铝 / 钢异种金属搅拌摩擦焊及其研究进展

铝/钢异种金属连接结构在国防领域和国民生产、生活中更加广泛应用的前提,是获得良好的接头综合性能,但铝/钢焊接时易出现裂纹、金属间化合物等,严重影响了焊接接头质量。摩擦焊作为一种低温高效的固相连接方法,在新材料连接、高性能装备制造等领域受到了高度重视。其中,搅拌摩擦焊由于其可焊接头形式丰富而被重点关注。从搅拌摩擦焊的接头形式、工艺参数、力学性能及界面组织4个方面,分别介绍了铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊的研究进展,为其深入研究提供依据。     

铝/钢异种金属轴向摩擦焊研究现状

焊接作为常用的材料成型手段因其制造的接头具有高密封性和高强度而备受关注,异种金属连接得益于焊接技术的发展,其在工程领域中的应用逐渐增多.利用焊接方法制造铝/钢复合结构已成为近年来的研究热点,与熔化焊和钎焊相比,轴向摩擦焊作为一种固相连接技术存在独特优势,即焊接圆截面异种金属.但经过众多国内外学者研究发现,若要获得优质的铝/钢轴向摩擦焊接头,需要严格控制焊接参数或同时采用附加工艺措施,否则铁-铝脆性金属间化合物降低接头力学性能的问题依然严重,与此同时靠近焊缝的铝材由于受摩擦热与摩擦扭矩的双重影响也易发生组织和性能变化.本文结合国内外文献总结了铝/钢轴向摩擦焊焊接接头的宏观与微观特征、组织与性能特点及其调控方法、焊接参数制定原则,最后对铝/钢轴向摩擦焊的未来研究方向进行了简要分析.     

铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊研究进展

铝锂合金作为一种低密度、高性能的新型结构材料,被认为是航空航天领域中实现飞行器轻量化的理想结构材料之一。而搅拌摩擦焊作为一种固相焊接技术,能够克服铝锂合金熔化焊时易产生的裂纹、气孔等缺陷,在铝锂合金焊接领域具有重要的应用前景。从搅拌摩擦焊焊接工艺、接头组织与性能等方面综述了铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊近几年的研究进展,总结了其存在的主要问题,并对铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊技术未来的发展进行了展望。     

铝 / 镁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊研究现状及发展趋势

为进一步优化焊接工艺,提高铝/镁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头的性能,促进铝/镁异种金属结构在航空航天、轨道交通、汽车工业等领域的广泛应用,综述了近5年来国内外铝/镁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接的最新研究成果,对焊接工艺参数、接头的力学性能、微观组织以及异种金属搅拌摩擦焊的新工艺进行了总结和分析。国内外大量研究结果表明,通过选择合适的工艺参数、改变搅拌针的偏移,可以获得抗拉强度较高、焊缝成形良好的铝/镁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头,焊缝中存在的金属间化合物是导致焊接接头性能不能满足工程应用的主要因素,但目前对于搅拌摩擦焊接过程中金属间化合物的产生、分布规律缺乏深入研究。     

颗粒增强铝基复合材料的焊接性及其搅拌摩擦焊

从化学和物理相容性角度综合分析了颗粒增强铝基复合材料的焊接性,阐述了熔化焊、钎焊、固相连接等对铝基复合材料的适应性。在介绍了搅拌摩擦焊原理的基础上,结合试验结果,着重探讨了搅拌摩擦焊焊接参数对颗粒增强铝基复合材料焊缝成型、焊接接头的组织特征及连接接头的性能的影响,说明搅拌摩擦焊用于焊接颗粒增强铝基复合材料具有明显的优势。     

铝/钢搅拌摩擦辅助铆接接头界面特性研究

目的探究搅拌摩擦辅助铆接铝/钢接头界面的结合特征,解决传统铆接力学性能较低的问题。方法采用搅拌摩擦焊技术实现了对3mm厚不锈钢板和4mm厚的铝合金板的搭接点焊,采用OM及SEM对铝/钢接头界面结合情况进行分析,并利用EDS对界面处元素分布进行分析。结果搅拌头转速1180 r/min、焊接时间120 s、下压量0.2 mm时,铝/钢接头界面结合较好,平均拉剪力达到6519 N,且在铝/钢界面处产生FeAl金属间化合物。受摩擦热作用的影响,位于下板的铝母材晶粒发生长大变粗,铝铆钉与铝板结合紧密,铝铆钉与铝板的结合情况受搅拌头压力的影响更为显著。结论搅拌摩擦辅助铆接铝/钢异种合金,实现了铆钉与铝板和钢板的有效冶金结合,在铝钢结合界面处存在原子的互扩散现象,且有相应的金属间化合物生成。     

水下搅拌摩擦焊对铝/铜接头组织与性能的影响

目的 采用搅拌摩擦焊,对比分析大气环境和水下环境下铝/铜接头的组织与性能,以期获得力学性能更优异的铝/铜焊接接头。方法 利用搅拌摩擦焊,在焊接速度为40 mm/min、旋转速度为1 000 r/min的条件下,分别在大气环境和水下环境下对厚度为9 mm的6061铝合金板和T2纯铜板进行焊接。然后,对铝/铜界面、焊核区进行扫描电镜及能谱分析,并对铝/铜界面及焊核区进行物相分析,确定产物相组成。最后,对铝/铜试样进行拉伸及硬度检测。结果 铝/铜接头均无裂纹、气孔等缺陷。铜颗粒弥散分布在焊核区,铝/铜界面形成金属间化合物层。水下搅拌摩擦焊下界面元素扩散距离明显变短,且金属间化合物厚度更薄。铝/铜接头的金属间化合物为AlCu和Al4Cu9。大气环境焊接下接头的抗拉强度为130.6 MPa,断裂方式为脆性断裂;水下焊接下接头的抗拉强度为199.5 MPa,断裂方式为韧性断裂。水下环境下的接头硬度值更高,其中热影响区的硬度最低值约为65HV。结论 水下搅拌摩擦焊铝/铜接头无裂纹、气孔等缺陷。组织上,水下搅拌摩擦焊的铝/铜接头界面元素扩散距离更短,硬脆的金属间化合物更少;性能上,水下搅拌摩擦焊的铝/铜接头强度更高,抗拉强度达到199.5 MPa,达到母材的74.4%。     

工艺参数对Al-Mg异种金属搅拌摩擦焊-钎焊复合焊接接头力学性能的影响

目的研究工艺参数对Al-Mg异种金属搅拌摩擦焊-钎焊复合焊接接头力学性能的影响。方法采用搅拌摩擦焊-钎焊方法,在不同焊接工艺参数下焊接2A12-T4铝合金和AZ31镁合金。结果当焊接速度为23.5mm/min、旋转速度为375 r/min时,焊接接头的抗拉剪力达到最大,为5.5 kN,比搅拌摩擦焊接头的最大抗拉剪力的5.0 kN提高了10%。结论搅拌摩擦焊-钎焊复合焊接的工艺参数会显著影响铝/镁异种金属接头力学性能,通过优化工艺参数能够获得力学性能优异的铝/镁异种金属焊接接头。复合焊接接头的抗拉剪力随着焊接速度的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势。     

铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊对接焊缝组织及机理研究

为了提高Q235钢板和6082-T6铝合金对接的连接强度,采用搅拌摩擦焊进行对接焊接.研究了不同尺寸和形状的搅拌头、转速、焊接速度和偏移量等对铝钢对接焊缝组织的影响,进而优化了搅拌摩擦焊工艺.实验结果表明:不同形状的搅拌头影响接头"钉子"形状,接头的不同位置处由于受到不同热循环和搅拌导致晶粒尺寸不同,从而影响接头的力学性能.当搅拌针旋转速度260 r/min,焊接速度16 mm/min,针头偏向铝侧0.2 mm时,所得焊缝的拉伸强度为141.204 MPa,为最佳工艺参数.在此最优参数下获得过渡层的厚度约为8μm,界面的主要成分是Fe Al3.     

包铝层对搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能的影响

为提高2024航空铝合金材料的抗腐蚀性能,在其表面通常包有一层高纯铝或含Zn 1%(质量分数)的锌铝合金,包铝层在搅拌摩擦焊时会对接头的性能产生较大的影响.本研究采用搅拌摩擦焊技术对不同表面带有包铝层的2024-T3铝合金薄板进行了焊接,测试了其力学性能,并进行了金相组织观察.研究结果表明,包铝层的存在明显降低了2024-T3铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的力学性能;去掉包铝层后接头的性能显著提高;下表面包铝层对接头性能的影响大于上表面包铝层;当2024-T3铝合金表面带有包铝层进行搅拌摩擦焊接时,在搅拌头的旋转和搅拌作用下,包铝层被卷入焊缝中,形成类似于熔焊的"夹杂",从而使得接头的力学性能下降.     

Improving friction stir weldability of Al/Mg alloys via ultrasonically diminishing pin adhesion

Formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) during friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum/magnesium (Al/Mg) alloys easily results in the pin adhesion and then deteriorates joint formation. The severe pin adhesion transformed the tapered-and-screwed pin into a tapered pin at a low welding speed of 30 mm/min. The pin adhesion problem was solved with the help of ultrasonic. The weldability of Al/Mg alloys was significantly improved due to the good material flow induced by mechanical vibration and the fragments of the IMCs on the surface of a rotating pin caused by acoustic streaming, respectively. A sound joint with ultrasonic contained long Al/Mg interface joining length and complex mixture of Al/Mg alloys in the stir zone, thereby achieving perfect metallurgical bonding and mechanical interlocking. The ultrasonic could broaden process window and then improve tensile properties. The tensile strength of the Al/Mg joint with ultrasonic reached 115 MPa.     

The effect of weld parameters on friction stir welding of brass plates

More successful results have been obtained in butt‐ and overlap‐joining of Al‐alloy plates by a recently developed solid state joining technique, namely friction stir welding (FSW), than in more conventional fusion welding processes. In this joining technique, no fusion takes place in the joint area of the plates welded. This novel joining method also offers the potential to weld some other materials rather than Al‐alloys, such as Mg‐alloys, brasses and low strength steels. In this study, the applicability of friction stir welding to brasses, namely 90 %Cu‐10 %Zn and 70 %Cu‐30 %Zn alloys, has been investigated. The joint performance was determined by conducting optical microscopy, microhardness mesurements and mechanical testing (e.g. tensile and bend tests). The effect of welding speed on the joint quality at a given rotational speed of the stirring pin (i.e. 1600 rpm) was also determined for both alloys. The highest joint performances were obtained at a welding speed of 210 mm/min for both alloys.     

On the effect of tool offset in hybrid-FSW of copper-aluminium alloy

Tool offset is one the most significant parameters in joining of dissimilar materials by friction stir welding (FSW) process. An investigation is carried out on the effect of tool offset toward thermal history, material flow pattern, mechanical properties, welding force, and weld joint morphology. It was found that offsetting toward aluminum side along with a plasma-assisted heat source is an efficient approach to address one of the most important apprehensions in aluminum-copper solid-state welding process. The offset influences the amount of intermetallic at the joint interface and in-effect impacts on final strength and material flow behavior. The optimum and continuous layer of intermetallic produces the maximum weld joint strength. The specimen welded with optimum tool offset shows the highest strength using 55 A plasma current in hybrid friction stir welding process.     

Immersed friction stir welding of ultrafine grained accumulative roll-bonded Al alloy

In this research, ultrafine grained strips of commercial pure strain hardenable aluminum (AA1050) were produced by accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) technique. These strips were joined by friction stir welding (FSW) in immersed (underwater) and conventional (in-air) conditions to investigate the effect of the immersion method on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint, aiming to reduce the deterioration of the mechanical properties of the joint. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses were used to evaluate the microstructure, showing smaller grains and subgrains in the stir zone of the immersed FSW condition with respect to the conventional FSW method. The hardness and tensile properties of the immersed friction stir welded sample and ARBed base metal show more similarity compared to the conventional friction stir welded sample. Moreover, the aforementioned method can result in the enhancement of the superplasticity tendency of the material.     

Mikrostrukturelle,mechanische und korrosive Eigenschaften reibrührgeschweißter Stumpfnähte in Aluminiumlegierungen

Microstructural, mechanical and corrosive properties of friction stir welded aluminium joints Friction stir welding (FSW) is a novel solid state welding process. It allows joining of high strength aluminum alloys, generally considered as difficult-to-weld with conventional technologies, without loss in joint strength. Results of investigations on selfmade FSW butt joints of the aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and 6013-T4 are presented. First, the microstructure of the weld seam and heat affected zone is characterised metallographically and by hardness measurements. By tensile, fatigue endurance (SN) and fatigue crack propagation tests it is demonstrated, that especially the FSW-joints of 2024–T3 sustain high mechanical loadings. Investigations on the corrosion properties reveal a certain sensitivity of the 2024-T3 joints to intergranular and exfoliation corrosion.     

焊接速度对 7A52 铝合金 FSW 组织及力学性能的影响

目的在保证搅拌速度一定时,针对8 mm厚的7A52铝合金,在不同焊接速度下采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)进行焊接试验,研究其焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能。方法利用搅拌摩擦焊机进行对接焊接,焊后制取金相试样观察焊接接头宏观形貌和显微组织,并测定其力学性能。结果7A52铝合金FSW焊接接头焊核区的面积随着焊接速度的增大而增大,当焊接速度为250mm/min时,焊接接头的焊核区面积最大,焊核区的显微组织都为细小的等轴晶,焊接接头横截面的焊核区呈明显"洋葱环"的形貌,而热力影响区的结构特征则呈现出了较高的塑性变形流线层。焊接接头显微硬度分布都呈现出"W"形变化,在焊接速度为150 mm/min时,焊接接头的平均抗拉强度能达到452 MPa,达到了母材抗拉强度的89%。结论通过对不同焊接速度下7A52铝合金FSW焊接接头的组织和性能进行研究,得到了不同焊接速度下焊接接头组织和力学性能。     

A356Al/TiB2颗粒增强铝基复合材料的搅拌摩擦焊

采用纯机械化的固相连接技术--搅拌摩擦焊成功地焊接了应用原位反应合成法制造的铸态A356Al/6.5%TiB2(体积分数)颗粒增强铝基复合材料,与铝合金相比,铝基复合材料搅拌摩擦焊的焊缝质量对焊接参数更为敏感.该连接方法在较低温度下实现铝基复合材料的焊接,避免了基体铝合金与增强相之间的化学反应,同时在搅拌头机械搅拌、挤压和摩擦热的共同作用下,焊缝区基体材料的晶粒和增强相被破碎并形成再结晶晶核,细化了组织结构,增强相分布也更加弥散.焊缝区的硬度值波动范围很小,抗拉强度比母材增加约20%.研究表明,搅拌摩擦焊用于连接颗粒增强铝基复合材料具有明显的优势.