超高性能混凝土流变特性及其对纤维分散性的影响

优异的分散性能是纤维充分发挥增强增韧作用的关键。为了明确高掺量钢纤维在超高性能混凝土(UHPC)中的分散特征并提高纤维的分散性,采用抗压强度、抗弯强度等力学性能试验、混凝土流变仪以及图像分析技术,分别研究了降粘掺合料、钢纤维掺量对UHPC力学性能、流变性能以及纤维分散性能的影响。结果表明:降粘掺合料对UHPC力学性能无明显提升作用,但可显著降低UHPC基体的屈服应力和塑性粘度,同时可降低钢纤维导致的屈服应力和塑性粘度增加幅度;随着纤维掺量的增加,纤维轴向取向系数和有效利用率降低,而降粘掺合料可提高纤维轴向取向系数和有效利用率;UHPC基体的流变性能、纤维分散性能以及力学性能三者密切相关,基体流变参数越小,纤维轴向取向系数越高、纤维有效利用率越高,则UHPC力学性能越好。     

纤维类型及取向对纤维-UHPC基体拔出性能影响研究

纤维与基体之间的粘结能力和机械锚固作用是基体将荷载传递给纤维的决定因素之一,不同类型的纤维和取向在拉拔时的受力形式和破坏形式决定试件承载能力。采用单根纤维拉拔试验探究了纤维类型、取向对超高性能混凝土(UHPC)界面拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:随着纤维取向的增加拔出荷载先增大后减小,在45°时拔出荷载达到最大值;随着纤维取向增加,纤维拔出时对基体破坏面积增大,纤维拔出时对于基体的破坏能力:波纹线>端勾型>直线型。由第一峰值荷载分析,波纹型钢纤维相比于直线型和端勾型钢纤维更容易脱黏。对纤维拔出时进行力学行为分析,波纹型钢纤维和端勾型钢纤维拔出过程中首先发生纤维屈服,随着荷载持续基体产生破坏,直线型钢纤维在拔出过程中最先发生纤维与基体脱黏。     

超高性能混凝土钢纤维-基体界面黏结性能研究综述（英文）OA

超高性能混凝土（UHPC）是一种相对较新的水泥混凝土复合材料,由于其优异的机械强度和耐久性,在基础设施建设中具有巨大的应用潜力。钢纤维与基体的界面黏结性能是决定UHPC其他力学性能的主要因素,包括抗拉、抗折、抗压强度和破坏模式（断裂行为）。本文通过讨论并比较多种纤维拉拔测试方法和分析模型,全面综述了UHPC的纤维-基体黏结行为的研究进展;详细确定并讨论了影响纤维-基体黏结的参数,包括纤维的几何形状和方向、表面处理、基体的组成和强度。最后,基于现有研究,对未来UHPC增强方法和测试细节提出了建议。     

铣削型钢纤维与超高性能混凝土的界面粘结性能研究

超高性能混凝土(UHPC)优异的性能主要取决于钢纤维与基体的协同工作，为探讨铣削型钢纤维在UHPC中的适用性，本工作通过钢纤维拉拔试验，研究了铣削型钢纤维与UHPC的界面粘结性能，分析了纤维埋深、纤维有无端勾、基体有无纤维、养护条件四个因素的影响及其机理，并与镀铜微丝钢纤维进行对比。结果表明：四种类型的钢纤维(镀铜平直型S、镀铜端钩型H、铣削平直型MS和铣削型MH)在UHPC中的粘结强度大小顺序为H型>MH型>MS型>S型；随着纤维埋深增加，S型、H型和MS型钢纤维在UHPC中的粘结强度减小，而MH型钢纤维则增大；端勾有助于提升钢纤维在UHPC中的粘结强度和拉拔能，并影响拉拔荷载-位移曲线的形状；基体掺入2%(体积分数)钢纤维亦能略微提高钢纤维在UHPC中的粘结强度和拉拔能；与蒸养条件相比，标养条件下界面粘结强度降低，但也使得铣削型钢纤维的拔出行为更明显，提高了拉拔能。铣削型钢纤维与UHPC界面粘结强度较高，但其较低的纤维抗拉强度影响了粘结性能的发挥，建议开发适用于UHPC的高强铣削型钢纤维。     

钢纤维埋深与类型影响钢纤维-UHPC基体界面粘结性能的试验研究

为研究钢纤维-超高性能混凝土(UHPC)基体界面粘结性能的影响因素，进一步阐明不同纤维类型、埋深下双根钢纤维、UHPC基体粘结性能及界面破坏形式，本工作通过双丝拉拔试验对不同埋深的高强钢纤维在UHPC基体中的拔出行为进行研究，以了解纤维的拉拔性能和UHPC的界面粘结性能。纤维拉拔试验以纤维类型及埋深为变量，对两根钢纤维在不同纤维埋深下的评价参数进行了表征和分析，并观察了纤维拔出后的微观形貌和UHPC基体的隧洞形貌。试验结果表明：端钩型纤维的拉拔性能优于直圆型纤维；利用SEM观察到拔出的直圆型纤维表面粘附有絮状或簇状的微小UHPC基体颗粒，并有不同程度的擦伤或长而宽的刮痕，在UHPC基体隧洞中发现了微裂纹，且在纤维拉拔过程中拔出口附近的基体会发生剥落。同时，钢纤维的拉拔性能与纤维埋深有关，但埋深对端钩型纤维影响更大，拉拔荷载峰值达到402.66 MPa,材料的强度利用率为94.9%;纤维的破坏模式也与纤维类型有关，端钩型纤维比直圆型纤维更易发生断裂。本研究可为进一步改善钢纤维增强超高性能混凝土的力学性能提供参考。     

学术前沿

正随机植物短纤维复合材料界面性能对有效模量和拉伸行为的影响《材料研究学报》第30卷,2016年第9期作者:沈珉;孙晓翔;刘洋作者单位:天津大学机械工程学院摘要:研究了界面性能对随机短云杉纤维增强聚丙烯(PP)复合材料宏观拉伸性能的影响。采用双线性内聚力模型(CZM)描述随机短云杉纤维和PP基体间非理想界面的力学行为,建立了含非理想界面的随机短纤维增强复合材料代表性单元(RVE)的二维有限元模型,考虑了纤维含量、长细比、随机分布和随机各向异性     

不同界面SiC纤维束复合材料的拉伸力学行为

利用国产三代SiC纤维通过化学气相渗透工艺(CVI)制备不同界面厚度和基体体积分数的SiC纤维束复合材料,并对其拉伸力学行为进行研究;同时,通过有限元方法研究界面厚度和基体体积分数对SiC纤维束复合材料热残余应力的影响。有限元分析结果表明:该纤维束复合材料的界面存在较为明显的径向和环向热残余应力,而且这两种应力均随着界面厚度增加而减小,随着基体体积分数的增加而增加。拉伸实验结果表明:随着界面厚度增加SiC纤维束复合材料的拉伸强度有增大趋势,且纤维拔出长度也相应增加;但在界面厚度相同的情况下,过高的基体体积分数将导致复合材料拉伸强度和韧性下降。     

粗骨料与钢纤维对超高性能混凝土单轴拉伸性能的影响

为了提高含粗骨料超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)的单轴拉伸性能,采用单轴拉伸试验和图像分析技术分别研究了粗骨料掺量、颗粒粒径对含粗骨料UHPC单轴拉伸性能和钢纤维在UHPC体系中分散性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着粗骨料掺量及颗粒粒径的增大,钢纤维在UHPC体系中的分散系数和取向系数显著降低,含粗骨料UHPC的单轴拉伸初裂强度、裂后强度和耗能也随之减小。根据粗骨料颗粒最大粒径与钢纤维体积分数、直径间的匹配关系式(Dmax=3df/(Vf)0.5),采用纤维混杂可以充分发挥多尺度纤维与具有不同粒径分布的骨料间的分级匹配关系;粗骨料体积分数和颗粒最大粒径分别为10%和10mm时,采用平直钢纤维(直径0.12mm、长度10mm、体积掺量1.2%)和端钩钢纤维(直径0.35 mm、长度20mm、体积掺量1.8%)混杂实现了含粗骨料UHPC的单轴拉伸性能的提升,其裂后强度和耗能分别为8.69 MPa和11.10J。     

基于图像处理的纤维分布与取向分布对水泥基材料弯曲性能的影响

聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维增强水泥基材料的弯曲性能与纤维在水泥基体内的分布和取向分布相关。采用抛光断面后涂荧光粉的显微成像法,基于图像处理程序对PVA纤维在水泥基材料中的分布和取向分布进行量化测定,对不同基体结构特征影响纤维分布的机理进行了讨论。结合弯曲试验结果,研究了纤维分布和取向分布对材料弯曲性能的影响。纤维分布测定结果表明,均匀的基体结构特征利于纤维的分布,同时对于材料组分和加工制作过程完全相同的试件,纤维分布系数越大,试件的弯曲强度与韧性越大;纤维取向分布测定结果表明,乱向分布的纤维当其长度方向与抛光断面方向的角度接近90°分布概率越大,试件的弯曲韧性也越大。     

-Al_2O_3/Al合金基复合材料拉伸行为的分析和模拟

本文以-Al2O3Al合金基复合材料为研究对象,在细观层次上建立分析模型,采用三维弹塑性有限元分析方法,对它的拉伸行为进行了较为详细的描述。研究涉及该类复合材料加载初期的应力-应变曲线的模拟和各种微结构特征的变化对应力应变行为的影响。同时考虑了纤维位向变化的影响,并引入了实际测得的短纤维位向分布规律,对随机分布短纤维复合材料的力学行为进行了模拟。研究表明,基体性能、纤维长径比和体积分数、纤维位向以及界面结合对-Al2O3Al合金基复合材料的拉伸行为均有较大的影响;本文所采用的有限元分析方法对该类复合材料加载初期的应力-应变曲线的预测也是较为准确的。     

Effects of coarser fine aggregate on tensile properties of ultra high performance concrete

This experimental research investigates the mechanical properties and shrinkage of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) incorporating coarser fine aggregates with maximum particle size of 5 mm. To adequately design UHPC mixtures using various sizes of solid constituents, particle packing theory was adopted. UHPC mixtures containing either dolomite or basalt, and four fiber volume fractions up to two volume percent were investigated. Uniaxial tension test was performed to evaluate the first cracking tensile strength, ultimate tensile strength, tensile strain capacity and cracking pattern. The UHPC mixtures with dolomite and steel fibers with more than one volume percent achieved more than 150 MPa of compressive strength at the age of 56 days, and showed strain hardening behavior and limited decrease in tensile strength compared to typical UHPC without coarser fine aggregates. The experimental results highlight the potential of dolomite used as coarser fine aggregate in UHPC.     

Strain-hardening UHP-FRC with low fiber contents

This research work focuses on the optimization of strength and ductility of ultra high performance fiber reinforced concretes (UHP-FRC) under direct tensile loading. An ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) with a compressive strength of 200 MPa (29 ksi) providing high bond strength between fiber and matrix was developed. In addition to the high strength smooth steel fibers, currently used for typical UHP-FRC, high strength deformed steel fibers were used in this study to enhance the mechanical bond and ductility. The study first shows that, with appropriate high strength steel fibers, a fiber volume fraction of 1% is sufficient to trigger strain hardening behavior accompanied by multiple cracking, a characteristic essential to achieve high ductility. By improving both the matrix and fiber parameters, an UHP-FRC with only 1.5% deformed steel fibers by volume resulted in an average tensile strength of 13 MPa (1.9 ksi) and a maximum post-cracking strain of 0.6%.     

Short-term tensile creep and shrinkage of ultra-high performance concrete

The tensile creep and free shrinkage deformations of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) were examined through short-term testing to assess the influences of stress/strength ratio, steel fiber reinforcement, and thermal treatment. The use of fibers and the application of thermal treatment decreased 14-day drying shrinkage by more than 57% and by 82%, respectively. Increasing the stress-to-strength ratio from 40% to 60% increased the tensile creep coefficient by 44% and the specific creep by 11%, at 14 days of loading. Incorporating short steel fibers at 2% by volume decreased the tensile creep coefficient by 10% and the specific creep by 40%, at 14 days. Also, subjecting UHPC to a 48-h thermal treatment at 90 °C, after initial curing, decreased its tensile creep coefficient by 73% and the specific creep by 77% at 7 days, as compared to ordinarily cured companion mixes. Comparison of tensile creep behavior to published reports on compressive creep in UHPC reveal that these phenomena differ fundamentally and that further evaluation is necessary to better understand the underlying mechanisms of tensile creep in UHPC. Results from this study also showed that the effects of both thermal treatment and fiber reinforcement were more pronounced in tensile creep behavior than tensile strength results of different UHPC mixes. This emphasizes the importance of conducting tensile creep testing to predict long-term tensile performance.     

Analysis of the behavior of ultra high performance concrete at early age

Ultra high performance concretes (UHPCs) are cementitious composite materials with high level of performance characterized by high compressive strength, high tensile strength and superior durability. These are reached by a low water-to-binder ratio, optimized aggregate size distribution, thermal activation, and fiber reinforcement. In the past couple of decades, more and more UHPCs have been developed and found their ways into practice. Thus, the demand for computational models capable of describing and predicting relevant aging phenomena to assist design and planning is increasing. This paper presents the early age experimental characterization as well as the results of subsequent simulations of a typical UHPC matrix. Performed and simulated tests include unconfined compression, splitting (Brazilian), and three-point-bending tests. The computational framework is constructed by coupling a hygro-thermo-chemical (HTC) theory and a comprehensive mesoscale discrete model with formulated aging functions. The HTC component allows taking into account various types of curing conditions with varying temperature and relative humidity and predicting the level of concrete aging. The mechanical component, the Lattice Discrete Particle Model (LDPM), permits the simulation of the failure behavior of concrete at the length scale of major heterogeneities. The aging functions relate the mesoscale LDPM mechanical properties in terms of aging degree, defined in this work as the ratio between the quasi-static elastic modulus at a certain age and its asymptotic value. The obtained results provide insights into UHPC early age mechanisms yielding a computational model for the analysis of aging UHPC structures.     

Effect of loading rates on pullout behavior of high strength steel fibers embedded in ultra-high performance concrete

In this paper single fiber pull-out performance of high strength steel fibers embedded in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is investigated. The research emphasis is placed on the experimental performance at various pullout rates to better understand the dynamic tensile behavior of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC). Based on the knowledge that crack formation is strain rate sensitive, it is hypothesized that the formation of micro-splitting cracks and the damage of cement-based matrix in the fiber tunnel are mainly attributing to the rate sensitivity. Hereby, different pull-out mechanisms of straight and mechanically bonded fibers will be examined more closely. The experimental investigation considers four types of high strength steel fibers as follows: straight smooth brass-coated with a diameter of 0.2 mm and 0.38 mm, half end hooked with a diameter of 0.38 mm and twisted fibers with an equivalent diameter of 0.3 mm. Four different pull out loading rates were applied ranging from 0.025 mm/s to 25 mm/s. The loading rate effects on maximum fiber tensile stress, use of material, pullout energy, equivalent bond strength, and average bond strength are characterized and analyzed. The test results indicate that half-hooked fibers exhibit highest loading rate sensitivity of all fibers used in this research, which might be attributed to potential matrix split cracking. Furthermore, the effect of fiber embedment angles on the loading rate sensitivity of fiber pullout behavior is investigated. Three fiber embedment angles, 0°, 20°, and 45°, are considered. The results reveal that there is a correlation between fiber embedment angle and loading rate sensitivity of fiber pullout behavior.     

Creep of UHPC in tension and compression: Effect of thermal treatment

Steel fiber-reinforced ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is of increasing interest for use in precast prestressed concrete highway bridge girders due to its superior durability and the potential for reducing or eliminating shear reinforcement, due to the presence of steel fibers. However, the contributions of creep, and especially tensile creep, to long-term performance must be better understood to develop appropriate design specifications. Due to practical considerations, it is also of interest to investigate the influence of varying thermal treatment, including temperatures lower than those recommended by the manufacturer (i.e. 90 °C), on the creep of UHPC. In this 1-year study, the effects of three different thermal treatment regimes on tensile and compressive creep performance of UHPC are examined, with complementary characterization by nanoindentation and scanning electron microscopy. Results show that UHPC creeps phenomenologically differently in tension and compression. Both thermal treatments examined resulted in similar tensile creep behavior, suggesting that a lower temperature applied over a longer period could effectively cure UHPC. For the non-thermally cured UHPC, a 10 μm wide region observed at the fiber/matrix interface was characterized by reductions in elastic modulus as well as greater porosity and microcracking than the bulk paste. It is suggested that the quality of the fiber/matrix interface is a major contributor to the measured increased creep of non-thermally treated UHPC as compared to UHPC treated at 60 °C or 90 °C.     

循环荷载作用下超高性能混凝土的轴拉力学性能及本构关系模型

对具有不同拉伸应变特性(应变强化和应变软化)的超高性能混凝土(Ultra high performance concrete, UHPC)进行了单调和循环荷载作用下的直接拉伸试验。试验结果表明:应变强化UHPC基体开裂后进入多点微裂纹分布的应变强化段,达到极限抗拉强度后进入单缝开裂的应变软化段;应变软化UHPC基体开裂后直接进入单缝开裂的应变软化段;循环荷载下两种类型UHPC的轴拉应力-应变曲线包络线与单调荷载下的应力-应变曲线基本一致;基于刚度退化过程建立了两种类型UHPC的轴拉损伤演化方程,根据实测应力-应变曲线和试件的裂缝分布形态建立了两种类型UHPC的轴拉本构关系模型,与试验结果基本吻合;采用能量法研究了应变强化UHPC两阶段轴拉本构关系在数值计算时的等效方法。最后,通过无筋应变强化UHPC抗弯试验梁的数值模拟对本文建立的应变强化UHPC轴拉本构关系模型和损伤演化方程及相关假定进行了验证,结果表明本文建立的应变强化UHPC轴拉本构模型能较好地预测UHPC弯拉构件的极限承载力,轴拉损伤变量能在宏观层面上较好地反应试件的裂缝分布状态。      

Ultra-high performance concrete and fiber reinforced concrete: achieving strength and ductility without heat curing

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) and ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC) were introduced in the mid 1990s. Special treatment, such as heat curing, pressure and/or extensive vibration, is often required in order to achieve compressive strengths in excess of 150 MPa (22 ksi). This study focuses on the development of UHP-FRCs without any special treatment and utilizing materials that are commercially available on the US market. Enhanced performance was accomplished by optimizing the packing density of the cementitious matrix, using very high strength steel fibers, tailoring the geometry of the fibers and optimizing the matrix-fiber interface properties. It is shown that addition of 1.5% deformed fibers by volume results in a direct tensile strength of 13 MPa, which is 60% higher than comparable UHP-FRC with smooth steel fibers, and a tensile strain at peak stress of 0.6%, which is about three times that for UHP-FRC with smooth fibers. Compressive strength up to 292 MPa (42 ksi), tensile strength up to 37 MPa (5.4 ksi) and strain at peak stress up to 1.1% were also attained 28 days after casting by using up to 8% volume fraction of high strength steel fibers and infiltrating them with the UHPC matrix.     

再生钢纤维增韧超高性能混凝土的力学性能

采用来自于废旧轮胎的两种再生钢纤维制备含粗骨料的超高性能混凝土,并测定其抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、断裂能和静弹性模量等力学性能,空白组及普通钢纤维增韧超高性能混凝土作对比性能试验。结果显示,未附着橡胶颗粒的再生钢纤维使超高性能混凝土的抗压强度略微下降,降低幅度为3.91%,其余各类型钢纤维均有利于提高超高性能混凝土的力学性能;而附着橡胶颗粒的再生钢纤维显著提高了超高性能混凝土的断裂能,约为普通钢纤维增韧超高性能混凝土的4倍。此外,再生钢纤维对超高性能混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度和静弹性模量的提高效果均优于普通钢纤维。再生钢纤维,尤其是附着橡胶颗粒的再生钢纤维,可以作为一种增韧材料替代普通钢纤维应用到超高性能混凝土工程结构中。