压电定位平台Hammerstein建模与反馈线性化控制

压电定位平台以压电陶瓷、柔性铰链作为驱动及放大机构,具有高定位精度和快响应速度,被广泛应用于各种精密/超精密定位领域。压电定位平台面临的主要挑战是压电陶瓷的固有迟滞非线性特性,这严重影响平台的定位和跟踪精度。针对此问题,提出一种基于Hammerstein结构的迟滞建模方法及基于此模型的输入-输出反馈线性化控制策略。首先,建立Hammerstein结构的迟滞模型,并进行模型参数估计。接着,以基于Hammerstein模型的输入-输出反馈线性化控制策略设计跟踪控制器。最后,在压电定位平台上对建立的模型和设计的跟踪控制器进行实验验证。模型辨识实验结果表明：提出的Hammerstein模型能有效地拟合压电定位平台输入量与输出量之间的迟滞非线性特性,其均方根误差小于0.5μm。轨迹跟踪实验结果表明：设计的跟踪控制器对期望信号（幅值60μm,频率100 Hz）的跟踪均方根误差为0.926 6μm,相较于基于改进的速率相关PI(Modified Rate-dependent Prandtl-Ishlinskii,MRPI)模型的前馈补偿跟踪控制、基于MRPI模型的前馈补偿与PID反馈复合跟踪控制,精...     

压电陶瓷驱动器的复合控制方法研究

针对压电陶瓷驱动器中的迟滞非线性特性,提出一种提高压电陶瓷执行器定位精度的复合控制方法。建立了非等间隔阈值的Prandtl-Ishilinskii(PI)迟滞模型,通过自适应差分进化算法进行系统辨识,求取参数并建立逆模型。考虑到压电陶瓷迟滞非线性特性随输入信号频率变化的特点,采用融合PI逆模型前馈控制与滑模控制的复合控制方法用于压电陶瓷的精密驱动。实验结果表明,相比逆模型前馈和PID结合的复合控制方法,采用逆模型前馈和滑模复合控制方法,平均误差下降了0.0300μm,均方根误差下降了0.0346μm,能有效克服压电陶瓷迟滞非线性,提高系统跟踪性能。     

压电执行器动态迟滞建模与LQG最优控制器设计

为提高空间天文望远镜稳像系统中压电快摆镜(Fast Steering Mirror,FSM)的动态性能,对压电执行器(Piezoelectric Actuator,PZT)动态迟滞补偿和控制进行研究。鉴于基于广义Play算子Prandtl-Ishlinskii(PI)模型的求逆复杂性和迟滞曲线的非对称性,构造一种基于广义Stop算子PI逆模型来补偿压电执行器迟滞非线性。采用Hammerstein模型对压电执行器动态迟滞特性进行建模,以广义PI模型和自回归遍历模型(Auto-regressive Exogenous Model,ARX)分别表征Hammerstein迟滞模型中的静态非线性和率相关性,并针对迟滞率相关模型不确定性问题,提出一种前馈补偿和线性二次型Gauss最优控制算法(Linear Quadratic Gaussian,LQG)相结合的复合控制策略。利用自适应差分进化算法(Adaptive Differential Evolution algorithm,ADE)辨识和整定模型及控制器参数。实验结果表明:该动态迟滞模型能够有效描述1～100Hz频率范围内压电执行器迟滞曲线,拟合均方根误差为0.077 1μm(@1 Hz)～0.512 3μm(@100Hz),相对误差为0.31%(@1Hz)～2.09%(@100Hz);实时跟踪幅值为24.5μm的变频目标位移,LQG控制算法的跟踪精度相比于直接前馈控制和PID控制分别提高48.6%和27.02%。     

叠堆式压电陶瓷驱动器的复合控制

提出了逆Bouc-Wen前馈控制与反馈控制相结合的复合控制算法,用于改善压电陶瓷驱动器对目标轨迹的跟踪性能。建立了压电陶瓷驱动器的Bouc-Wen迟滞动力学模型,并用粒子群算法(PSO)对该模型的参数进行识别。基于Bouc-Wen迟滞模型,提出了逆Bouc-Wen前馈补偿控制。最后,为消除迟滞模型的不确定性,引入比例积分(PI)反馈控制,并与前馈补偿控制构成复合控制算法。建立了基于dSPACE实时系统的压电陶瓷驱动实验平台,迟滞实验结果表明:压电陶瓷的迟滞误差量几乎为0,线性度高达96.5%;目标轨迹跟踪实验结果表明:复合控制算法的最大跟踪误差为0.180 5μm,均方根(RMS-Root mean square)跟踪误差为0.055 4μm,跟踪精度达到了10-8 m。相比于开环控制、前馈控制及PI反馈控制,提出的复合控制算法能够基本消除压电陶瓷的迟滞非线性,同时具有很好的轨迹跟踪性能。     

具有迟滞和蠕变特性压电作动器的模糊自适应逆控制方法

针对具有迟滞和蠕变特性的压电作动器非线性模型,提出了一种前馈控制和反馈控制相结合的自适应模糊逆控制方案。在前馈控制器中压电作动器的迟滞和蠕变非线性特性的逆模型由自适应模糊逻辑系统近似;在反馈控制器中比例控制器用来调节压电作动器的输出误差。该方法可以实时补偿压电作动器的迟滞和蠕变特性,减少作动器跟踪误差。仿真计算结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

压电陶瓷作动器非对称迟滞的建模与补偿控制

针对传统Bouc-Wen模型不能反映压电陶瓷作动器迟滞的非对称特性而导致其补偿控制精度难以提高的问题,提出了一种改进Bouc-Wen模型,通过修改形状控制参数使其能够模拟压电陶瓷作动器的非对称迟滞曲线.利用粒子群优化算法辨识了所需的模型参数,进一步研究了基于模型的前馈补偿控制、前馈加PI反馈补偿控制对于实现高精度位移输出的效果;在开环前馈补偿控制实验中,采用改进Bouc-Wen模型比传统Bouc-Wen模型的控制误差可降低约42％;在前馈加PI反馈补偿控制实验中,采用改进Bouc-Wen模型比传统Bouc-Wen模型的控制误差可降低约20％.研究结果表明:在相同的控制方式下,采用改进Bouc-Wen模型能够得到比传统Bouc-Wen模型更高的轨迹跟踪精度;与单纯采用基于模型的前馈补偿控制相比,采用基于模型的前馈加PI反馈补偿控制可显著提高压电陶瓷作动器的位移输出精度.     

自适应光学系统中倾斜镜的自适应逆控制

为了克服自适应光学系统中倾斜镜的迟滞响应,提高响应的线性度,改善倾斜镜的控制精度,研究了倾斜镜的迟滞非线性效应。提出了一个基于频率相关的Mutified-Prandtl-Ishlinskii(MPI)模型的补偿方法来在线自适应逆补偿倾斜镜的迟滞非线性。结合反馈PID控制构成了自适应逆前馈复合控制方案,其中自适应逆前馈克服了由于频率等因素引起的迟滞曲线变化,反馈PID则改善了整体的控制性能。建立了倾斜镜二阶系统模型来估计倾斜镜系统的输出,解决了MPI模型参考信号的问题,避免了增加额外前馈传感器,保证了光能量的利用率。实验结果表明,倾斜镜系统15 Hz非线性迟滞率由原来的24.28%降为1.17%,线性度提高了约95%,控制精度较传统PID方法提高了约60%。该方法能够有效补偿倾斜镜的迟滞非线性,提高了自适应光学系统中倾斜镜的校正精度。     

宏纤维复合材料MFC作动器迟滞非线性分析与补偿方法研究

作为一种新型的压电纤维复合材料作动器,宏纤维复合材料MFC(Macro fiber composite)具有响应迅速、机电换能效率高、封装完备和环境适应性强等特点,广泛应用于工程结构的振动、主动变形控制的领域。然而压电材料所固有的迟滞非线性特性直接影响着作动器的控制精度和驱动效果。构造MFC作动器驱动的悬臂梁结构的试验系统,建立基于试验数据的PI(Prandtl-Ishlinskii)和修正PI迟滞模型,进而开展针对主动控制的迟滞逆补偿模型研究。通过试验对这两种模型的准确性和逆补偿的有效性进行比较,结果表明修正的PI迟滞模型对MFC作动器的迟滞非线性特性具有良好的补偿结果,修正的PI逆模型的拟合位移是未进行电压补偿控制的2.14倍,是PI逆模型补偿控制的1.56倍。所发展的修正PI迟滞模型研究方法可以推广到其他压电材料迟滞行为的模拟。     

压电柔顺微操作器的H∞反馈控制

为保证压电柔顺微操作器的精准性和稳定性,以压电纤维驱动的单自由度柔性微操作器为例,首先,通过在传统Prandtl-Ishlinskii(简称PI)迟滞模型上串联死区算子,建立改进PI迟滞模型并设计相应前馈控制器;其次,将系统模型分解为线性可逆分量和有界分量,并构建权重函数和增广模型设计H_∞反馈控制器,以保证系统的稳定性和精准性;最后,以压电纤维驱动的单自由度柔性微操作器为例,搭建实验测控系统。实验结果表明：在前馈控制下,压电柔顺微操作器的迟滞量从16.5%下降到4.4%,改进PI迟滞模型是可行的。当参考轨迹为阶跃和不同频率的正弦信号、甚至改变微操作器结构参数时,H_∞反馈控制均能有效跟踪给定参考信号且相对控制误差较小,验证了所设计H_∞反馈控制器的有效性。     

压电陶瓷执行器迟滞非线性补偿与最优控制

为提高空间望远镜精密稳像系统中压电驱动快摆镜(FSM)的摆动精度,对压电陶瓷执行器迟滞非线性补偿和控制技术进行研究。针对压电迟滞的非对称性以及Duhem模型求逆过程复杂的问题,对Duhem模型中的微分方程进行变换,直接建立Duhem非对称逆迟滞模型作为迟滞前馈补偿器,并利用免疫差分进化算法辨识模型参数。在Duhem逆模型补偿压电静态迟滞非线性的基础上,引入基于优化参考跟踪的线性二次型高斯(LQG-ORT)控制方法进一步提高压电执行器的动态定位精度,采用动态迟滞率相关自回归各态历经模型(ARX)建立状态空间方程,用于卡尔曼滤波器预测状态变量和控制器计算状态变量的最优控制系数矩阵。实验结果表明：直接建立的Duhem非对称逆迟滞模型能有效描述压电执行器非对称逆迟滞曲线,拟合均方根误差为0.635 9 V(0.5 Hz),相对误差为0.79%(0.5 Hz);实时跟踪幅值为24μm,频率范围1～80 Hz的目标位移信号,LQG-ORT算法的跟踪误差为0.065 5μm,相对误差为0.27%。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.