆流变性研究

研究了ZrO2凝胶注模成形工艺中制备低粘度、高固相含量浓悬浮体的关键技术。分析讨论了pH值、分散剂、研磨时间、固相含量等因素对ZrO2浆料粘度的影响。实验表明：pH值、分散剂用量均会明显地影响悬浮液的分散效果和流变性。在悬浮体系中当pH为10-11，分散剂添加量为1．5％（体积分数）时，研磨时间为20h时分散效果最好，并制备了固相含量达56％（体积分数）的浓悬浮液，粘度为308mPa·s，完全能满足凝胶注模成形的要求。     

分散剂和超剪切对二氧化硅的协同分散作用

为了提高纳米二氧化硅粉体的分散性，拓展其应用领域，以丙烯酸（AA）、丙烯酸丁酯（BA）为主单体，丙烯酰胺（AM）为功能单体，经自由基溶液聚合法合成了一系列三元共聚物分散剂。采用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱等对分散剂的分子结构进行了表征，验证了其结构。将此分散剂应用于二氧化硅纳米粉体的表面改性以提高其分散性，同时考察了外加超剪切力场对纳米二氧化硅粉体的分散效果，研究了分散剂用量、超剪切力场强度和分散时间等因素对纳米二氧化硅平均粒径的影响，优化了工艺参数。激光粒度和透射电镜分析结果表明，在分散剂用量为二氧化硅质量的1%、超剪切设备转速为18 000 r/min、分散时间为30 min条件下，由于分散剂和超剪切的协同作用，纳米二氧化硅悬浮液的分散性能最佳。     

松香衍生物分散剂的合成及应用

以苯乙烯磺酸钠（SSS）、丙烯酸（AA）、松香衍生物（MPAHEMA）为单体合成了一种新型共聚物分散剂.结果表明,当单体SSS,AA,MPAHEMA的摩尔比为1.0：3.5：0.2、引发剂的质量分数为单体总质量的8%、反应温度80 ℃、反应时间为2 h时,制得的分散剂对硫酸钡的分散效果最佳.此分散剂用于加工75%阿特拉津水分散粒剂（WG）,分散剂的最佳用量为6%,悬浮率可以达到90.8%,悬浮率和最大持留量均高于进口分散剂（T/36）制成的水分散粒剂.     

一种含磷阻垢分散剂的反相乳液合成及性能

研究了以环己烷为分散介质，油／水比例为1．5，Span80-Tween80为乳化剂，过氧化氢为引发剂，以丙烯酸（AA）、丙烯酰胺（AM）、甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）和次亚磷酸钠（SH）为单体合成共聚物（AA—AM—MMA—SH）阻垢分散剂。通过静态阻垢实验评定该共聚物对水中CaCO3，Ca3（PO4）2，CaSO4的阻垢效果，探讨了药剂用量、恒温温度、溶液pH值、水体硬度等因素对阻垢性能的影响，及共聚物分散氧化铁的性能。并利用红外光谱（IR）法对其结构进行了表征。实验结果表明：合成的阻垢剂具有较好分散性能及耐高温，高硬度，宽pH值等优良阻垢性能。     

共聚物MA-AM-AA-MMA的反相乳液合成及其阻垢分散性能

以环己烷为分散介质,油/水比例为1.5,Span 80-Tween 80为乳化剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂,用反相乳液合成了功能高分子马来酸酐-丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸-甲基丙烯酸甲酯。通过静态阻垢实验表明,阻垢剂投加量达到8 mg/L对CaCO3、Ca3(PO4)2和CaSO4的阻垢效果较佳,分别为90.5%,93.2%和86%;在高温、高pH、高硬度等恶劣条件下对碳酸钙仍分别有40.4%,32.4%,37.6%的较好阻垢率;投加量达到3 mg/L时对氧化铁的分散性能最佳,透光率为69.7%。并用IR法对其结构进行表征。该阻垢剂是一种耐严酷条件的优良多功能阻垢分散剂。     

P(AM-DADMAC)的反相乳液聚合及其表征

利用反相乳液聚合法制备了阳离子共聚物P(AM-DADMAC),考察了乳化剂、分散介质、引发剂、单体浓度等因素对乳液体系稳定性和共聚物特性粘度的影响。结果表明:以Span80和Tween80为复合乳化剂且浓度为4%、煤油为分散介质、油水体积比为0.5、Va-044为引发剂且浓度为0.08%～0.1%、水相单体浓度为45%时,反相乳液聚合体系稳定,且能得到特性粘度较大的阳离子共聚物。利用红外谱图证实了共聚物P(AM-DADMAC)的结构。电镜照片显示,胶体颗粒为球形,尺寸在1～9μm之间。     

共聚物MA-TA-AA-AM-SH的反相乳液合成及其阻垢分散性能研究

以环己烷为分散介质,油∶水为1∶1.5,Span80-Tween80为乳化剂,过氧化氢为引发剂,以马来酸酐(MA)、牛磺酸(TA)、丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)和次亚磷酸钠(SH)为单体反相乳液合成共聚物(MA-TA-AA-AM-SH)阻垢剂。通过静态阻垢实验表明:综合经济因素,阻垢剂投加量达到10 mg/L对CaCO3、Ca3(PO4)2和CaSO4的阻垢效果较佳,分别为82.3%,95.9%和78%;在高温条件下对碳酸钙和磷酸钙分别有56.6%,68.9%较佳阻垢率;高pH、高硬度恶劣条件下对碳酸钙仍分别有40.8%,57.9%的较好阻垢率;投加量达到8 mg/L时对氧化铁的分散性能最佳,透光率为56.7%。并利用IR对其结构进行表征。该阻垢剂是一种较好耐苛刻条件的多功能阻垢分散性剂。     

MA-TA-AA-AM-SAS共聚物的反相乳液合成及其性能

为了提高产率,减少副反应,以环己烷为分散介质,油/水比例为1.6,Span80-Tween80为乳化剂,使用过硫酸钾作为引发剂,用新方法反相乳液合成了高分子聚合物马来酸酐-牛磺酸-丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺-烯丙基磺酸钠。通过静态阻垢实验评定表明:阻垢剂投加量达到10 mg/L时对碳酸钙和磷酸钙阻垢率较佳,分别为90.4%和91.8%;在高温、高pH、高硬度等恶劣条件下对碳酸钙仍分别有60.2%,46.4%,53.2%的较好阻垢率;投加量达到5 mg/L时对氧化铁分散性能最佳,透光率为46.1%。该共聚物是一种耐恶劣条件的优良阻垢分散剂。     

Characterization of a double emulsion system (oil-in-water-in-oil emulsion) with low solid fats: Microstructure

A double emulsion system [oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O)] with 16.3% (w/w) water and 83% (w/w) oil was prepared and stabilized using a novel method of mixing two oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions together. The first emulsion consisted of 85% (w/w) liquid canola oil, 14.4%(w/w) water, 0.5% (w/w) sodium caseinate, and 0.1% (w/w) lecithin and the second emulsion contained 73% (w/w) canola oil, 8% (w/w) palm-cotton stearin (50∶50), 0.2% (w/w) lecithin, 18.2% (w/w) water, and 0.6% (w/w) sodium caseinate. Mixing the two emulsions (50∶50) by weight produced a product with 79% (w/w) liquid canola oil and 4% (w/w) palm-cotton stearin. The two O/W emulsions were prepared separately at 50°C, mixed together at 45°C for 2–5 min, and then supercooled in a −5°C ice/salt bath while mixing at low shear rates (2,000–3,000 rpm). Under supercooling conditions the fat globules in the second emulsion (containing liquid oil and stearin) began to break down as a result of fat crystal growth and shearing action and release plastic fat. During this stage, the continuous aqueous phase underwent a phase transition and the emulsion viscosity dropped from 37,000–50,000 to 250 cP. The released plastic fat continued to harden as the temperature dropped and stabilized the first O/W emulsion (containing only liquid oil). The low shear rate mixing was stopped when the temperature dropped below 15°C and before the O/W/O emulsion hardens. Microstructural analysis of the first emulsion before and after supercooling showed essentially intact fat globules. The microstructure of the second emulsion before supercooling showed the same intact globules as the first emulsion, but after supercooling, an amorphous mass with only a few intact globules was seen. By mixing the two emulsions together and supercooling, a stable O/W/O emulsion was formed with plastic fat as the continuous phase and the first O/W emulsion as the dispersed phase.     

Flocculation and Separation of Oil Droplets in Ultrasonic Standing Wave Field

A new method for breaking oil in water emulsion based on flocculation of droplets in high intensity ultrasonic standing wave field was developed in this study and the effect of initial droplets size, type of disperse phase as well as the time of sonication and the height of emulsion in the chamber on the extent of interdroplet interactions were investigated. The results showed that type of disperse phase affects the efficiency of separation process through controlling the initial size of droplets. For the two types of disperse phase in question the efficiency of separation was calculated to be 42.7% for canola oil/water emulsion and 37% for sunflower oil/water emulsion. The time of sonication was found to have a positive contribution to the percent of flocculation and coalescence, so that the largest aggregates were formed after 30 minutes treatment. Also, the optimum height of emulsion in the treatment chamber was determined to be λ/4 at which the strongest flocculation and highest percent of coalescence took place. Increasing the height of emulsion did not significantly influence the course of aggregation and separation.     

Destabilization of Emulsion Formed During Aqueous Extraction of Peanut Oil: Synergistic Effect of Tween 20 and pH

To destabilize the emulsion formed during aqueous extraction processing (AEP) of peanuts, Tween and Span series surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 80, Span 20, and Span 80) were used alone or in combination to break the emulsion. Results indicate that only Tween surfactants had a pronounced demulsifying effect that was dependent on Tween concentration and system pH. When 1.2 wt% Tween 20 aqueous solution was used for oil extraction at pH 10.0, the highest free oil yield was achieved at 76.1 %, which was similar to the oil recovery of using proteases as a destabilization agent. The results obtained using a model emulsion system containing peanut oil and Tween 20/peanut protein isolates (PPI) showed that when Tween 20 and PPI coexisted in extraction medium at pH 10.0, the dynamic interfacial tension and droplet size distribution curves were very similar to those when Tween 20 was used alone, suggesting that Tween 20 dominated at the interface, instead of PPI. Destabilization of the model emulsions relied on three important factors: inclusion of Tween 20 at the initial mixing stage, high pH, and a gentle mixing speed. A synergistic destabilization mechanism of using Tween 20 at high pH during AEP was proposed. The discovery of Tween 20 as an effective demulsifier significantly contributes to the development of AEP of oilseeds.     

油水乳液分离沼气实验研究

研究了柴油-水乳液体系在水合物生成条件下对沼气（CO₂/CH₄）中CO₂的捕集能力。阻聚剂Span20被加入到乳液中以分散水滴和水合物颗粒。综合考虑了温度、原料气组成、压力和乳液含水率对柴油-水乳液体系分离能力的影响。从实验结果可以看出,吸收-水合耦合分离效果明显优于单独的吸收分离,且分离平衡后,浆液中水合物分散均匀,流动性良好。乳液体系分离能力在一定范围内随着温度降低和含水率的增加而增强。综合考虑乳液分离能力和流动特性表明,温度270.15～272.15 K,体系含水率 20%～25%（vol）和初始推动力为3.2 MPa左右时为最合适的分离条件,在对应条件下经过两级模拟分离,气相中CO₂浓度能从31%（mol）降到近10%（mol）,超过87%（mol）的CO₂被水合物浆液捕集。     

一种新型阻垢分散剂的反相乳液聚合及性能

以环己烷为分散介质,油/水比例为1.5,Span 80—Tween 80为乳化剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂,用反相乳液聚合合成了马来酸酐—牛磺酸—丙烯酰胺—烯丙基磺酸钠共聚物。通过静态阻垢实验评定了该共聚物对水中CaCO3,Ca3(PO4)2的阻垢效果。讨论了共聚物分散氧化铁的性能及药剂用量,温度,pH值,水体硬度对碳酸钙阻垢率的影响。结果表明:合成的阻垢剂具有较好分散性能及耐高温,高硬度,高pH值的优良阻垢性能。     

程序降温反相悬浮技术制备球形纤维素珠体

以纤维素/N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)/H2O溶液为原料,用NMMO法,通过程序降温反相悬浮技术制备出球形纤维素珠体,并进行制备工艺的优化实验和纤维素珠体的性能检测。实验结果表明,以10#变压器油为分散相,油水体积比V(油)∶V(水)=4∶1,m(复合型分散剂L-1)∶m(纤维素/NMMO/H2O溶液)=15∶100,在300r/m in的搅拌速度,可制备出粒径分布均匀的球形纤维素珠体,此时均一系数K=1.216。所制备的纤维素珠体的w(H2O)=74.0%,比表面积为215.6 m2/g,孔度为81.2%,湿视密度为0.63 g/mL,湿真密度为1.21 g/mL。在酸浓度或碱浓度为0.1~6.0 mol/L,随着酸浓度或碱浓度的增高,纤维素珠体的质量损失率递增,分别为0.1%~12.4%和0.8%~28.8%。