FHERMAL ANALYSIS OF FRICTIONAL DISK IN SPEEDING WET CLUTCH

Multi-frictional disks are employed to transmit the torque in speeding wet clutch,and the oil thickness within frictional disks could be adjusted for practical output speeding.As oil combined with u-hydrocarbon or polyester is getting widely used as lubricant and the speeding wet clutch works within hydrodynamic lubrication,mixture lubrication,boundary lubrication and contact situation,established the thermal analysis model for investigating the behavior of frictional disks in speeding wet clutch,which covers the power-law fluid model,Patir-Cheng average flow model,GT asperity contact model,oil film inertia and heat effects,mean energy equation,and heat conduction equation.The for-mulas in the model are deduced.The numeral calculation and analysis for hydrodynamic lubricationand mixture lubrication are executed.Relationships and variations among transmitting torque,mean push pressure,output speed,and load are presented.Thermal effect should be considered during the hydrodynamic lubrication and larger transmitting torque makes earlier entrance to mixture lubrication.     

液体粘性调速离合器中摩擦副的调速分析

介绍了液体粘性调速离合器中摩擦副的工作机理。在调速范围内 ,液体粘性调速离合器中摩擦副往往在流体润滑、混合润滑、边界润滑直到直接接触的工况条件下工作 ,不同的工况以及负载对液体粘性调速离合器的输出转速和输出转矩有很大的影响。采用表面粗糙度的平均模型 ,以及GT微凸体接触模型 ,对液体粘性调速离合器在调速过程中摩擦副所涉及的工况进行了分析讨论。提出了在稳态条件下 ,输出转速与输出转矩的计算方法。     

考虑表面粗糙度的湿式离合器啮合过程分析

湿式离合器在实际啮合过程中,离合器摩擦片高速运转,摩擦副接触为2个随机粗糙表面的接触,因此分析离合器啮合过程必须考虑摩擦片惯性及摩擦副表面粗糙度的影响.采用Greenwood-Tripp两粗糙表面接触模型,并考虑惯性的影响,对主动盘下表面有摩擦材料的湿式离合器的啮合过程进行分析,建立基于Patir-Cheng平均流量模型的研究模型,推导出摩擦副的润滑控制方程,并进行求解.理论计算得出的啮合转矩变化与实验结果相吻合,验证了理论分析的正确性.     

湿式离合器对偶片间油气两相流动的数值模拟

湿式离合器高速旋转时内部形成的复杂油气两相流动会对离合器的性能产生影响,因而需要对湿式离合器内的两相流动特性展开研究。基于有限体积法,采用流体体积函数(Volume of fluid,VOF)多相流模型、RNG k-ε湍流模型,建立考虑径向沟槽影响的三维湿式离合器对偶片间油气两相流动模型。通过对流动模型中油气两相N-S方程进行数值求解,获得了湿式离合器对偶片间油气两相流动的流场分布特性,分析沟槽数量和转速对流场中油相分布及带排转矩的影响。结果表明:湿式离合器内部的润滑油分布是不均匀的,随沟槽的分布呈现出周期性变化,沟槽处润滑油油液体积分数最大;转速和沟槽数目的增加均会使对偶片间油液体积分数下降,影响湿式离合器内润滑油分布的不均匀性;沟槽总面积不变时,增加沟槽数量能使带排转矩最大值减小,最大转矩对应的转速提前。本研究为湿式离合器内部流场分析和带排转矩研究提供了一种新方法。     

纸基摩擦材料的压缩性对湿式离合器啮合特性影响

对主动盘下表面有摩擦材料的湿式离合器的啮合过程进行分析。采用Greenwood-Williamson模型,并考虑惯性影响以及摩擦材料受压变形,建立基于Patir-Cheng平均流量模型的研究模型,推导出摩擦副的润滑控制方程,进行求解并分析摩擦材料压缩性对啮合特性的影响。结果表明:考虑摩擦材料压缩性时,由于摩擦材料受压变形,进入混合润滑阶段所需时间变长,整个过程的实际啮合所需时间比不考虑压缩性要长;湿式离合器摩擦副啮合过程中,随着油膜厚度的减小,微凸体作用逐渐变强,流体压力比不考虑摩擦材料压缩性情况下要大。     

Frictional Behavior of a Wet Clutch Using Blends of Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) and Biolubricant (Jatropha Oil) in a Pin-on-Disk Tester

Nowadays, biolubricants are being used to replace mineral lubricants totally or partially and it is of great importance due to interest in environmental protection. Jatropha oil is a good alternative as lubricant feedstock and combustible. Its production is cheap in comparison to other vegetable oils. In México, Jatropha curcas L. is widely distributed in more than 15 states, which makes a sustainable supply of this natural resource possible. The aim of this work was to investigate the frictional behavior of blends of automatic transmission fluid with vegetable oil tested in a pin-on-disk rig simulating the wet clutch operation. Two different friction materials were separately tested and used as pins against actual steel disks from a wet clutch. The frictional behavior results demonstrated that the mixtures presented antishudder characteristics. Thus, Jatropha oil could be potentially used as part of automatic transmission fluid (ATF) formulations to enhance their antishudder properties and increase the efficiency of the torque transferred of wet clutches with a controlled lock-up clutch system, which improves the full economy of vehicles.     

Drag Torque Prediction Model for the Wet Clutches

Reduction of drag torque in disengaged wet clutch is one of important potentials for vehicle transmission improvement. The flow of the oil film in clutch clearance is investigated. A three-dimension Navier-Stokes(N-S) equation based on laminar flow is presented to model the drag torque. Pressure and speed distribution in radial and circumferential directions are deduced. The theoretical analysis reveals that oil flow acceleration in radial direction caused by centrifugal force is the key reason for the shrinking of oil film as constant feeding flow rate. The peak drag torque occurs at the beginning of oil film shrinking. A variable is introduced to describe effective oil film area and drag torque after oil film shrinking is well evaluated with the variable. Under the working condition, tests were made to obtain drag torque curves at different clutch speed and oil viscosity. The tests confirm that simulation results agree with test data. The model performs well in the prediction of drag torque and lays a theoretical foundation to reduce it.     

基于ANSYS的涡轮钻具密封支承节温度场分析

根据密封支承节结构和传热特点,基于热工理论,建立密封支承节的传热学模型,运用ANSYS进行分析,计算得到支承节温度场分布特征。结果表明,密封支承节轴承组摩擦产生的热量主要通过轴承组外壳向钻井液传递,端部密封腔内的润滑油受轴承组发热影响较小,选取合适的润滑油能保证密封支承节正常工作。     

表面带沟槽湿式离合器摩擦副啮合过程分析

对表面开有矩形沟槽湿式离合器摩擦副的啮合过程进行了分析。采用微凸体接触模型的威布尔分布,建立基于Patir-Cheng平均流量模型及威布尔分布的接触因子的摩擦副研究分析模型;推导出摩擦副的流体润滑控制方程,将复杂的啮合过程映射到一维润滑问题下进行求解。与实验结果相对照表明:啮合过程中理论计算啮合转矩变化与实际情况相吻合,从而验证了理论分析方法的可靠性。讨论了沟槽宽度对啮合性能的影响,结果表明在沟槽数量一定的情况下,沟槽越宽,啮合时间越长。     

湿式多片摩擦离合器接排过程热结构耦合分析

针对船用齿轮箱湿式多片摩擦离合器,考虑摩擦片与摩擦片座外花键、对偶片与离合器齿轮内花键间摩擦力作用,分析了摩擦片副间的正压力和花键齿间摩擦力的分布规律,并计算了摩擦片副的热流密度及对流换热系数;利用ANSYS建立了多对摩擦片副的热弹接触有限元分析模型,通过瞬态热结构耦合分析,得出接排过程中摩擦片副间温度云图及温度沿径向、轴向分布规律,同时分析了摩擦片的热弹变形及片间接触压力。     

湿式摩擦副滑摩过程摩擦热计算

针对湿式离合器摩擦副的结构特点,研究离合器摩擦副表面粗糙接触情况,改进平均流量模型,建立修正的雷诺方程用于计算滑摩过程中油膜压力和油膜厚度的变化规律。采用Greenwood-Tripp接触模型,建立摩擦副摩擦热方程,模拟湿式摩擦副在滑摩过程中油膜厚度、相对滑摩转速、接合油压以及摩擦转矩变化规律,对摩擦副滑摩过程中微凸体和油膜剪切作用产生的摩擦热进行分析,得到它们径向呈线性和抛物线的分布规律,讨论接合油压和相对滑摩转速对微凸体和油膜剪切作用产生摩擦热的影响,并通过钢片的温度场实验对模拟结果加以验证。研究表明:接合油压越大,单位时间内微凸体和油膜剪切作用产生的摩擦热越大,单位时间产生摩擦热峰值的时间越提前;相对转速差越大,微凸体在滑摩过程中单位时间产生的摩擦热越大,油膜则与之相反,且相对转速的变化对单位时间产生摩擦热峰值的时间无影响。     

Thermal influence on torque transfer of wet clutches in limited slip differential applications

Wet clutches operating under low velocity and high load are studied with the aim of obtaining reliable models for the torque transfer during boundary lubrication conditions. A friction model which takes temperature, speed and nominal pressure into account is developed and used with temperature calculations to be able to simulate behavior of a wet clutch working in boundary lubrication regime. Predicted torque and temperatures from the model agree well with experimental data.     

圆盘式MRF离合器的研究

磁流变液离合器是一种利用磁流变液剪切应力来进行离合的一种装置，它传递的力矩随外加磁场的变化迅速变化。本文在理论上给出了盘式磁流变液离合器的设计方法，推出了磁流变液离合器传递力矩的方程，得出了盘式磁流变液离合器中磁流变液体积、厚度等的计算公式。为盘式磁流变液离合器的设计奠定了理论基础。     

应用铜基粉末冶金摩擦片的粘液传动的承载能力分析

铜基摩擦材料已经在各种机械和工业车辆的离合器和制动器的摩擦衬面中广泛应用,根据表明,湿式摩擦式的性能对动摩擦系数和承载能力有很大的影响。粘液传动是利用主动和从动摩擦片间的油膜剪力来传递运动和转矩实现无级变速的一种新型传动。本文将着重讨论采用带油槽的铜基粉末冶金摩擦力的粘液传动的传动机理,分析摩擦片间油膜的承截能力,并进一步讨论油槽深度和油槽数目对承载能力的影响。     

Friction characteristics of piston ring pack with consideration of mixed lubrication: Parametric investigation

This paper reports on the friction characteristics of a piston ring pack with consideration of mixed lubrication. The analytical model is presented by using the average flow and asperity contact model. The effect of operating condition, and design parameters on the MOFT, maximum friction force, and mean frictional power loss are investigated. Piston ring pack shows mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication characteristics. From the predicted results, it was fand that the ring tension and height of surface roughness have great influence on the frictional power losses in a ring pack. Especially, ring tension is a dominant factor for the reduction of friction loss and maintenance of oil film thickness.     

表面粗糙度和润滑油黏度对活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑性能的影响

以一多缸内燃机为对象,研究表面粗糙度和润滑油黏度对活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑性能的影响。建立活塞二阶运动方程与平均Reynolds方程相结合的活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑分析模型。活塞二阶运动方程采用Broyden方法求解,应用有限差分法进行活塞裙-缸套摩擦副的润滑分析。结果表明,表面粗糙度对活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑性能影响不明显,而随润滑油黏度增加,活塞裙-缸套摩擦副的最小油膜厚度、摩擦力和摩擦功率增加,最大油膜压力在进气和排气行程随润滑油黏度变化比较明显,在其他行程变化较小。     

高转速差车用湿式离合器带排转矩特性研究

车用湿式离合器的带排工况对车辆传动系统效率影响很大,过去建立的模型无法计算高转速差区域及不同摩擦片沟槽形式的带排转矩。以车用湿式离合器为研究对象,建立考虑离心力的修正雷诺方程,同时建立能够包含沟槽形式信息的三维求解区域,求解过程中考虑润滑油压力沿摩擦片周向的压力分布梯度,采用有限体积法进行求解。在计算带排转矩时采用新的求解方法,通过已知的供给流量和转速差经过压力分布求解获得润滑油膜的等效外半径,进而求得带排转矩。在更宽广的转速差范围内进行计算结果与试验结果的对比,两者基本吻合。研究不同沟槽深度、不同沟槽槽占比、润滑油流量和沟槽数目对离合器带排转矩特性的影响规律。研究结果表明,带排转矩随沟槽深度的增大而减小、随槽占比的增大而减小、随润滑油流量的增大而增大、随沟槽数目的增大而减小。     

液压换档离合器带排转矩研究

本文针对车辆动力换档传装置普遍采用的液压换档离合器,分析研究了其在分离状态下所产和珠带排转矩,讨论了转速差、润滑油温度、润滑油流量和采用蝶形钢片对带排转矩的影响。     

Calculation of mixed lubrication at piston ring and cylinder liner interface

This paper reports on the theoretical analysis of mixed lubrication for the piston ring. The analytical model is presented by using the average flow and asperity contact model. The cyclic variations of the nominal minimum oil film thickness are obtained by numerical iterative method. The total friction is calculated by using the hydrodynamic and asperity contact theory. The effects of the roughness height, pattern, and engine speed on the nominal minimum film thickness, friction force, and frictional power losses are investigated. As the roughness height increases, the nominal oil film thickness and total friction force increase. Also, the effect of the surface roughness on the boundary friction is dominant at low engine speed and high asperity height. The longitudinal roughness pattern shows lower mean oil film pressure and thinner oil film thickness compared to the case of the isotropic and transverse roughness patterns.     

四种润滑油对片式摩擦离合器空损功率影响的试验研究

片式摩擦离合器的空损功率影响传动效率、系统发热量和摩擦片的寿命,在结构一定情况下,润滑油没品对空损功率有很大影响。作者选择了四种常用传动润滑油,以离合器为试验对象,得出有很有价值的定量比较结果,为选择和改进润滑油提供有科学的依据。