钒 钛微合金钢的析出特征

采用透射电子显微镜对碳萃取复型样进行了观测。碳萃取复型样由不同轧制条件下热轧成10mm棒材的两种商用钒微合金钢和一种商用钛微合金钢制备。 钒或钛微合金钢中的铜含量约为0.13％时,即使钢中的锰含量大于1％,首先会生成硫化铜,而不生成硫化锰。在钛微合金钢中,除生成硫化铜外,还观测到Ti_4C_2S_2型的球状碳硫化钛。 对钒微合金钢使用透射电子显微镜显示出,在先共析铁素体中有很细小的析出物(≈5nm),经鉴别为M(C,N)型(M=V和Cr,V/Cr≈5)碳化物或碳氮化物。此外,还观测到一些较粗的颗粒(≈0.1μm,V/Cr>15时),可能是温度较高时,在奥氏体中生成的氮化钒或碳氮化钒。 在钛微合金钢中观察到粗大的氮化钛颗粒(>5μm)以及很细小的(≈5nm,Ti/Cr≈9)MC型(M=Ti和Cr)析出物,或较粗大的(≈0.1μm,Ti/Cr>30)碳化物颗粒。     

含钒微合金钢的析出行为研究

在Johnson-Mehl-Avrami动力学方程的基础上,建立Fe-C-V-N合金体系中V(C,N)的析出动力学方程,研究了4种氮含量的低碳钒微合金钢(Fe-C0.05-V0.08)中V(C,N)的形核机制及在奥氏体中的析出过程。结果表明:V(C,N)主要形核位置在位错线上,平衡析出的鼻点温度在820℃左右,析出开始时间随氮含量的增大而减小。利用Gleeble-1 500D热力模拟试验机进行了应力松弛试验,根据曲线拟合得到的鼻点温度为850℃,将理论计算与试验值的差异缩小到30℃以内。     

低碳Nb-Ti二元微合金钢析出过程的演变

建立规则溶液亚点阵模型计算了不同温度(1073~1523 K)下低碳Nb-Ti二元微合金钢(Nb质量分数为0.023%,Ti质量分数为0.012%)中碳氮化物析出相的平衡摩尔分数、化学驱动力和各组元摩尔分数,对微合金钢中析出粒子演变规律进行研究,并利用透射电镜观察及能谱分析验证这种析出模式.计算结果表明,1523 K下析出粒子化学式组成为(Nb_0.15Ti_0.85)(C_0.16N_0.84),由富Ti的析出物逐渐过渡至Nb-Ti均匀析出,析出粒子演变顺序为(Nb_0.15Ti_0.85)(C_0.16N_0.84)、(Nb_xTi_1-x)(C_yN_1-y)和(Nb_0.5Ti_0.5)(C_0.56N_0.44),与实验结果符合较好.随着温度降低,Ti/Nb质量比逐渐减小,得到的TiC比NbC更难溶.对均匀形核及位错处形核的临界核心尺寸和相对形核速率进行计算,得到最大形核率即可获得最细小第二相尺寸的温度.     

Nb-Ti-V-Mo微合金钢中复合碳化物的析出动力学

结合JmatPro热力学软件对Nb-Ti-V-Mo微合金化E460海工钢中多元复合析出相的固溶热力学计算和经典形核长大动力学理论,研究了(Nb,Ti,Mo,V)C在奥氏体和铁素体中沉淀析出规律,探讨了奥氏体形变储能和形变诱导析出量对(Nb,Ti,Mo,V)C沉淀析出动力学的影响。研究表明,(Nb,Ti,Mo,V)C在1 448.6 K时开始析出。在奥氏体相区,随着温度的降低,临界形核功逐渐降低,NrT曲线和PTT曲线呈单调变化趋势。在奥氏体和铁素体两相区,(Nb,Ti,Mo,V)C的最快沉淀析出温度为1 062.6 K。随着形变储能的增加,相对形核率呈增加趋势,析出孕育期缩短。随形变诱导析出量增加,PTT曲线向左移动,最大形核率温度和最快析出温度为1 058.3～1 063.8 K。     

钒微合金钢中形变奥氏体的静态再结晶和诱导析出动力学

采用扭转试验和外推法，研究了三种不同含钒量的微合金钢形变奥氏体的静态再结晶动力学，建立了静态再结晶临界温度（ＳＲＣＴ）以上及其以下的温度模型。业已发现，ＳＲＣＴ是应变、奥氏体晶粒尺寸和现合金含量的函数，这里的微合金即指Ｎ和Ｖ。还对三种钢的应变诱导析出动力学进行了研究，测定了它们的析出－时间－温度（ＰＴＴ）曲线。测定了未再结晶温度（Ｔｎｒ），并得出结论，Ｔｎｒ和ＳＲＣＴ之间差异主要是由于奥氏体晶粒尺     

多元微合金钢中的应变诱导复合析出

采用透射电子显微镜结合纳米束能谱技术,研究了含Nb,Ti,Mo等多种微合金元素的超低碳贝氏体钢在奥氏体非冉结晶区终轧后弛豫阶段的应变诱导析出行为.实验结果表明:经30%预变形后,在850℃和900℃等温弛豫时,钢中析出开始主要有纯Nb及Nb-Ti复合的两类,以后者为主.随弛豫时间延长,纯Nb型析出物消失,复合夹杂中铌钛比增加.弛豫阶段后期,Mo会以置换原子形式进入(Ti,Nb)(C,N)的面心立方晶格中,其量随弛豫时间的延长而增加.析出物形状以不规则外形为主,其密度及平均尺寸与变形温度和弛豫时间密切相关.     

Nb-Ti微合金钢碳氮化物的析出热力学模型及分析

以规则溶液亚点阵模型为基础,针对Fe-Nb-Ti-C-N系统,进行了热力学平衡计算。计算结果表明,高温阶段的析出相为TiN,微细的TiN强烈地抑制奥氏体晶粒长大;低温阶段的析出相以碳化物(NbTi)C为主,NbC和TiC是抑制奥氏体再结晶及再结晶后晶粒长大的主要因素。析出相形成元素Ti的增加引起其形核化学驱动力增大,并加快析出的动力学过程。     

Nb-Ti微合金钢连续冷却相变的研究

利用Gleeble-2000热模拟实验机,测定了Nb-Ti微合金钢变形奥氏体的CCT曲线,研究了冷却速度对连续冷却相变及显微组织的影响,利用碳萃取复型法对第二相析出物进行了分析。结果表明,随冷却速度提高,Nb-Ti微合金钢相变温度降低,组织细化,铁素体的形貌从多边形逐渐向针状转变;随冷却速度的增加,第二相析出物增多且变得细小。     

热轧含钒微合金钢在加速冷却条件下的强化因素

讨论了含钒微合金钢在热轧及加速冷却条件下终轧温度，终冷温度，冷却速度对钢的力学性能的影响，加速冷却含钒钢的显微组织为细小的无边形铁素体和粒状贝氏体组织，由此获得相变强化。钒引起的碳化物析出强化，在加速冷却条件下得到加强，这是由于生成了大量的弥散细小的析出物，并且析出强化效果在６００℃冷却条件下最大。     

锰对微合金碳化物析出动力学的影响

本文应用合金热力学理论,计算并讨论了锰对微合金碳化物(vc)溶解度的影响,结果指出:锰增加微合金碳化物的溶解度。     

低合金高强度钢奥氏体相中碳氮化物的析出模型

采用规则溶液描述低合金高强度钢奥氏体相中碳氮化物的热力学性质,以经典形核理论为基础,建立了低合金高强度钢奥氏体相中碳氮化物在连续冷却过程中碳氮化物析出模型.计算结果表明:冷却速率对碳氮化铌的析出及长大有重要影响.在不同冷却条件下,碳氮化铌的析出量随反应时间呈先增加后减少的趋势;随着冷却速率的提高,达到析出量峰值的时间越短,析出量和析出粒子的平均直径均减小.     

Two-Sublattice Thermodynamic Model on Carbonitride Precipitation in Microalloyed Steels Bearing Nb-V-Ti

Based on the two sublattice model of the regular solution,one being metal atom sublattice and another being interstitial atom sublattice,a thermodynamic model for the precipitates of niobium carbonitride,vanadium carbonitride and titanium carbonitride was established to study the starting-temperature of precipitates and the austenite compositions at given temperature in a low carbon steel.The calculation results show that starting-temperature of the precipitation of niobium carbonitride,vanadium carbonitride and titanium carbonitride are 1100℃,920℃ and 1340℃,respectively,the mole fraction of carbonitride precipitates is 8.65×10-4 in the 0.053C-0.0028N-1.28Mn-0.008S-0.031Al-0.046Nb-0.008Ti0.029V-Fe steel.When the N content is from 0.0028% to 0.0056%,the starting-temperature of the precipitation of the titanium carbonitride changes from 1340℃ to 1430℃.And the C content is from 0.053% to 0.07%,the startingtemperature of the precipitation of the titanium carbonitride hardly changes,but the atomic fraction of niobium in the carbonitride obviously increases.     

Effects of Rare Earth on Behavior of Precipitation and Properties in Microalloyed Steels

The influence of rare earths on the behavior of precipitation of 14MnNb,X60 and 10Mn V steels was studied by STEM, XRD, ICP and thermal simulation method. The main carbonitride precipitates are Nb(C, N), (Nb, Ti) (C, N) and V(C, N). In austenite RE delays the beginning of precipitation, and decreases the rate of precipitation. In ferrite RE promotes precipitation and increases the amount of equilibrium carbonitride precipitation. RE can make precipitates fine,globular and dispersed in the microalloyed steels. With the increase of the amount of RE in steel, the amount of precipitation increases. The promotion effect is weakened with excessive RE. RE has only little influence on the strength of microalloyed steel, but it can improve impact toughness effectively.     

一种Nb-Ti微合金钢微合金碳氮化物析出行为的研究

利用热模拟和TEM技术研究了Nb—Ti微合金钢中微合金碳氮化物的析出行为,研究结果表明,高温奥氏体区析出的微合金碳氮化物数量随变形量的增大而增加,尺寸随着变形温度的升高稍有增大。铁素体区析出的微合金碳氮化物尺寸比在形变奥氏体中析出的更为细小,数量随着保温时间的增加而增多,但尺寸变化不大;当温度较低的时候,微合金碳氮化物主要在位错线等晶内缺陷处析出。     

Ti微合金钢热变形后连续冷却相变及第二相析出行为

采用热力模拟试验技术、金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)及透射电镜(TEM),并结合宏观硬度测试,研究了钛微合金钢形变奥氏体的连续冷却相变和组织演变规律,建立了试验钢连续冷却转变曲线,探讨了不同冷速对第二相析出的影响。结果表明,不同冷速下,试验钢获得了不同的微观组织,随冷速增加,第二相析出量增多,尺寸更细小,但冷速过高,析出被抑制。     

Strain Influence on the Precipitation Kinetic Nb-V Microalloyed HSLA Steel

The strain induced effect on the precipitation kinetics of a high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel microalloyed with Nb-V was investigated.The stress relaxation method was employed to determine the dependence of the precipitation-time-temperature curves (PTT) on previous strain.Relaxation tests were performed over a temperature range of 850 to 1150 oC at a constant strain rate of 0.1 s-1 at three deformation levels,namely 5,15 and 25 pct.Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to study the progress of precipitation on samples obtained by interrupted relaxation test at different times.Results display the acceleration kinetics at increasing strain.Theoretical models are discussed and compared with the present experimental results.     

V含量对V-Mo-N微合金钢贝氏体区析出行为的影响

通过热模拟和透射电镜(TEM)等研究方法对三种不同V含量的V-Mo-N微合金钢在贝氏体铁素体基体中析出粒子分布、形貌和尺寸进行了观察和分析。结果表明:在V-Mo-N微合金钢中,当Mo的添加量较低时,析出粒子为V(C,N),Mo元素全部固溶于基体中起到固溶强化作用,并不会形成Mo的碳氮化物析出。随着V含量的提高,组织中的贝氏体板条逐渐变细并向粒状贝氏体转变。V含量在0.05%~0.16%时,试验钢析出量随V含量增加而增加,同时,钢的硬度也增加。     

Model of Precipitation Kinetics Induced by Strain for Microalloyed Steels

In microalloyed steels, static recrystallisation is temporarily inhibited by precipitation which is occurring at the same time. A high number of microalloyed steels containing various combinations of carbon, nitrogen and precipitate forming elements like V, Nb and Ti were recrystallised at different temperatures and strain rates. From these results recrystallisation‐precipitation–time‐temperature (RPTT) diagrams were established. The influence of grain size and strain rate on the RPTT diagrams was studied. The precipitation kinetics were mathematically described for isothermal conditions and converted to cooling conditions, which enables an application to hot rolling. Under cooling conditions, completion of recrystallisation is prevented, especially for Nb alloyed steels.     

Precipitation Strengthening by Nanometer-sized Carbides in Hot-rolled Ferritic Steels

The mechanical properties of the hot-rolled plates of Ti steel and Ti-Mo steel after isothermal transformation in a temperature range of 600 700 ℃ for 60 min have been tested, and the microstructures of the matrix and the characteristics of precipitated nanometer-sized carbides have also been examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The precipitation regularity of nanometer-sized carbides has been studied by thermodynamic method and the contributions of corresponding strengthening mechanisms to the total yield strength have been calculated. The tensile strength of hot-rolled Ti-Mo ferritie steel can achieve 780 MPa with an elongation of 20.0% after being isothermally treated at 600 ℃ for 60 rain, and the tensile strength of Ti steel is 605 MPa with an elongation of 22.7%, according to the results of tensile tests. The critical nucleation size of （Ti,Mo）C is smaller than that of TiC at a given isothermal temperature, but the nucleation rate of （Ti, Mo）C is larger than that of TiC. The grainrefinement strengthening and precipitation strengthening contribute the main amount of the total yield strength. The major increase in yield strength with the decrease of isothermal temperature results from the contribution of precipi tation strengthening. The contribution of precipitation strengthening to the yield strength of the steels has been esti mated. The ferrite phase can be strengthened by about 400 MPa through precipitation strengthening in Ti-Mo steel isothermally treated at 600 ℃ for 60 rain, which is about 200 MPa higher than that of Ti steel under the same conditions.     

水溶液中的沉淀过程

论述了难溶物质在水溶液中的沉淀过程。沉淀过程涉及成核、晶体生长、聚沉和陈化等过程。沉淀物的性质由这些过程所决定。