Numerical investigation on the combustion behaviour of pre-dried Greek lignite

Dry coal firing is expected to play an increasingly important role in future lignite power plants. The planned evolution from the conventional lignite drying concept with hot recirculated flue gas to the “fluidized bed drying with internal heat utilization, WTA”, technology in the next generation of lignite power plants is estimated to bring an additional efficiency increase of 2–4% points compared to the today’s state of the art. In this framework NTUA/LSB and CERTH/ISFTA has performed experimental investigations at a semi industrial scale 1 MWth facility on the characterization of Greek pre-dried lignite’s combustion behaviour in terms of temperature fields, heat transfer, emissions, slagging and fouling tendency and residues quality. The present work focuses on the numerical investigation of Greek dry lignite combustion firstly by post-processing and evaluation of available experimental data and secondly by combustion simulations. Q–T plots describing the heat transfer in the experimental facility are derived and specific cases of the performed tests are simulated with a commercial CFD tool, in order to estimate flow, temperature fields, NOx emissions and compare with the available experimental data. A good agreement between simulated and experimental results will support the further work on large scale boiler simulations in raw and dry coal co-firing mode, where the possibility of validation with experimental data is limited. The obtained Q–T diagrams are used to evaluate the influence of co-firing on the heat transfer in the facility and to further extrapolate the conclusions of the performed semi industrial tests on the large scale. The overall results of the CFD simulations, including predictions of temperature and NOx profiles, are in good agreement with the available experimental data at the reference case, while at the dry coal co-firing cases succeed on reproducing the basic trends of the performed experiments.     

Identification of the combustion behaviour of lignite char between 350 and 900 °C

The combustion behaviour of four different lignite samples pyrolysed at 800 and 1000 °C has been studied. The reaction order and the activation energy of the char combustion reaction can be easily determined from the time to reach 50% conversion. Under 550 °C the reaction order of lignite samples are 0.7 and the activation energies are 27.4–27.9 kcal gmole^?1. Above 550 °C the measurement of the intrinsic reaction rate is limited by the film diffusion resistance. The pyrolysis temperature affects the reactivity significantly. The reactivity of char pyrolysed at 800 °C is 3.5 times that of char pyrolysed at 1000 °C.     

褐煤深度脱水的实验研究

针对褐煤低温烟气干燥技术脱水幅度难以提高,发热量增加不多等问题,提出了低温干燥与深度脱水的联合工艺。研究了不同干燥温度、干燥时间和煤样粒度对褐煤深度脱水效果的影响,结果表明:褐煤深度脱水适宜的干燥温度为500～800℃,较为适宜的干燥时间为80 s左右,当粒度小于50 mm时,干燥产物发热量随粒度变化不大。最后提出了褐煤深度脱水最佳工艺条件和参数,即当预干燥煤的Mar约为18%,煤样粒度为-50 mm,干燥温度为700℃,干燥时间为80 s时,深度脱水产物的Mar为8%,Vdaf在46%左右,折算Qnet,ar约为21 kJ/g。褐煤深度脱水促进了褐煤发热量的进一步提高,实现了褐煤资源的增值,研究结果为褐煤低温干燥与深度脱水联合工艺技术方案的确定奠定了基础。     

干燥褐煤的自燃与爆炸特性试验研究

为抑制褐煤堆放时发生自燃与煤粉爆炸,利用自燃装置试验台和煤粉爆炸试验台,对褐煤及其干燥到不同水分的干燥煤进行试验研究,分析其自燃特性和爆炸特性。结果表明,对于自燃特性而言,褐煤水分减少10%,耗氧速度增加约0.17%/min,粒径减小一个等级,耗氧速度增加约0.11%/min;对于爆炸特性而言,褐煤水分减少5%,平均煤粉爆炸下限质量浓度约降低0.015 kg/m~3,温度每升高10℃,平均煤粉爆炸下限质量浓度降低约0.03 kg/m~3;总体而言,随着干燥程度的加深,褐煤自燃、爆炸特性均增强,危险性增加。     

干燥后褐煤水分复吸性的试验研究

在实验室条件下考察了深度干燥和轻度干燥后的褐煤在高湿度环境和自然环境中的水分复吸性。结果表明：干燥后褐煤由于自身特点,具有较大的吸水能力,但受环境条件的影响比较显著,深度干燥后的褐煤水分复吸性较强,当干燥后褐煤处于不同的湿度环境下,或复吸水分或复失水分,但最终将会趋于某一稳定水分值。建议工业化干燥过程中,干燥后褐煤的含水量略大于内含水量,当处于正常自然环境中,干燥后褐煤不会发生显著的水分复吸现象,过度干燥既不经济也无必要。     

滇池底泥-褐煤超临界水共气化制氢实验研究

采用间歇式超临界水反应装置,以滇池疏浚底泥和褐煤为原料,分别将褐煤、底泥单独进行超临界水气化,对比不同反应原料对气化制氢的影响。再将二者按不同混合比例（1∶9、2∶8、 3∶7、4∶6、5∶5）进行共气化,对比不同混合比例对气化制氢的影响。结果表明,相对褐煤,底泥气化具有气体组分富氢、气相收率高、产气量小的特点;褐煤气化则具有碳气化率高、产气量大的特点。褐煤单独气化的气相收率低于底泥,共气化时气相收率达到834 mL/g。褐煤和底泥在超临界水共气化过程中碳气化率和产氢率存在明显协同效应。与加权平均值相比,碳气化率和H2产率分别提高了3.12%和55 mL/g。共气化存在最优比例,超过3∶7后,碳气化率逐渐下降。以最优比例进行共气化,既可达到处置底泥的目的,又可保持相对较高的H2产率（350 mL/g）和CH4产率（113 mL/g）。     

褐煤干燥后水分复吸的实验研究

空气湿度是产生复吸的重要条件,湿度越高复吸的程度越高;自然条件下,温度越高复吸速度越快;产物粒度越小复吸速度和复吸程度越大。深度干燥煤的复吸水主要发生在煤堆表面。研究了高温烟气干燥褐煤的水分复吸性能,结果表明,在6％～11％的全水含量范围内,干燥煤复吸后水分升高幅度基本一致。在此全水范围内干燥煤全水高低不会影响复吸结果。     

褐煤燃烧阶段风量对指标气体的影响

以平庄瑞安褐煤为研究对象,通过热重试验确定褐煤燃烧阶段温度范围,利用管式炉程序升温系统进行煤样氧化自燃试验,得到风量分别为40、80、120、160和200 m L/min条件下的气体;为确定优选指标气体的关联度大小,采用灰色关联法对其进行分析。结果表明:褐煤燃烧阶段温度为247~433℃,408℃左右达到快速燃烧状态。当风量恒定时,CO_2/ΔO_2、CO/ΔO_2、C_2H-4与温度的关联度比CO、C_2H_6、C_2H_4/C_2H_6高。随风量不断增加,指标气体与温度的关联度:CO_2/ΔO_2最大,其次是CO/ΔO_2、C_2H_4和CO,C_2H_6和C_2H_4/C_2H_6最小。故可将CO_2/ΔO_2、CO/ΔO_2和C_2H_4作为主要指标,CO作为辅助指标用于预测煤矿井下封闭火区燃烧状态。     

褐煤中腐植酸活化实验研究

对5种不同组成的褐煤分别用NaOH、Na_2CO_3和KOH 3种固体碱进行腐植酸活化实验,并对比不同pH时的活化率。实验结果表明:用NaOH作活化剂时活化效果较好;控制反应pH10时,褐煤中腐植酸活化率95%;在此条件下,当褐煤中钙镁总质量分数小于2.5%时,腐植酸活化率不受原料影响。     

内蒙古某褐煤干燥特性的实验研究

利用热风干燥实验装置对内蒙古某褐煤进行不同温度、不同风速、不同粒度的干燥特性研究。结果表明：降低褐煤的粒度可有效缩短干燥时间;热风风速对褐煤的干燥速率影响很小,干燥适宜温度为150~165℃,在此温度区间内干燥时间较理想,进一步提高风温虽然有助于提高干燥效率,但有发生自燃的危险。     

多粘类芽孢杆菌对褐煤的降解转化试验研究

通过正交试验分析多粘类芽孢杆菌降解褐煤时,煤样粒度、煤浆浓度、菌液用量及降解时间4因素对褐煤微生物降解率的影响;结果表明,煤样粒度对褐煤微生物降解率的影响最大。     

褐煤干燥特性的实验研究

为获得褐煤颗粒干燥器设计的基础数据,对宁夏褐煤进行了工业分析、热重分析,得到了褐煤水分、挥发分的质量分数,确定了宁夏褐煤干燥的温度范围.褐煤的热重分析表明:褐煤干燥温度应不高于250℃.在热重分析确定的温度范围内,采用薄层干燥方式进行了褐煤颗粒的等温干燥实验,获得了褐煤颗粒干燥速率随水分的变化关系,颗粒的干燥主要处于降...     

Experimental study and energy analysis on microwave-assisted lignite drying

For value-added utilization of high-humidity lignite, an investigation on its drying behavior was carried out, using a method of Microwave Thermogravimetric Analysis (MTGA). The characteristic of heat and mass transfer during drying process was studied. The effects of initial lignite mass on its drying process and energy consumption were also addressed. In addition, changes of lignite pore structure, sulfur content, and calorific value were tested after drying experiment. The results indicated that lignite microwave drying was divided into three stages: incubation stage, high-efficient dehydration stage, and deep dehydration stage. It was in agreement with the variation of temperature inside the sample. High-efficient dehydration stage and deep dehydration stage were separated at a critical moisture content. Microwave power and initial mass could be properly matched, which was effective to increase dehydration rate and decrease energy consumption. It was further noted that the best power for achieving the least energy consumption was in advance to that for achieving the greatest dehydration rate, especially for initial mass of 20?g and 25?g. The optimum power for initial mass of 20?g and 25?g was found to be 385?W and 539?W, respectively. Pore structure of dried lignite was basically deteriorated. Meanwhile, lignite microwave drying at 231?W for 6?min could lead to an increase of calorific value by 8.1% and a decrease of sulfur content by 68.6%.     

Evolution of microstructure and combustion reactivity of lignite during high-temperature drying process

The evolutions of the microstructure characteristics and the combustion reactivity of lignite during high temperature drying process at 600–800°C were addressed in the paper. The information about the oxygen functional groups, carbon skeleton, pore structure, and combustion reactivity of the lignite before and after the drying treatment was obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller technique, Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyzer, respectively. The results show that a different evolutionary trend of the chemical structure of the lignite appears at the high drying temperature of 700°C at which the carbonyl, carboxyl, and carboxylate significantly decomposed and the treatment gave a slight elimination of structural imperfections and the formation of new cross-linking structures. Then, at the drying temperature of 800°C, a slight increase of the oxygen functional groups was found. The break of the aromatic ring or heterocycle contributed to the rapid increase of amorphous carbon to some extent. During the drying process, the surface area of the resulted lignite gradually increased until 700°C and then decreased. The evolution may be attributed to the decomposition of organic compounds, shrinkage forces, and thermal relaxation effect. The investigation indicates that the change in chemical nature of the coal had a greater impact on the combustion reactivity than the internal pore structure did. In addition, the combustion intensity and performance of the treated lignite was enhanced by the drying process.     

印尼褐煤干燥和水分再吸收特性的试验研究

利用热重分析仪(TGA)和等温吸湿实验装置对一种印尼褐煤干燥和水分再吸收过程进行了试验研究.结果表明干燥过程的平均表观活化能为25.77 kJ/mol,脱去吸附水的表观活化能为33.14 kJ/mol.吸湿等温线的形状为S型等温线,Chung Pfost数学模型更适合于拟合印尼褐煤的等温吸湿过程.     

褐煤热压脱水实验研究

为提高褐煤脱水率,以锡林郭勒褐煤为研究对象,采用高温反应釜进行了褐煤热压脱水实验,考察了温度、压力和保压时间对褐煤脱水率的影响,并利用静态氮吸附仪对热压脱水前后煤样的孔隙结构进行测定。结果表明:温度250℃、压力3 MPa、保压60 min时褐煤脱水率最大可达到93.67%。在热力协同作用下,加压可使褐煤实现"攥拳式"脱水,压缩褐煤碳骨架的同时,挤出内水,改变褐煤孔隙结构及分布。热压脱水后,褐煤比表面积、总孔体积、平均孔径分别降低了0.70192 m2/g、0.00405 cm3/g和1.38593 nm,煤样孔径分布明显改变,微孔比例增加5.57%,中孔比例增加4.97%,大孔比例减小10.54%。实验证明以气体加压方式进行褐煤热压脱水可行。     

褐煤干燥成型技术的研究

针对褐煤易风化变质,化学反应性强,热稳定性差,富有自燃倾向,不适宜长距离运输等特点,对国内外褐煤干燥技术进行了研究,归纳总结了各干燥技术的工作流程、优缺点及应用情况。介绍了褐煤干燥成型技术的工作原理,并对其可行性进行了应用试验研究,结果表明:干燥成型的褐煤中,Mt都低于0.10%,Mad低于0.01%,Qnet,ar可达到25.03 kJ/g,与原煤相比提高了46.12%。褐煤干燥成型技术可有效提高褐煤煤质,降低系统复杂性,干燥成型后褐煤的化学稳定性明显提高,褐煤干燥成型在技术上是可行的。     

潮湿褐煤干法分选实验研究

为提高空气重介质流化床对入料煤水分的适应性,以热气代替常温空气改善流化床对褐煤的分选效果。采用可能偏差Ep为评价指标,研究了热态空气重介质流化床的干燥温度、干燥时间和风量对褐煤分选效果的影响。结果表明:干燥温度为30~50℃时,干燥温度越高,Ep越低;干燥时间为1~5 min时,干燥时间越长,Ep越低,超过3 min后,Ep降低缓慢;风量为8~12 m3/h时,风量增大,Ep先降低后升高。煤样表面水分越高,干燥温度、干燥时间和风量变化对Ep影响越显著。表面水分1%的褐煤,干燥温度50℃、干燥时间5 min、风量10 m3/h时,褐煤分选效果最好,Ep可达到0.022g/cm3。实验证明热态空气重介质流化床可用于分选潮湿褐煤。     

Experimental study on three-stage microwave-assisted fluidized bed drying of Shengli lump lignite

The drying characteristics of Shengli lump lignite in a three-stage microwave-assisted fluidized bed dryer (MFBD) are investigated in this study. The fluidized bed was operated with a continuous feed in the modes with one to three stages. The effects of microwave power and microwave time on the drying rate and fragmentation rate are studied. The drying rate of Shengli lump lignite increased with increasing microwave power. The fragmentation rate depended on microwave power, microwave time, and final moisture content. The fragmentation rate of dried lignite was in the range of 3–15%. Furthermore, an increase in fragmentation rate at a high microwave power correlates with an increase of the drying time. Pore size distribution in the lignite was determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP method). With increasing microwave power, total pore volume significantly decreased and average pore diameter was nearly unchanged.