喷射混凝土抗冻性及冻融损伤力学行为实验研究

为系统研究喷射混凝土抗冻性能,采用快冻法,对普通喷射混凝土及钢纤维喷射混凝土进行快速冻融实验,并与同配合比模筑混凝土进行对比,研究模筑混凝土与喷射混凝土抗冻性能差异;而后对冻融循环后试件进行微观结构观察,分析其性能劣化机理。结果表明,随着冻融循环次数增加,试件相对动弹性模量、质量损失率、立方体抗压强度及劈裂抗拉强度呈下降趋势,且模筑混凝土性能衰减程度远大于喷射混凝土。而此时试件内部微气孔相互连通继而发展成为微裂缝,凝胶体在冻胀压力及过冷水渗透压作用下结构酥松且部分流失,进一步加剧试件性能劣化速度;钢纤维的加入可显著改善喷射混凝土内部微观孔结构,提高其抗冻性能。同时,对冻融循环50,100,150及200次后试件进行轴心抗压强度实验,分析冻融损伤对试件应力-应变曲线的影响。随着冻融损伤的加剧,试件弹性模量及峰值应力减小,峰值应变和极限应变增大,应力-应变曲线趋于扁平。经相同冻融循环次数作用时,钢纤维喷射混凝土峰值应变和极限应变增大,说明钢纤维的掺入可显著提高喷射混凝土延性及韧性。     

再生钢纤维增韧超高性能混凝土的力学性能

采用来自于废旧轮胎的两种再生钢纤维制备含粗骨料的超高性能混凝土,并测定其抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、断裂能和静弹性模量等力学性能,空白组及普通钢纤维增韧超高性能混凝土作对比性能试验。结果显示,未附着橡胶颗粒的再生钢纤维使超高性能混凝土的抗压强度略微下降,降低幅度为3.91%,其余各类型钢纤维均有利于提高超高性能混凝土的力学性能;而附着橡胶颗粒的再生钢纤维显著提高了超高性能混凝土的断裂能,约为普通钢纤维增韧超高性能混凝土的4倍。此外,再生钢纤维对超高性能混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度和静弹性模量的提高效果均优于普通钢纤维。再生钢纤维,尤其是附着橡胶颗粒的再生钢纤维,可以作为一种增韧材料替代普通钢纤维应用到超高性能混凝土工程结构中。      

纳米碳纤维增强混凝土抗冻性能试验

对六种不同纳米碳纤维掺量的72个纳米碳纤维/混凝土试件进行了慢冻融循环试验,通过测量纳米碳纤维/混凝土经不同冻融循环次数作用后的抗剥落能力、质量损失率、相对动弹性模量和抗压强度损失率,研究了纳米碳纤维掺量对纳米碳纤维/混凝土抗冻性能的影响。另外进行了纳米碳纤维/混凝土的FE-SEM试验和压汞试验,分析了纳米碳纤维对纳米碳纤维/混凝土抗冻性能的微观改性机制。结果表明:纳米碳纤维通过改善混凝土的微观形貌,细化其孔隙结构,提高其整体性和密实度,显著改善了混凝土的抗冻性能;纳米碳纤维掺量为3vol%时,纳米碳纤维/混凝土的抗冻性能最佳。同普通混凝土相比,300次冻融循环后,纳米碳纤维/混凝土的相对动弹性模量提高了33.2%,抗剥落能力显著增强;相同冻融次数下,随着纳米碳纤维掺量的增加,纳米碳纤维/混凝土相对动弹性模量和抗压强度损失率均先增大后减小,质量损失率先减小后增大。但纳米碳纤维掺量最大为5vol%时,纳米碳纤维/混凝土的抗冻性能仍优于普通混凝土;冻融循环次数越多,纳米碳纤维对混凝土抗冻性能的改善作用越显著。      

不同取代率下再生混凝土的抗冻融性能试验

采用快冻法对9种再生混凝土进行了冻融循环试验。分析了经受100次冻融循环后不同取代率下再生粗骨料和再生细骨料对混凝土立方体抗压强度的影响;研究了每25次冻融循环后再生混凝土的棱柱体质量损失率和相对动弹性模量的变化;比较了100次冻融循环作用对不同取代率下再生混凝土抗压承载力的影响。结果表明,再生混凝土抗冻融性能有所下降,且降低幅度随再生骨料取代率的增加而加剧;100次冻融循环后,再生粗骨料取代率为50%,细骨料为天然骨料的再生混凝土,其质量损失率、相对动弹性模量衰减幅度和抗压承载力损失率均与普通混凝土接近,建议再生粗骨料掺量不高于50%的再生混凝土可在寒冷地区推广应用。     

钢纤维和碳纤维的混合效应对高性能混凝土力学性能的影响

通过在混凝土基体中加入一种纤维和混合纤维,制备了高性能混凝土试件和混合纤维高性能混凝土试件.通过劈裂抗拉强度试验和落锤冲击试验,研究了单掺钢纤维、单掺碳纤维和混合纤维对高性能混凝土试件劈裂抗拉强度和抗冲击性能的影响,分析了混合效应对试件力学性能的增强作用.劈裂抗拉强度试验结果表明,只掺入碳纤维,且碳纤维掺入量为1％时,...     

纤维对超高性能混凝土残余强度及高温爆裂性能的影响

采用普通原材料制备56 d龄期抗压强度为140~160 MPa的空白组超高性能混凝土、钢纤维超高性能混凝土及混杂纤维超高性能混凝土,测定其遭受高温作用后的残余抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度,并对100%含湿量的混凝土试块进行高温爆裂试验。此外,测定大小2种加热速率对超高性能混凝土高温爆裂行为的影响。结果表明:所配制混凝土的残余抗压强度均随着目标温度的升高呈现先增大再降低的趋势,800℃高温后的残余抗压强度约为常温强度的30%。钢纤维与混杂纤维混凝土的残余劈裂抗拉强度亦呈现先升高再降低的趋势,800℃高温后的残余劈裂抗拉强度分别为常温强度的15.1%和35.4%。空白组混凝土的残余劈裂抗拉强度随着目标温度的升高而单调下降,800℃高温后的强度值约为常温强度的20.3%。7.5℃/min加热速率下,100%含湿量的3种混凝土试块均发生了严重高温爆裂,单掺钢纤维可以改善超高性能混凝土的高温爆裂,但不能避免爆裂的发生,而混杂纤维对超高性能混凝土高温爆裂的改善效果并未显著优于钢纤维。2.5℃/min加热速率下,混杂纤维可避免部分超高性能混凝土试块发生爆裂。      

硝酸侵蚀/冻融循环共同作用喷射混凝土耐久性能(Ⅰ):物理力学性能及孔结构变化

以寒冷地区喷射混凝土单层永久衬砌长大公路隧道为工程背景,汽车尾气中氮氧化物与水产物硝酸为冻融介质,采用快速冻融循环法,开展喷射混凝土冻融循环试验,研究了硝酸侵蚀冻融循环共同作用对喷射混凝土耐久性能的影响。以直线导线法对硝酸侵蚀/冻融循环共同作用下混凝土的孔结构进行表征,探究了共同作用喷射混凝土的冻融损伤过程。综合分析认为,硝酸中氢离子对混凝土产生化学侵蚀,硝酸根离子在冻融循环过程中产生盐冻的效果,加快了喷射混凝土冻融损伤劣化速度。共同作用喷射混凝土的抗冻性随水胶比增大而降低,随粉煤灰掺量增大先提升后降低。但随钢纤维掺量增大,喷射混凝土动弹性模量损失率和质量损失率先增大后减小,抗压强度则逐渐增大。随着冻融循环次数增多,喷射混凝土孔结构劣化,大孔径孔和微裂缝数量增大,加速了硝酸向混凝土内部扩散,抗冻性能快速下降。     

冻融条件下新老混凝土粘结后抗折性能

对经历0、10、20、30、40和50次冻融循环的混凝土试块进行抗折强度试验,分析新老混凝土外观特征、动弹性模量、质量损失率和抗折强度等参数与冻融循环次数之间的变化规律.结果表明:每间隔10次冻融循环后,新老混凝土试样的表观剥蚀逐渐加重,质量损失率初期略有降低、后期快速增长,试件的抗折强度和动弹性模量衰减较快;Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型粘结面试件抗折破坏主要集中粘结面处;Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型粘结面试件的破坏面从粘结面处逐渐向试件强度低的一侧转移.增加黏结面粗糙度,可以有效提高冻融环境下新老混凝土的抗折强度.     

玄武岩纤维混凝土在冻融环境下的力学性能研究

为了研究玄武岩纤维混凝土在西北寒冷地区盐冻作用下,性能是否满足工程要求,对此,该文对玄武岩纤维混凝土在冻融循环作用下的力学性能进行研究,研究结果表明以下3点：1）在75次冻融循环前,素混凝土和纤维掺入量分别为0.04%、0.08%和0.12%玄武岩纤维混凝土的质量损失率均增长缓慢,在75次冻融循环后,其质量损失率快速增大。2）在50次冻融循环前,素混凝土和不同掺量玄武岩纤维混凝土的相对动弹性模量变化较小,在50次冻融循环后,其相对动弹性模量快速变小。3）在相同冻融次数条件下,素混凝土质量损失率最大,而相对动弹性模量最小,纤维掺入量为0.12%玄武岩纤维混凝土质量损失率最小,而相对动弹性模量最大。以上研究可供类似混凝土工程参考。     

废旧瓷砖骨料再生混凝土抗冻融循环性能及可靠性分析

为了研究废旧瓷砖颗粒的不同取代率对再生混凝土抗冻融循环能力的影响,设计了废旧瓷砖颗粒取代率为0,20%,40%,60%,80%,100%的6组配合比,采用快冻法对6组再生混凝土进行了冻融循环试验,分别检测混凝土质量损失率和相对动弹模量。以质量损失率、相对动弹性模量为衡量指标,评判出最优配比,采用Wiener分布概率方法建立可靠度函数以此来反映最优配比试件的剩余寿命。结果表明,在冻融循环过程中,各试件的动弹性模量呈现下降的趋势;质量损失率呈现先增加后减少的趋势。当废旧瓷砖颗粒的替代率为20%时,废旧瓷砖再生混凝土抗冻融循环能力最强,试件最快在经受398次冻融循环后才会失效;随着替代率的增加,再生混凝土的抗冻融循环能力大幅度下降。     

高温作用后聚丙烯纤维混凝土的抗冻性

本文开展了高温作用后的聚丙烯纤维混凝土冻融循环试验,研究分析了高温与冻融循环耦合作用下聚丙烯纤维混凝土抗冻性能的退化规律,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究分析了聚丙烯纤维混凝土细微观结构损伤特征。研究表明,高温对混凝土的抗冻性有显著影响,经历温度越高,混凝土抗冻性越差。高温和冻融循环的耦合作用加速了混凝土动弹性模量和抗压强度的衰减,掺入适量的聚丙烯纤维能够改善和提高混凝土高温损伤后的抗冻性能。     

Bond strength of reinforcing steel embedded in fly ash-based geopolymer concrete

Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is an emerging construction material that uses a by-product material such as fly ash as a complete substitute for cement. This paper evaluates the bond strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete with reinforcing steel. Pull-out test in accordance with the ASTM A944 Standard was carried out on 24 geopolymer concrete and 24 ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete beam-end specimens, and the bond strengths of the two types of concrete were compared. The compressive strength of geopolymer concrete varied from 25 to 39 MPa. The other test parameters were concrete cover and bar diameter. The reinforcing steel was 20 mm and 24 mm diameter 500 MPa steel deformed bars. The concrete cover to bar diameter ratio varied from 1.71 to 3.62. Failure occurred with the splitting of concrete in the region bonded with the steel bar, in both geopolymer and OPC concrete specimens. Comparison of the test results shows that geopolymer concrete has higher bond strength than OPC concrete. This is because of the higher splitting tensile strength of geopolymer concrete than of OPC concrete of the same compressive strength. A comparison between the splitting tensile strengths of OPC and geopolymer concrete of compressive strengths ranging from 25 to 89 MPa shows that geopolymer concrete has higher splitting tensile strength than OPC concrete. This suggests that the existing analytical expressions for bond strength of OPC concrete can be conservatively used for calculation of bond strength of geopolymer concrete with reinforcing steel.     

钢纤维超高强混凝土动态力学性能

采用分离式霍普金森压杆装置对不同纤维体积率的钢纤维超高强混凝土进行不同应变率的冲击压缩试验,结果表明钢纤维超高强混凝土是应变率敏感材料,并测出其应变率敏感阀值,当应变率超过阀值后,钢纤维超高强混凝土的强度、韧度与弹性模量都随纤维体积率的增加而显著提高,在高应变率下,超高强混凝土基体成粉碎性破坏,而钢纤维超高强混凝土呈现出“裂而不散”的破坏形态。     

不同超低温温度区间冻融循环作用混凝土弹性模量软化性能试验研究

通过混凝土经历10℃~-40℃、10℃~-80℃和10℃~-160℃等3种典型的超低温温度区间冻融循环作用试验,探讨不同的温度区间和冻融循环作用次数对混凝土弹性模量的影响。结果表明,随冻融循环作用次数的增加,上限温度时因冻融损伤累积使混凝土的弹性模量呈逐渐软化趋势,其中下限温度较低温度区间的变化趋势最为明显;下限温度时因混凝土内孔隙水结冰使混凝土弹性模量呈先增大后减小趋势,且较上限温度时的变化幅度更大。不同温度区间的混凝土相对弹性模量差以及上下限温度时单次冻融软化指标和累积冻融软化指标均存在明显的差异且变化规律较为复杂。该文还由试验结果拟合出混凝土相对弹性模量与超低温冻融循环作用的温度区间和次数间的关系式。所获得的这些结果可为LNG储罐类混凝土结构的设计和安全性能评估提供参考。     

Influence of steam curing on the pore structures and mechanical properties of fly-ash high performance concrete prepared with recycled aggregates

In this research work, High Performance Concrete (HPC) was produced employing 30% of fly ash and 70% of Portland cement as binder materials. Three types of coarse recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) sourced from medium to high strength concretes were employed as 100% replacement of natural aggregates for recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) production. The specimens of four types of concretes (natural aggregate concrete (NAC) and three RACs) were subjected to initial steam curing besides the conventional curing process. The use of high quality RCA (>100 MPa) in HPC produced RAC with similar or improved pore structures, compressive and splitting tensile strengths, and modulus of elasticity to those of NAC. It was determined that the mechanical and physical behaviour of HPC decreased with the reduction of RCA quality. Nonetheless steam-cured RACs had greater reductions of porosity up to 90 days than NAC, which led to lower capillary pore volume.     

The flexural fatigue performance of plain and fibrous concretes

If fatigue cracking is going to occur in concrete structures then it is more likely due to repeated flexural loadings rather than direct compression or tension. Typical examples are road and airfield pavements, bridges, offshore constructions and structures likely to experience earthquakes. Also many of these loadings have a dynamic character and a knowledge of material behaviour at rapid stressing rates as an essential preliminary requirement to understanding flexural fatigue performance. Therefore since flexural loadings are frequently encountered in practical situations then the flexural test is probably one of the most useful types to be used in the examination of both the fatigue behaviour of concrete and its ultimate strength developed at rapid loading rates. Although the designer regards concrete as an homogeneous material, it consists of two phases, the active hardened cement phase, which is the binding material to the inert phase, the aggregate. Concrete behaviour can therefore be complex and aspects interpreted at either the macroscopic, microscopic or molecular level. The composite nature of concrete may be further complicated by the introduction of steel reinforcement. Over the last few years there has been a general research interest with the incorporation of small quantities of fibres in concrete. Steel fibres of dimensions 10mm to 60mm in length, 10m to 60 m in diameter, with material properties ranging from 150 GN/m ₂ to 200 GN/m ₂ in elastic modulus and 700 N/mm₂ to 200 N/mm₂ in tensile strength may be introduced at the mixing stage in proportions between 0.5% and 3.5% of concrete volume. The consequent enhancement in flexural strength is substantial and the likelihood of a similar improvement in fatigue performance needed to be demonstrated. It has also been common practice when conducting modulus of rupture tests, to use 500mm × 100mm × 100mm specimens for mixes incorporating fibres. When casting such specimens there is a danger of fibres not being randomly orientated. Thus for this investigation, beams of 1500 times 200 times 200mm have been used. The selection of larger beams also makes instrumentation more manageable and the dimensions may be more comparable with those associated with most practical applications. Some fifty fatigue tests have been completed supported by a further five hundred strength and control tests. A complete series of strain, deflection and crack development histories have been observed. An appropriate form of S-N curve has been adapted for the examination of results. Models explaining the behaviour of both plain and fibrous concretes have been proposed and a method of flexural fatigue performance prediction has been formulated.     

粗骨料与钢纤维对超高性能混凝土单轴拉伸性能的影响

为了提高含粗骨料超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)的单轴拉伸性能,采用单轴拉伸试验和图像分析技术分别研究了粗骨料掺量、颗粒粒径对含粗骨料UHPC单轴拉伸性能和钢纤维在UHPC体系中分散性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着粗骨料掺量及颗粒粒径的增大,钢纤维在UHPC体系中的分散系数和取向系数显著降低,含粗骨料UHPC的单轴拉伸初裂强度、裂后强度和耗能也随之减小。根据粗骨料颗粒最大粒径与钢纤维体积分数、直径间的匹配关系式(Dmax=3df/(Vf)0.5),采用纤维混杂可以充分发挥多尺度纤维与具有不同粒径分布的骨料间的分级匹配关系;粗骨料体积分数和颗粒最大粒径分别为10%和10mm时,采用平直钢纤维(直径0.12mm、长度10mm、体积掺量1.2%)和端钩钢纤维(直径0.35 mm、长度20mm、体积掺量1.8%)混杂实现了含粗骨料UHPC的单轴拉伸性能的提升,其裂后强度和耗能分别为8.69 MPa和11.10J。