Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Ampelopsis grossedentata Stems: Process Optimization and Antioxidant Activity

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) extraction of bioactive compounds including flavonoids and phenolics from Ampelopsis grossedentata stems was carried out. Extraction parameters such as pressure, temperature, dynamic time and modifier, were optimized using an orthogonal array design of L(9) (3(4)), and antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and ferrous ion chelating (FIC) assay. The best conditions obtained for SC-CO(2) extraction of flavonoids was 250 bar, 40 °C, 50 min, and with a modifier of methanol/ethanol (1:3, v/v), and that for phenolics extraction was 250 bar, 40 °C, 50 min, and with a modifier of methanol/ethanol (1:1, v/v). Meantime, flavonoids and phenolics were found to be mainly responsible for the DPPH scavenging activity of the extracts, but not for the chelating activity on ferrous ion according to Pearson correlation analysis. Furthermore, several unreported flavonoids such as apigenin, vitexin, luteolin, etc., have been detected in the extracts from A. grossedentata stems.     

Bioactive Compounds and Biological Activities of Jatropha curcas L. Kernel Meal Extract

Defatted Jatropha curcas L. (J. curcas) seed kernels contained a high percentage of crude protein (61.8%) and relatively little acid detergent fiber (4.8%) and neutral detergent fiber (9.7%). Spectrophotometric analysis of the methanolic extract showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids and saponins with values of 3.9, 0.4 and 19.0 mg/g DM, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses showed the presence of gallic acid and pyrogallol (phenolics), rutin and myricetin (flavonoids) and daidzein (isoflavonoid). The amount of phorbol esters in the methanolic extract estimated by HPLC was 3.0 ± 0.1 mg/g DM. Other metabolites detected by GC-MS include: 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2 nitro-1,3-propanediol, β-sitosterol, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethy) and acetic acid in the methanolic extract; 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethy), acetic acid and furfural (2-furancarboxaldehyde) in the hot water extract. Methanolic and hot water extracts of kernel meal showed antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative pathogenic bacteria (inhibition range: 0-1.63 cm) at the concentrations of 1 and 1.5 mg/disc. Methanolic extract exhibited antioxidant activities that are higher than hot water extract and comparable to β-carotene. The extracts tended to scavenge the free radicals in the reduction of ferric ion (Fe(3+)) to ferrous ion (Fe(2+)). Cytotoxicity assay results indicated the potential of methanolic extract as a source of anticancer therapeutic agents toward breast cancer cells.     

Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaves as a Natural Source of Bioactive Compounds

In an extensive search for bioactive compounds from plant sources, the composition of different extracts of rosemary leaves collected from different geographical zones of Serbia was studied. The qualitative and quantitative characterization of 20 rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) samples, obtained by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), was determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI-QTOF-MS). The high mass accuracy and true isotopic pattern in both MS and MS/MS spectra provided by the QTOF-MS analyzer enabled the characterization of a wide range of phenolic compounds in the extracts, including flavonoids, phenolic diterpenes and abietan-type triterpenoids, among others. According to the data compiled, rosemary samples from Sokobanja presented the highest levels in flavonoids and other compounds such as carnosol, rosmaridiphenol, rosmadial, rosmarinic acid, and carnosic acid. On the other hand, higher contents in triterpenes were found in the extracts of rosemary from Gložan (Vojvodina).     

Natural Bioactive Compounds from Winery By-Products as Health Promoters: A Review

The relevance of food composition for human health has increased consumers’ interest in the consumption of fruits and vegetables, as well as foods enriched in bioactive compounds and nutraceuticals. This fact has led to a growing attention of suppliers on reuse of agro-industrial wastes rich in healthy plant ingredients. On this matter, grape has been pointed out as a rich source of bioactive compounds. Currently, up to 210 million tons of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are produced annually, being the 15% of the produced grapes addressed to the wine-making industry. This socio-economic activity generates a large amount of solid waste (up to 30%, w/w of the material used). Winery wastes include biodegradable solids namely stems, skins, and seeds. Bioactive compounds from winery by-products have disclosed interesting health promoting activities both in vitro and in vivo. This is a comprehensive review on the phytochemicals present in winery by-products, extraction techniques, industrial uses, and biological activities demonstrated by their bioactive compounds concerning potential for human health.     

组合添加剂对离子钯活化液稳定性的影响

研制出一种能够有效提高离子钯活化液稳定性的组合添加剂。实验结果表明:以乙酸钠、对苯二酚、维生素C为组合添加剂时,能有效提升离子钯活化液的稳定性,并改善化学镀镍层的性能。     

离子液体萃取分离结构相似化合物研究进展

结构相似化合物的高效分离是化学工业最具挑战的难题之一,传统分离方法存在选择性低、溶剂消耗大、能耗高等不足。基于离子液体较强的氢键、π-π作用能力及良好的成相能力,离子液体液-液萃取过程能够有效识别结构相似化合物物化性质的微小差异,提高分离选择性,同时还可获得较高的分配系数和萃取容量,并抑制乳化的发生。本文在简要介绍离子液体偶极性/可极化性、氢键酸碱性和液-液相平衡规律的基础上,系统综述了离子液体液-液萃取技术在不同类型结构相似化合物选择性分离方面的研究进展,探讨了研究中存在的问题和未来发展方向。与亲水性化合物的分离相比,离子液体液-液萃取技术在疏水性结构相似化合物及表面活性结构相似化合物的分离中更具优势。离子液体-分子溶剂复合萃取剂的研究则为解决离子液体黏度大、成本高等问题提供了可行途径。     

添加剂对陶粒轻集料性能的影响

在以页岩和含水污泥作为原料制备陶粒轻集料的过程中,可以利用有机质添加剂发生化学反应产生气体,提高陶粒的膨胀性能.本文以牛粪作为有机质添加剂,分析陶粒轻集料的吸水率、表观密度、强度、孔隙率等性能的变化规律,并确定最佳的牛粪添加剂加入量在8％～10％.     

Effect of Byrsonima crassa and Phenolic Constituents on Helicobacter pylori-Induced Neutrophils Oxidative Burst

Byrsonima crassa Niedenzu (Malpighiaceae) is used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of diseases related mainly to gastric ulcers. In a previous study, our group described the gastric protective effect of the methanolic extract from the leaves of B. crassa. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of methanolic extract and its phenolic compounds on the respiratory burst of neutrophils stimulated by H. pylori using a luminol-based chemiluminescence assay as well as their anti-H. pylori activity. The suppressive activity on oxidative burst of H. pylori-stimulated neutrophils was in the order of methyl gallate > (+)-catechin > methanol extract > quercetin 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranoside > quercetin 3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside > amentoflavone. Methyl gallate, compound that induced the highest suppressive activity with IC(50) value of 3.4 μg/mL, did not show anti-H. pylori activity. B. crassa could be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidant in gastric ulcers by attenuating the effects on the damage to gastric mucosa caused by neutrophil generated reactive oxygen species, even when H. pylori displays its evasion mechanisms.     

Detection of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium by Real-Time PCR with High Resolution Melting Analysis

The present study describes a real-time PCR approach with high resolution melting-curve (HRM) assay developed for the detection and differentiation of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in fecal and urine samples collected from rural Yemen. The samples were screened by microscopy and PCR for the Schistosoma species infection. A pair of degenerate primers were designed targeting partial regions in the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene of S. mansoni and S. haematobium using real-time PCR-HRM assay. The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 31.8%; 23.8% of the participants were infected with S. haematobium and 9.3% were infected with S. mansoni. With regards to the intensity of infections, 22.1% and 77.9% of S. haematobium infections were of heavy and light intensities, respectively. Likewise, 8.1%, 40.5% and 51.4% of S. mansoni infections were of heavy, moderate and light intensities, respectively. The melting points were distinctive for S. mansoni and S. haematobium, categorized by peaks of 76.49 ± 0.25 °C and 75.43 ± 0.26 °C, respectively. HRM analysis showed high detection capability through the amplification of Schistosoma DNA with as low as 0.0001 ng/µL. Significant negative correlations were reported between the real-time PCR-HRM cycle threshold (Ct) values and microscopic egg counts for both S. mansoni in stool and S. haematobium in urine (p < 0.01). In conclusion, this closed-tube HRM protocol provides a potentially powerful screening molecular tool for the detection of S. mansoni and S. haematobium. It is a simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective method. Hence, this method is a good alternative approach to probe-based PCR assays.     

Effect of added ionic liquids on the solubility and viscosity of dilute ionomer solutions in tetrahydrofuran

Solubility and viscosity behaviors of three ionomers with comparable ion contents of ca 6 mol%, i.e. poly(methyl methacrylate) sodium salt, sulfonated polystyrene calcium salt and sulfonated polystyrene sodium salt, were studied in a low‐polarity solvent, i.e. tetrahydrofuran (THF), containing an ionic liquid (IL). Upon addition to THF, the IL disrupts ionic aggregates to form a homogeneous solution and increases viscosity, because the IL disrupts intramolecular ionic aggregates at dilute concentration. Among eight ILs of the imidazolium family studied, 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate performs best. The effectiveness of ILs for disrupting ionic aggregates is discussed in terms of the structures of ionomers and ILs. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Annona muricata (Annonaceae): A Review of Its Traditional Uses,Isolated Acetogenins and Biological Activities

Annona muricata is a member of the Annonaceae family and is a fruit tree with a long history of traditional use. A. muricata, also known as soursop, graviola and guanabana, is an evergreen plant that is mostly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The fruits of A. muricata are extensively used to prepare syrups, candies, beverages, ice creams and shakes. A wide array of ethnomedicinal activities is contributed to different parts of A. muricata, and indigenous communities in Africa and South America extensively use this plant in their folk medicine. Numerous investigations have substantiated these activities, including anticancer, anticonvulsant, anti-arthritic, antiparasitic, antimalarial, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic activities. Phytochemical studies reveal that annonaceous acetogenins are the major constituents of A. muricata. More than 100 annonaceous acetogenins have been isolated from leaves, barks, seeds, roots and fruits of A. muricata. In view of the immense studies on A. muricata, this review strives to unite available information regarding its phytochemistry, traditional uses and biological activities.     

Exploratory Characterization of Phenolic Compounds with Demonstrated Anti-Diabetic Activity in Guava Leaves at Different Oxidation States

Psidium guajava L. is widely used like food and in folk medicine all around the world. Many studies have demonstrated that guava leaves have anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activities, among others, and that these activities belong mainly to phenolic compounds, although it is known that phenolic composition in guava tree varies throughout seasonal changes. Andalusia is one of the regions in Europe where guava is grown, thus, the aim of this work was to study the phenolic compounds present in Andalusian guava leaves at different oxidation states (low, medium, and high). The phenolic compounds in guava leaves were determined by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS. The results obtained by chromatographic analysis reported that guava leaves with low degree of oxidation had a higher content of flavonols, gallic, and ellagic derivatives compared to the other two guava leaf samples. Contrary, high oxidation state guava leaves reported the highest content of cyanidin-glucoside that was 2.6 and 15 times higher than guava leaves with medium and low oxidation state, respectively. The QTOF platform permitted the determination of several phenolic compounds with anti-diabetic properties and provided new information about guava leaf phenolic composition that could be useful for nutraceutical production.     

低温环境下复合矿物掺合料火山灰效应试验研究

采用比强度分析法对低温环境下矿粉、硅灰复合矿物掺合料的火山灰效应进行了研究.结果表明:随着温度的降低,砂浆试件的强度逐渐降低,加入复合矿物掺合料提高了砂浆的强度;通过对比180 d时砂浆强度发现加入15％矿粉+3％硅灰对低温环境下砂浆强度提升最大,0.5水灰比试件在10℃下强度提高了9％,火山灰效应贡献率为25.1％;0.36水灰比试件在10℃下强度提高了6％,火山灰效应贡献率为22.5％,5℃下强度提高了5％,火山灰效应贡献率为21.5％.     

分子印迹技术手性分离氨基酸衍生物(Ⅱ)—流动相对分子印迹聚合物手性拆分效果的影响

系统研究了乙腈流动相中甲醇、乙酸和水的体积分数变化对分子印迹聚合物手性拆分效果的影响。在流动相乙腈中添加较少量的甲醇或乙酸时〔φ(甲醇)≤8%,φ(乙酸)≤2%〕,随其体积分数的增加,手性分离效果提高;但当其体积分数继续增加,分离效果变差。以水作为添加物质时,当体积分数相对较少〔φ(H2O)≤30%〕,随其体积分数增加,手性分离效果变差;当水体积分数继续增加,拆分效果有所提高,在φ(H2O)=70%时,选择性因子达到1 52。降低流动相的pH值有利于手性拆分。利用梯度洗脱技术可以改善色谱分离中印迹分子洗脱峰的拖尾。     

Application of Ionic Liquids in the Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Proanthocyanidins from Larix gmelini Bark

Ionic liquid based, microwave-assisted extraction (ILMAE) was successfully applied to the extraction of proanthocyanidins from Larix gmelini bark. In this work, in order to evaluate the performance of ionic liquids in the microwave-assisted extraction process, a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with different cations and anions were evaluated for extraction yield, and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide was selected as the optimal solvent. In addition, the ILMAE procedure for the proanthocyanidins was optimized and compared with other conventional extraction techniques. Under the optimized conditions, satisfactory extraction yield of the proanthocyanidins was obtained. Relative to other methods, the proposed approach provided higher extraction yield and lower energy consumption. The Larix gmelini bark samples before and after extraction were analyzed by Thermal gravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the ILMAE method is a simple and efficient technique for sample preparation.     

Permeability Study of Polyphenols Derived from a Phenolic-Enriched Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract by UHPLC-ESI-UHR-Qq-TOF-MS

Previous findings on the capacity of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) polyphenols to ameliorate metabolic disturbances justify the necessity of studies oriented to find the potential metabolites responsible for such an effect. The present study examined the intestinal epithelial membrane permeability of polyphenols present in a phenolic-enriched Hibiscus sabdariffa extract (PEHS), free and encapsulated, using the Caco-2 cell line. Additionally, selected polyphenols (quercetin, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-glucuronide, and N-feruloyltyramine) were also studied in the same absorption model. The powerful analytical platform used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-UHR-Qq-TOF-MS), and enabled the characterization of seven new compounds in PEHS. In the permeation study, only a few compounds were able to cross the cell monolayer and the permeability was lower when the extract was in an encapsulated form. Pure compounds showed a moderate absorption in all cases. Nevertheless, these preliminary results may need further research to understand the complete absorption mechanism of Hibiscus polyphenols.     

The Effect of C-Terminal Helix on the Stability of FF Domain Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

To investigate the effect of C-terminal helix on the stability of the FF domain, we studied the native domain FF3-71 from human HYPA/FBP11 and the truncated version FF3-60 with C-terminal helix being deleted by molecular dynamics simulations with GROMACS package and GROMOS 43A1 force field. The results indicated that the structures of truncated version FF3-60 were evident different from those of native partner FF3-71. Compared with FF3-71, the FF3-60 lost some native contacts and exhibited some similar structural characters to those of intermediate state. The C-terminal helix played a major role in stabilizing the FF3-71 domain. To a certain degree, the FF domain had a tendency to form an intermediate state without the C-terminal helix. In our knowledge, this was the first study to examine the role of C-terminal helix of FF domain in detail by molecular dynamics simulations, which was useful to understand the three-state folding mechanism of the small FF domain.     

离子液体对白炭黑填充SBR性能的影响

研究了两种离子液体对白炭黑填充丁苯橡胶性能的影响,并与未改性白炭黑填充丁苯橡胶进行了对比。实验结果表明,与空白样相比,离子液体的加入可以改善白炭黑的分散,抑制白炭黑填料网络的形成,增强白炭黑与丁苯胶的相互作用,促进硫化反应,使焦烧时间tc₁₀、正硫化时间tc₉₀大大缩短,提高硫化胶的交联密度,同时赋予硫化胶较高的拉伸强度、撕裂强度。且综合比较,两种离子液体中,BMI比AMI改性效果更好。     

添加剂PVP、PEG对PVDF/PVP(PEG)/DMAc铸膜液扩散性质的影响

采用浸入沉淀相转化和铸膜液光透射测试相结合的方法,考察了添加剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)和聚乙二醇(PEG)对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)/ PVP(PEG)/二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)铸膜液的扩散性质的影响.实验中改变了PVP添加剂的含量和PEG添加剂的分子量.结果表明,PVDF铸膜液浸入沉淀过程初始阶段的溶剂外扩散符合费克扩散定律.无添加剂时体系溶剂的表观扩散系数为52.52×10-6 g·s-1/2,添加5% PVP或PEG20000时其系数分别为17.11和22.53×10-6 g·s-1/2,即添加PVP、PEG使PVDF铸膜液的溶剂外扩散速率下降.同时从光透射实验可知,上述添加剂的加入使非溶剂向内扩散的速率上升.实验表明,溶剂外扩散受控于体系的粘度,非溶剂的向内扩散受控于界面的亲水性.研究还改进了浸入沉淀相转化法的实验方法,克服了原有方法的弊端,有助于获得更多扩散行为信息.